相关论文
2017 - IISE Transactions
A periodic location routing problem for collaborative recycling

ABSTRACT Motivated by collaborative recycling efforts for non-profit agencies, we study a variant of the periodic location routing problem, in which one decides the set of open depots from the customer set, the capacity of open depots, and the visit frequency to nodes in an effort to design networks for collaborative pickup activities. We formulate this problem, highlighting the challenges introduced by these decisions. We examine the relative difficulty introduced with each decision through exact solutions and a heuristic approach that can incorporate extensions of model constraints and solve larger instances. The work is motivated by a project with a network of hunger relief agencies (e.g., food pantries, soup kitchens and shelters) focusing on collaborative approaches to address their cardboard recycling challenges collectively. We present a case study based on data from the network. In this novel setting, we evaluate collaboration in terms of participation levels and cost impact. These insights can be generalized to other networks of organizations that may consider pooling resources.

2017 - Journal of the Association of Arab Universities for Basic and Applied Sciences
Money laundering regulatory risk evaluation using Bitmap Index-based Decision Tree

Abstract This paper proposes to evaluate the adaptability risk in money laundering using Bitmap Index-based Decision Tree (BIDT) technique. Initially, the Bitmap Index-based Decision Tree learning is used to induce the knowledge tree which helps to determine a company’s money laundering risk and improve scalability. A bitmap index in BIDT is used to effectively access large banking databases. In a BIDT bitmap index, account in a table is numbered in sequence with each key value, account number and a bitmap (array of bytes) used instead of a list of row ids. Subsequently, BIDT algorithm uses the “select” query performance to apply count and bit-wise logical operations on AND. Query result coincides exactly to build a decision tree and more precisely to evaluate the adaptability risk in the money laundering operation. For the root node, the main account of the decision tree, the population frequencies are obtained by simply counting the total number of “1” in the bitmaps constructed on the attribute to predict money laundering and evaluate the risk factor rate. The experiment is conducted on factors such as regulatory risk rate, false positive rate, and risk identification time.

2017 - Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry
Potential of dynamically harmonized Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance cell for high-throughput metabolomics fingerprinting: control of data quality

AbstractDue to the presence of pollutants in the environment and food, the assessment of human exposure is required. This necessitates high-throughput approaches enabling large-scale analysis and, as a consequence, the use of high-performance analytical instruments to obtain highly informative metabolomic profiles. In this study, direct introduction mass spectrometry (DIMS) was performed using a Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (FT-ICR) instrument equipped with a dynamically harmonized cell. Data quality was evaluated based on mass resolving power (RP), mass measurement accuracy, and ion intensity drifts from the repeated injections of quality control sample (QC) along the analytical process. The large DIMS data size entails the use of bioinformatic tools for the automatic selection of common ions found in all QC injections and for robustness assessment and correction of eventual technical drifts. RP values greater than 106 and mass measurement accuracy of lower than 1 ppm were obtained using broadband mode resulting in the detection of isotopic fine structure. Hence, a very accurate relative isotopic mass defect (RΔm) value was calculated. This reduces significantly the number of elemental composition (EC) candidates and greatly improves compound annotation. A very satisfactory estimate of repeatability of both peak intensity and mass measurement was demonstrated. Although, a non negligible ion intensity drift was observed for negative ion mode data, a normalization procedure was easily applied to correct this phenomenon. This study illustrates the performance and robustness of the dynamically harmonized FT-ICR cell to perform large-scale high-throughput metabolomic analyses in routine conditions. Graphical abstractAnalytical performance of FT-ICR instrument equipped with a dynamically harmonized cell.

2015
PHOSPHONIUM-BASED IONIC LIQUIDS AND THEIR APPLICATION IN SEPARATION OF DYE FROM AQUEOUS SOLUTION

In this study, phosphonium-based hydrophobic ionic liquids were synthesized and confirm their structures by NMR, FT-IR and CHNS. Their thermal stability was studied by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and shows excellent thermal stability as compare to other ILs. Although in separation technology the ILs applications are still in their early stages, the academic interest is increasing in ILs. These ILs were applied as adsorbent for the removal of methylene blue (MB) dye from aqueous media and the selected IL shows good performance with the stripping efficiency of 84.95%. The kinetics study expressed that the adsorption of MB on IL fitted in the pseudo-second order kinetics models with correlation coefficient value (R 2 ) of 0.999. The study proved that ionic liquids is an effective and environmentally benign adsorbent for MB removal from aqueous solution.

2003 - Biosystems Engineering
Analysis of Soil and Crop Properties for Precision Agriculture for Winter Wheat

In a precision farming research project financed by the Belgian Ministry of Small Trade and Agriculture, the methods of precision agriculture are tested on grain fields with a view of implementation of precision agriculture methods in Belgian field agriculture. The project encompasses methods for automatic information gathering on soil and crop and analysis of this data for management of within-field variability. Automatic information capturing is combined with traditional data sources of soil sample analysis and crop observations. The measurements and part of the results on one particular field in Sauveniere are presented here. Five nitrogen management strategies were compared, but the resulting differences in nitrogen dose were small and did not lead to significantly different yield results. The yield results were correlated to topography-related variations in soil texture and chemical components and to crop reflectance measurements in May.

2021 - Agricultural Water Management
Managing agricultural water-energy-food-environment nexus considering water footprint and carbon footprint under uncertainty

Abstract Water, energy, food, and environment are highly interconnected, with intricate dependencies and multiple uncertainties involved in agricultural system. This paper presents a novel water-energy-food-environment nexus (WEFEN) optimization model for sustainable development of agriculture. The developed model incorporates stochastic multi-objective programming, triangular fuzzy numbers, fuzzy credibility-constrained programming, mixed-integer programming, non-linear programming, and Stewart model into a general optimization framework. The model is capable of (1) balancing the tradeoffs among socio-economic, resources, and environmental concerns; (2) generating valid WEFEN management solutions achieving the targets of maximum net economic benefit, maximum renewable energy production, minimum water footprint, and minimum carbon footprint simultaneously; (3) dealing with complexities and uncertainties existed in agricultural WEFEN systems. The model was applied to the Zhanghe irrigation district to give policy-makers insights into what efforts should be made towards sustainable agricultural management. Flexible alternatives were generated under different scenarios and sensitivity analyses were conducted. Results highlighted the significance of improvement of internal water storage capacity, reasonable farmland management, and compromise decision preferences. The proposed methodology is applicable for other agriculture-centered regions suffering from multifold resources and environment crisis.

2000
Waste management in ancient Greece from the Homeric to the Classical period : concepts and practices of waste, dirt, recycling and disposal

This doctoral thesis has two purposes. First, it develops a universally applicable model for the analysis of waste disposal and recycling practices. This model synthesises Schiffer's behavioural analysis of the formation processes of the archaeological record with the history, sociology and anthropology of conceptualisations of dirt. Second, it shows how this model may be applied to ancient Greece. In the tradition of material culture studies, it aims to challenge the entrenched oppositions between archaeology, philology, history and sociology, and to interpret archaeological, epigraphic and literary sources within an integrated theoretical-methodological framework. The model is used to explore various aspects of ancient Greek waste management. It analyses the interdependence of ancient Greek waste management practices with changing concepts of dirt, pollution and cleanliness in the context of the development of the Greek polis. It also examines the universal analytical categories of waste disposal and recycling practices within diverse social and historical situations and settings with a view to analysing the cultural categories of these practices. Practices of disposal and recycling of solid and liquid waste are analysed in various contexts, including sanctuaries, settlements, agorai, and cemeteries, with respect to depositional processes, diversion rate and range of recycling practices. Materials studied include organic waste, potsherds, ostraka, building material, slaughter and consumption waste, funerary implements, votive offerings, architectural features and water. These examples allow the analysis - within the limits of a study using data in an exemplificatory rather than a statistically valid way - of the influence of the concepts of the sacred and the profane on the treatment of waste in ancient Greece and the degrees to which economic, political, social or symbolic aspects of recycling practices were stressed in different contexts.

2008 - New Journal of Physics
Deterministic entanglement of ions in thermal states of motion

We give a detailed description of the implementation of a M?lmer?S?rensen gate entangling two 40Ca+ ions using a bichromatic laser beam near-resonant with a quadrupole transition. By amplitude pulse shaping and compensation of ac-Stark shifts we achieve a fast gate operation without compromising the error rate. Subjecting different input states to concatenations of up to 21 individual gate operations reveals Bell state fidelities above 0.80. In principle, the entangling gate does not require ground state cooling of the ions as long as the Lamb?Dicke criterion is fulfilled. We present the first experimental evidence for this claim and create Bell states with a fidelity of 0.974(1) for ions in a thermal state of motion with a mean phonon number of in the mode coupling to the ions' internal states.

2018 - Journal of Cleaner Production
Water footprint and virtual water assessment in cement industry: A case study in Iran

Abstract To reduce the water footprint of a cement plant is one of the most important clean production performance indicators of the manufacturer. This paper proposes a comprehensive model for evaluating water footprint of cement production based on the type of energy consumption, transportation and human effects using a system boundary analysis. A cement plant located on western Iran is analysed to demonstrate the application of the proposed model and a sensitivity analysis is conducted to show the effects of different parameters on the performance of the model. The paper shows that the total water footprint of the selected cement plant accounts for 3.614 × 106 m3 in 2016 with water consumption intensity of 2.126 m3 per each ton of cement production indicating the risk of surviving cement industry in dry regions. The paper also shows that in the selected cement plant virtual water consumption contributes to the 90 percent of the total water footprint value. In addition, the paper demonstrates that the majority of the virtual water consumption is related to the energy sources which is 9.3 times more than the direct water consumption of the case study plant. Furthermore, the paper shows that water footprint can be most effectively reduced by shifting to greater contributions of wind and solar energy. This paper will be of interest to academics and practitioners interested in cleaner production of cement plants. It provides an understanding of water consumption of the cement industry broader than is currently available.

2016
A Fast Rechargeable Lithium-Ion Battery at Subfreezing Temperatures

Widespread adoption of plug-in electric vehicles hinges upon fast rechargeability of lithium-ion batteries in all climates. To date, Li-ion batteries subject to quick charging in extreme cold grow lithium dendrites which consume cyclable lithium thus severely shortening battery life and compromise safety. Here we experimentally demonstrate 3C fast charging at −30◦C for more than 500 cycles using a new cell structure, the all-climate battery (ACB). Addition of a metal foil creates immense internal heating in the ACB cell upon activation by short pulses of discharge and charge current, allowing charge to 80% state-of-charge in 14 min as opposed to 160 min for a conventional Li-ion cell. Moreover, the ACB cell withstands more than 500 fast-charge cycles while the conventional cell incurs 20% capacity loss after only 12 cycles. The experimental pouch cell of 10 Ah consists of a graphite anode and a NCM622 cathode with a nickel foil coated by polyethylene terephthalate as an internal heating element. We believe that the self-heating ACB cell with 11.4× faster charging and 40× better cycle life enables a ubiquitous, weather-independent fast-charging infrastructure required for affordable vehicle electrification free of range anxiety. This fast rechargeable battery at low temperatures is also essential for outdoor robots and drones as well as can substantially reduce battery size and cost for home and grid energy storage. © The Author(s) 2016. Published by ECS. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License (CC BY, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted reuse of the work in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. [DOI: 10.1149/2.0681609jes] All rights reserved.

2011 - Medical physics
Measured and Monte Carlo calculated kQ factors: Accuracy and comparison.

PURPOSE The journal Medical Physics recently published two papers that determine beam quality conversion factors, kQ , for large sets of ion chambers. In the first paper [McEwen Med. Phys. 37, 2179-2193 (2010)], kQ was determined experimentally, while the second paper [Muir and Rogers Med. Phys. 37, 5939-5950 (2010)] provides kQ factors calculated using Monte Carlo simulations. This work investigates a variety of additional consistency checks to verify the accuracy of the kQ factors determined in each publication and a comparison of the two data sets. Uncertainty introduced in calculated kQ factors by possible variation of W/e with beam energy is investigated further. METHODS The validity of the experimental set of kQ factors relies on the accuracy of the NE2571 reference chamber measurements to which kQ factors for all other ion chambers are correlated. The stability of NE2571 absorbed dose to water calibration coefficients is determined and comparison to other experimental kQ factors is analyzed. Reliability of Monte Carlo calculated kQ factors is assessed through comparison to other publications that provide Monte Carlo calculations of kQ as well as an analysis of the sleeve effect, the effect of cavity length and self-consistencies between graphite-walled Farmer-chambers. Comparison between the two data sets is given in terms of the percent difference between the kQ factors presented in both publications. RESULTS Monitoring of the absorbed dose calibration coefficients for the NE2571 chambers over a period of more than 15 yrs exhibit consistency at a level better than 0.1%. Agreement of the NE2571 kQ factors with a quadratic fit to all other experimental data from standards labs for the same chamber is observed within 0.3%. Monte Carlo calculated kQ factors are in good agreement with most other Monte Carlo calculated kQ factors. Expected results are observed for the sleeve effect and the effect of cavity length on kQ . The mean percent differences between experimental and Monte Carlo calculated kQ factors are -0.08, -0.07, and -0.23% for the Elekta 6, 10, and 25 MV nominal beam energies, respectively. An upper limit on the variation of W/e in photon beams from cobalt-60 to 25 MV is determined as 0.4% with 95% confidence. The combined uncertainty on Monte Carlo calculated kQ factors is reassessed and amounts to between 0.40 and 0.49% depending on the wall material of the chamber. CONCLUSIONS Excellent agreement (mean percent difference of only 0.13% for the entire data set) between experimental and calculated kQ factors is observed. For some chambers, kQ is measured for only one chamber of each type-the level of agreement observed in this study would suggest that for those chambers the measured kQ values are generally representative of the chamber type.

1991
Parachute recovery systems : design manual

Abstract : The purpose of this manual is to provide recovery system engineers in government and industry with tools to evaluate, analyze, select, and design parachute recovery systems. These systems range from simple, one-parachute assemblies to multiple-parachute systems, and may include equipment for impact attenuation, flotation, location, retrieval, and disposition. All system aspects are discussed, including the need for parachute recovery, the selection of the most suitable recovery system concept, concept analysis, parachute performance, force and stress analysis, material selection, parachute assembly and component design, and manufacturing. Experienced recovery system engineers will find this publication useful as a technical reference book; recent college graduates will find it useful as a textbook for learning about parachutes and parachute recovery systems; and technicians with extensive practical experience will find it useful as an engineering textbook that includes a chapter on parachute- related aerodynamics. In this manual, emphasis is placed on aiding government employees in evaluating and supervising the design and application of parachute systems. The parachute recovery system uses aerodynamic drag to decelerate people and equipment moving in air from a higher velocity to a lower velocity and to a safe landing. This lower velocity is known as rate of descent, landing velocity, or impact velocity, and is determined by the following requirements: (1) landing personnel uninjured and ready for action, (2) landing equipment and air vehicles undamaged and ready for use or refurbishment, and (3) impacting ordnance at a preselected angle and velocity.

2011 - Water Resources Management
Relationships Between Satellite Observed Lit Area and Water Footprints

Global water resources are vulnerable to depletion due to the increasing demand of an ever-increasing human population. A country’s water footprint is a measure of the total volume of water needed to produce the goods and services consumed by the country, including water originating beyond its own borders. The water footprint can be a critical indicator of global water resource use, but its practical application is hindered by a lack of comparable data across national boundaries. The purpose of this article is to test the applicability of the nighttime imagery products produced by the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program’s Operational Linescan System (DMSP-OLS) for the assessment of the global water footprint. To accomplish this purpose, the average areal extent of nighttime lighting (lit area) is calculated from 1997 to 2001. Next, lit area is regressed on the total water footprint for each country, as indicated by the Water Footprint Network (WFN), to estimate that country’s total water footprint using nighttime imagery. Model residuals are analyzed at the national scale to understand the appropriateness of nighttime imagery for assessing water consumption. Results indicate strong positive correlations between lit area and total water footprint (TWF), domestic water withdrawal (DWW), and industrial water consumption (IWC) at the national scale. Overall, the analyses reveal that the rate of agricultural water consumption to total water footprint (AWCR) and population density can affect the precision of estimates when lit area is selected as a proxy to estimate water footprints.

2007 - Physics of Plasmas
Thermal transport analysis of the edge region in the low and high confinement stages of a DIII-D discharge

The ion and electron thermal diffusivities have been inferred from measured density and temperature profiles in the edge of a DIII-D [J. Luxon, Nucl. Fusion 42, 614 (2002)] discharge with a low confinement (L-mode) stage followed by a high confinement (H-mode) stage free of edge localized modes. Conductive heat flux profiles used to construct the inferred thermal diffusivities were calculated taking into account heat convection, radiation, atomic physics effects of recycling neutrals, ion-electron equilibration, and neutral beam heating. The inferred thermal diffusivities were compared with theoretical predictions.

2016 - Journal of Cleaner Production
Development of a cloud-based platform for footprint assessment in green supply chain management

Abstract Managing life-cycle information presents a critical challenge for footprint assessment and performance measurement in supply chains. Extant literature and supply chain collaboration models fall short in providing an interactive platform to enable cross-organisational life-cycle information gathering, sharing and management. This paper proposes a cloud-based life-cycle assessment (LCA) platform that enables dynamic life-cycle data collection and exchange, and supports supply chain collaboration for environmental footprint assessment. Using green supply chain management of cotton T-shirts as an example, the paper further illustrates the potential of the proposed cloud-based model in helping supply chain stakeholders to address the implications of managing life-cycle information and to improve the timeliness of their carbon footprint assessment.

2007
EurOtop, European Overtopping Manual - Wave overtopping of sea defences and related structures: Assessment manual

The manual has been intended to assist engineers who are already aware of the general principles and methods of coastal engineering. The manual uses methods and data from research studies around Europe and overseas so readers are expected to be familiar with wave and response parameters and the use of empirical equations for prediction. Users may be concerned with existing defences, or considering possible rehabilitation or new-build.

2016 - The Science of the total environment
The Water Footprint as an indicator of environmental sustainability in water use at the river basin level.

One of the main challenges in water management is to determine how the current water use can condition its availability to future generations and hence its sustainability. This study proposes the use of the Water Footprint (WF) indicator to assess the environmental sustainability in water resources management at the river basin level. The current study presents the methodology developed and applies it to a case study. The WF is a relatively new indicator that measures the total volume of freshwater that is used as a production factor. Its application is ever growing in the evaluation of water use in production processes. The calculation of the WF involves water resources (blue), precipitation stored in the soil (green) and pollution (grey). It provides a comprehensive assessment of the environmental sustainability of water use in a river basin. The methodology is based upon the simulation of the anthropised water cycle, which is conducted by combining a hydrological model and a decision support system. The methodology allows the assessment of the environmental sustainability of water management at different levels, and/or ex-ante analysis of how the decisions made in water planning process affect sustainability. The sustainability study was carried out in the Segura River Basin (SRB) in South-eastern Spain. The SRB is among the most complex basins in Europe, given its special peculiarities: competition for the use, overexploitation of aquifers, pollution, alternative sources, among others. The results indicate that blue water use is not sustainable due to the generalised overexploitation of aquifers. They also reveal that surface water pollution, which is not sustainable, is mainly caused by phosphate concentrations. The assessment of future scenarios reveals that these problems will worsen if no additional measures are implemented, and therefore the water management in the SRB is environmentally unsustainable in both the short- and medium-term.

2011 - Environmental science & technology
Including carbon emissions from deforestation in the carbon footprint of Brazilian beef.

Effects of land use changes are starting to be included in estimates of life-cycle greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, so-called carbon footprints (CFs), from food production. Their omission can lead to serious underestimates, particularly for meat. Here we estimate emissions from the conversion of forest to pasture in the Legal Amazon Region (LAR) of Brazil and present a model to distribute the emissions from deforestation over products and time subsequent to the land use change. Expansion of cattle ranching for beef production is a major cause of deforestation in the LAR. The carbon footprint of beef produced on newly deforested land is estimated at more than 700 kg CO(2)-equivalents per kg carcass weight if direct land use emissions are annualized over 20 years. This is orders of magnitude larger than the figure for beef production on established pasture on non-deforested land. While Brazilian beef exports have originated mainly from areas outside the LAR, i.e. from regions not subject to recent deforestation, we argue that increased production for export has been the key driver of the pasture expansion and deforestation in the LAR during the past decade and this should be reflected in the carbon footprint attributed to beef exports. We conclude that carbon footprint standards must include the more extended effects of land use changes to avoid giving misleading information to policy makers, retailers, and consumers.

2009 - Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews
Productive use of bioenergy for rural household in ecological fragile area, Panam County, Tibet in China: The case of the residential biogas model

Bioenergy is the major domestic energy for rural households in developing countries due to its cheap or easy-getting characteristics. Productive use of bioenergy is an important strategy for rural households to improve not only their income, but also their health, living environment and so on. In Tibet of China, which is rich in cattle dung and firewood as the major energy sources for rural households, the efficiency of energy utilization is just about 10%. In order to improve energy utilization efficiency and the living conditions for rural residents, the Tibet Autonomous Region government introduced residential biogas model (RBM) to local households, which was a comprehensive utilization system of energy integrated with residential biogas digester, vegetable greenhouse and livestock shed. This paper aims to show the productive use of the bioenergy by the RBM, which could be depicted as the feasibility and the benefits on economic, eco-environmental and social aspects of biogas utilization, based on household questionnaires in Panam County. In RBM, biogas digester works as the biomass material supplement loop to transform originally biomass flow from single-direction to recycling-direction. The results indicate that the output of unit biogas digester could replace 1.44 t of firewood, 1.65 t of agricultural residues and 1.75 t of cattle dung, respectively. The net incremental benefit of RBM could reach 5550.72 Yuan in 15 years. The reduced amount of CO2 emission when substituted by biogas in other agricultural areas and the areas of semi-agricultural and semi-husbandry in Tibet could be (76.66-79.89) x 104 t/year and the capability for nitrogen storage could achieve (0.39-0.99) x 104 t/year. The amount of cattle dung replaced by biogas could reach 78.29 x 104 t/year; this means that the saved cattle dung, 3.51 t/hm2, could be reallocated back to cultivated land to improve the soil fertility and to keep the balance of nutrient elements in cultivated land. Biogas utilization reduces the labor opportunity costs of women compared to use of traditional bioenergy sources. It could be concluded that the productive use of bioenergy through RBM in this area has its capability to release the current pressures on biomass sources by adjusting patterns of rural energy consumption, and to improve the conditions of health, environment, economy and energy conservation.

2000 - Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
Rapid expansion of recycling stem cells in cultures of plastic-adherent cells from human bone marrow.

Cultures of plastic-adherent cells from bone marrow have attracted interest because of their ability to support growth of hematopoietic stem cells, their multipotentiality for differentiation, and their possible use for cell and gene therapy. Here we found that the cells grew most rapidly when they were initially plated at low densities (1.5 or 3.0 cells/cm(2)) to generate single-cell derived colonies. The cultures displayed a lag phase of about 5 days, a log phase of rapid growth of about 5 days, and then a stationary phase. FACS analysis demonstrated that stationary cultures contained a major population of large and moderately granular cells and a minor population of small and agranular cells here referred to as recycling stem cells or RS-1 cells. During the lag phase, the RS-1 cells gave rise to a new population of small and densely granular cells (RS-2 cells). During the late log phase, the RS-2 cells decreased in number and regenerated the pool of RS-1 cells found in stationary cultures. In repeated passages in which the cells were plated at low density, they were amplified about 10(9)-fold in 6 wk. The cells retained their ability to generate single-cell derived colonies and therefore apparently retained their multipotentiality for differentiation.

The Water Footprint Assessment Manual: Setting the Global Standard

M. Aldaya
|
A. Hoekstra
|
A. Chapagain
|
M. Mekonnen

Abstract:This manual presents a scientifically rigorous method to help companies understand their dependency and impact on global water resources, and offers guidance on response strategies that conserve water for industry, communities, and nature. It contains the global standard for water footprint assessment as developed and maintained by the Water Footprint Network. It covers a comprehensive set of definitions and methods for water footprint accounting. It shows how water footprints are calculated for individual processes and products, as well as for consumers, nations, and businesses. It also includes methods for water footprint sustainability assessment and a library of water footprint response options. The water footprint of a product is the volume of freshwater used to produce the product, measured over the fully supply chain. It is a multidimensional indicator, showing water consumption volumes by source and polluted volumes by type of pollution; all components of a total water footprint are specified geographically and temporally.

摘要：本手册提供了一种科学严谨的方法，帮助公司了解它们对全球水资源的依赖和影响，并就为工业、社区和自然节约用水的应对战略提供指导。它载有水足迹网络制定和维护的水足迹评估全球标准。它涵盖了水足迹核算的一套全面的定义和方法。它显示了如何计算单个流程和产品以及消费者、国家和企业的水足迹。它还包括水足迹可持续性评估方法和水足迹应对方案资料库。产品的水足迹是在整个供应链上测量的用于生产该产品的淡水量。它是一个多维指标，按来源显示用水量，按污染类型显示污染量；总水足迹的所有组成部分在地理和时间上都有具体规定。

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