相关论文
2011 - Seg Technical Program Expanded Abstracts
The 2011 Trinidad Offshore Bid Round: Results And Expectations For Future Exploration

Without a doubt, Trinidad and Tobago has been blessed with oil and gas. It was in 2009 that the nation celebrated one hundred years of commercial oil production. This coupled with the discovery of the world's largest pitch lake over a hundred years prior to that certainly cements this country in the history of world oil. We can quite literally map Trinidad’s energy progress from oil into gas and LNG, even counting the many downstream industries such as urea, ammonia and methanol which have become milestones on an international scale. The birth and continued development of the downstream sectors relies heavily on the exploratory expansion of open and idle acreages by aggressive companies chosen by a transparent but extensive Competitive Bid Round Process. This process is fully implemented and governed by the Ministry of Energy and Energy Affairs under the Petroleum Act which is law in Trinidad. Production Sharing Contracts are issued and further negotiated with selected companies to commence the mandatory work programme. The Competitive Bid Rounds are by and large one of the founding pillars of growth and success in our twin island republic. Throughout the years, the CBR has evolved to reflect changes in markets, prices, demands, increased costs of exploration, socio and economic/cultural reasons but this is done to always insure competitiveness on a global scale. As a direct result of the timely production and efficient management of Competitive Bid Rounds and Production Sharing Contracts today, Trinidad has over 50 defined acreages with nearly half operated by major companies (onshore and offshore) like BP, BG, EOG, Chevron, Repsol, BHP, Niko, Centrica. Total production for oil is 103,000 bopd and over 4 bcf of gas extracted per day (70% LNG supply to Eastern US comes from Trinidad from the island's 4 LNG Trains). There are also 5 methanol plants with commensurate numbers for ammonia, urea and the newly launched AUM (for melanine) plant. The main thrust for the future is tuning the CBOs to attract deepwater players in arguably, Trinidad's final frontier region Deep Water. To this end, in 2011 we will award a series of new deepwater PSCs for immediate commencement of exploration...

2007
Wire Marking and Its Effect upon Print-through Perception of Newsprint

The goal of this study was to gain a better understanding of the wire mark peak pattern which is visible on the reverse side of printed newsprint grades and contributes to print-through perception. To quantify the wire mark pattern we have created an automatic routine that detects the wire mark peak in a 2D-FFT power spectrum and measures different characteristics of the wire mark peak pattern. Even though the wire mark pattern on the printed side leads to uneven ink pigment penetration over 50% of the paper thickness for 42g/m2 grammage sheets, this uneven ink penetration was not detected on the reverse side of the print.

2013 - China Safety Science Journal
Effects of Different Factors on Visual Cognition Distance of Drivers at Night

While driving at night,drivers' perception distance would be affected by some hidden factors in the driver-vehicle-road system. In order to study the influence,35 subjects were selected to participate in the actual road tests,obstacles were respectively black and white,and test roads were respectively black asphalt pavement and white cement road surface. Under condition of different speeds and different cabin environmental luminosities,calibration tests on obstacles perception distance were carried out. The variation law of perception distance was analyzed through trimming all the test results and statistical testing of impact induced by different factors. Results show that vehicle speed,environmental luminosity in cabin and obstacles' color have a significant influence on the driver's perception distance at night,that influence of contrast between road environment colors is not significant,that for driving at night,environmental luminosity in cabin should be reduced to improve color visibility of other factors on road to improve driving safety,and that driving speed should be reduced appropriately to meet condition that perception distance became smaller.

2005
Five hundred into 4 won't go - how to solve the problem of reading list expectations

All of us who have worked in academic libraries over the past few decades and have seen the huge increase in student numbers, not just across the board but on particular courses, will bemoan the ‘not quite enough multiple copies’ syndrome. In an article in Relay, last year, Chris Powis1, an excolleague from the University of the West of England, wrote about ‘overcoming poor funding and combating ...a less than adequate collection’ by ‘a deliberate attempt to compensate through service excellence’. This is our tale of how UWE Library Services is attempting to address a situation where the collection is perceived to be inadequate by some, but that the library believes can be made to work more effectively.

2004 - Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting
An Empirical Investigation of the Influence of Perception of Time-To-Collision on Gap Control in Automobile Driving

Optical looming has been proposed as a potentially important cue for the perception of time-to-collision (TTC) in the control of locomotion. In this paper, an investigation is reported on how manipulation of the optical looming cue can influence the perception of TTC, and thereby braking behaviour, for automobile driving in a low fidelity simulator. Eleven participants were instructed to follow a leading vehicle (LV) and appropriately respond to the braking events of the LV, which occurred randomly at different deceleration rates. For some braking events, during braking of the LV, size of the LV was expanded without subjects being aware of it. Results showed that subjects braked sooner when confronting an expanding LV compared to a constant-size LV. The experiment supports the theory that drivers use TTC information derived from optic looming to control braking. Potential application of the results to possibly reduce occurrences of rear-end collisions in real automobile driving is also discussed.

1994 - British Journal of Psychology
Psychology and information technology: The study of cognition in organizations

This paper reviews a range of psychological research into the development and use of information technology (IT) at work. The overall purpose is to use this field of inquiry to argue the need to study cognition in organizations. The paper includes reviews of the literatures on human–computer interaction, the wider organizational aspects of IT, metaphors in use within organizational psychology, empirical studies of the development and use of IT, and some emerging work on situated action and distributed cognition. The paper ends with an outline of some topics that should be included in the study of cognition in organizations, describing some ideas on the interdependencies between organizational and cognitive issues, a worldview to guide this research, and a framework based on the division of cognitive labour.

2015 - Neuropsychologia
The relationship between stimulus repetitions and fulfilled expectations

Several neuroimaging studies showed that fulfilled expectations increase the magnitude of repetition suppression (RS) in the face-selective visual cortex. However, previous fMRI studies did not allow a distinction between the reductions of the response due to stimulus repetitions and fulfilled expectations (expectation suppression, ES). In most prior studies repetitions and expectations were not independent from each other as repetitions occurred more often when they were expected and less often when they were not expected, thereby confounding RS with ES. To overcome this confound, we presented pairs of female and male faces that were either repeating or alternating with an overall probability of 50-50%. Orthogonally to this, the gender of the first face in each pair signaled with 75% accuracy whether repetitions or alternations were more likely to occur. We found significant RS in the FFA, the OFA and the LO. In addition, these areas showed a reduction of the response for expected when compared to surprising trials. Moreover, the effects of RS and ES were always additive rather than interactive in our ROIs. This implies that stimulus repetition and fulfilled expectations can be dissociated from one another in terms of their effects on the neural responses.

1981
Additive Comparisons of Stop Rule and Supremum Expectations of Uniformly Bounded Independent Random Variables

Let XI, X2, . . . be independent random variables taking values in [a, b], and let T denote the stop rules for X1, X2, Then E(sup,, X,,) sup{EX,: t E T) < (1/4)(b a), and this bound is best possible. Probabilistically, this says that if a prophet (player with complete foresight) makes a side payment of (b a)/8 to a gambler (player using nonanticipating stop rules), the game becomes at least fair for the gambler.

2012 - International journal of epidemiology
Benefits of educational attainment on adult fluid cognition: international evidence from three birth cohorts

Background Educational attainment is highly correlated with social inequalities in adult cognitive health; however, the nature of this correlation is in dispute. Recently, researchers have argued that educational inequalities are an artefact of selection by individual differences in prior cognitive ability, which both drives educational attainment and tracks across the rest of the life course. Although few would deny that educational attainment is at least partly determined by prior cognitive ability, a complementary, yet controversial, view is that education has a direct causal and lasting benefit on cognitive development. Methods We use observational data from three birth cohorts, with cognition measured in adolescence and adulthood. Ordinary least squares regression was used to model the relationship between adolescent cognition and adult fluid cognition and to test the sensitivity of our analyses to sample selection, projection and backdoor biases using propensity score matching. Results We find that having a university education is correlated with higher fluid cognition in adulthood, after adjustment for adolescent cognition. We do not find that adolescent cognition, gender or parental social class consistently modify this effect; however, women benefited more in the 1946 sample from Great Britain. Conclusions In all three birth cohorts, substantial educational benefit remained after adjustment for adolescent cognition and parental social class, offsetting an effect equivalent of 0.5 to 1.5 standard deviations lower adolescent cognition. We also find that the likelihood of earning a university degree depends in part on adolescent cognition, gender and parental social class. We conclude that inequalities in adult cognition derive in part from educational experiences after adolescence.

1991
Chaos and Information Processing: Multifractal Attractors Mediating Perception and Cognition

Information theory quantifies and optimizes (with respect to given constraints) the efficiency of Designing Performing and Interpreting (the results of) single or multiple measurements.

2019 - Quantum
Stochastic gradient descent for hybrid quantum-classical optimization

Within the context of hybrid quantum-classical optimization, gradient descent based optimizers typically require the evaluation of expectation values with respect to the outcome of parameterized quantum circuits. In this work, we explore the consequences of the prior observation that estimation of these quantities on quantum hardware results in a form of stochastic gradient descent optimization. We formalize this notion, which allows us to show that in many relevant cases, including VQE, QAOA and certain quantum classifiers, estimating expectation values with $k$ measurement outcomes results in optimization algorithms whose convergence properties can be rigorously well understood, for any value of $k$. In fact, even using single measurement outcomes for the estimation of expectation values is sufficient. Moreover, in many settings the required gradients can be expressed as linear combinations of expectation values -- originating, e.g., from a sum over local terms of a Hamiltonian, a parameter shift rule, or a sum over data-set instances -- and we show that in these cases $k$-shot expectation value estimation can be combined with sampling over terms of the linear combination, to obtain ``doubly stochastic'' gradient descent optimizers. For all algorithms we prove convergence guarantees, providing a framework for the derivation of rigorous optimization results in the context of near-term quantum devices. Additionally, we explore numerically these methods on benchmark VQE, QAOA and quantum-enhanced machine learning tasks and show that treating the stochastic settings as hyper-parameters allows for state-of-the-art results with significantly fewer circuit executions and measurements.

2002 - Lwt - Food Science and Technology
Sensory Analysis for Magnetic Resonance-image Analysis: Using Human Perception and Cognition to Segment and Assess the Interior of Potatoes

Abstract The human ability to detect, interpret, assess and report visual stimuli is employed for qualitative and quantitative image analysis. Cross-sectional T 1 weighted MR images were acquired from a series of intact potatoes. Descriptive sensory image analysis was performed on the images. The sensory results were compared to conventional computer-assisted grey tone intensity histogram descriptors. A total of 60 tubers (2 varieties×2 storage times×15 replicate tubers) were submitted to MR-imaging. A trained panel of 9 assessors used 16 sensory descriptors to assess the images. These descriptors were developed by the panel during preliminary training sessions, and consisted in definitions of various biological compartments inside the tubers. The results from the sensory and the computer-assisted image analyses of the shape and interior structure of the tubers were related to the experimental design and to the dry matter content of the individual tubers, by partial least-squares regression (PLSR). Finally, predictive modelling of sensory image description from computer-assisted image analysis was attempted. The results showed that both the sensory and the computer-assisted image analyses were able to detect differences between varieties as well as storage times. The sensory image analysis gave better discrimination between varieties than the computer-assisted image analysis presently employed, and was easier to interpret. Some sensory descriptors could be predicted from the computer-assisted image analysis. The present results offer new information about using sensory analysis of MR-images not only for food science but also for medical applications for analysing MR and X-ray images and for training of personnel, such as radiologists and radiographers.

2007
Role Expectations and Middle Manager Strategic Agency

Based on an analysis of 262 interviews, I argue that role expectations have the potential to both enable and constrain middle manager strategic agency. To explain why the same role expectations have contradictory effects on agency, I analyse enabling conditions corresponding to four strategic role expectations, based on Floyd and Wooldridge's work on middle manager roles. After presenting eight enabling conditions for strategic agency, specific to the four role expectations, I argue that the dominant functionalist view of strategic roles should be augmented from a middle manager viewpoint. I suggest a reciprocal view of strategic role expectations, which elucidates the tensions between dialogue, legitimacy and rationality within a set of strategic roles. Copyright Blackwell Publishing Ltd 2007.

1997 - Psychology of Learning and Motivation
Learning to Bridge Between Perception and Cognition

This chapter discusses that in building models of cognition, it is customary to commence construction on the foundations laid by perception. Perception is presumed to provide with an initial source of information that is operated on by subsequent cognitive processes. As with the foundation of a house, a premium is placed on stability and solidity. Stable edifices require stable support structures. By this view, the cognitive processes are well behaved to the degree that they depend on the stable structures established by the perceptual system. The chapter discusses the theories of perceptual learning that are specific enough to be implemented on computers, and precise enough to make quantitative predictions regarding behavior. Perceptual learning may still not be one of the mainstream topics within cognitive psychology, but several laboratories seem aware of the need for adaptive perception. Researchers in cognition are interested in providing flexible support structures for higher-level processes, while researchers in perception are interested in explaining the major sources of variability in perception due to training and history. Together, these research programs hold the promise of uniting perceptual and cognitive adaptability.

2003 - Technol. Anal. Strateg. Manag.
A Sociology of Expectations: Retrospecting Prospects and Prospecting Retrospects

Future expectations and promises are crucial to providing the dynamism and momentum upon which so many ventures in science and technology depend. This is especially the case for pre-market applications where practical utility and value has yet to be demonstrated and where investment must be mobilised. For instance, clinical biotechnology (including a wide range of genetic therapeutic and engineering applications) has been at the centre of ferocious debates about whether or not promises and expectations will be realized. In some cases, the failure of expectations has severely damaged the reputation and credibility of professions, institutions and industry. The need for a better analytical understanding of the dynamics of expectations in innovation is both necessary and timely. This paper develops the basis for a sociology of expectations, drawing on recent writing within Science and Technology Studies (STS) and case studies of biotechnology innovation. In particular, we offer a model for understanding how expectations will predictably vary according to some key parameters. Such factors include the degree to which technologies and innovation relationships are either relatively established or newly emergent. Expectations will also vary according actors' relative closeness and involvement in knowledge production itself. The paper proceeds by analyzing the way expectations in clinical biotechnology have changed over time. That is, we compare the way the future was once represented with the way it has been represented more recently. The paper concludes by offering a means by which it is possible to map or model the "situatedness of expectations'.

2000 - Library Management
The relationship between expectations and the public's perceptions of public library services

Discusses research that examines the relationship between user perceptions and expectations of the public library service. Emphasis is not on what expectations and perceptions of the library service are, but rather how they are formed, what influences them, and how they interact. Making use of data from the 1995 ASLIB study, and drawing on research from a variety of disciplines, it was found that the library experience had a significant impact on the perceptions and expectations that are created of the service. The “snapshot” that a user forms during the service experience was found to be crucial to the perception created and the subsequent expectation held. Similarly it was noted that internal and external factors ranging from family influence to the media also have an impact on the way an individual experiences the library. Developments in information technology have resulted in some confused perceptions of the public library service. Some areas of conflict were noted between perceptions of a traditional role, and a potential role making use of IT. Concludes that a knowledge of user expectations and perceptions is vital to the effective management of public library services.

2015 - British Journal of Psychiatry
Neural responses to dynamic multimodal stimuli and pathology-specific impairments of social cognition in schizophrenia and depression

Background Individuals with schizophrenia and people with depression both show abnormal behavioural and neural responses when perceiving and responding to emotional stimuli, but pathology-specific differences and commonalities remain mostly unclear. Aims To directly compare empathic responses to dynamic multimodal emotional stimuli in a group with schizophrenia and a group with depression, and to investigate their neural correlates using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Method The schizophrenia group (n = 20), the depression group (n = 24) and a control group (n = 24) were presented with portrait-shot video clips expressing emotion through three possible communication channels: facial expression, prosody and content. Participants rated their own and the actor's emotional state as an index of empathy. Results Although no group differences were found in empathy ratings, characteristic differences emerged in the fMRI activation patterns. The schizophrenia group demonstrated aberrant activation patterns during the neutral speech content condition in regions implicated in multimodal integration and formation of semantic constructs. Those in the depression group were most affected during conditions with trimodal emotional and trimodal neutral stimuli, in key regions of the mentalising network. Conclusions Our findings reveal characteristic differences in patients with schizophrenia compared with those with depression in their cortical responses to dynamic affective stimuli. These differences indicate that impairments in responding to emotional stimuli may be caused by pathology-specific problems in social cognition.

2001
The Practice of Mind

Theory of mind explanations of how we know other minds are limited in several ways. First, they construe intersubjective relations too narrowly in terms of the specialized cognitive abilities of explaining and predicting another person’s mental states and behaviours. Second, they sometimes draw conclusions about second-person interaction from experiments designed to test third-person observation of another’s behaviour. As a result, the larger claims that are sometimes made for theory of mind, namely that theory of mind is our primary and pervasive means for understanding other persons, go beyond both the phenomenological and the scientific evidence. I argue that the interpretation of ‘primary intersubjectivity’ as merely precursory to theory of mind is inadequate. Rather, primary intersubjectivity, understood as a set of embodied practices and capabilities, is not only primary in a developmental sense, but is the primary way we continue to understand others in second-person interactions.

2002 - KR
A Logical Account of Perception Incorporating Feedback and Expectation

This paper presents the theoretical foundations of a vision system in which the effects of highlevel reasoning percolate all the way down to influence the low-level processing of raw sensor data. This is achieved through the mechanisms of feedback and expectation. The main contribution of the paper is to present a formal framework, based on the abductive interpretation of sensor data, that incorporates the ideas of feedback and expectation in a way that marries them to logical reasoning. To enable this, two alternative measures of explanatory value are defined.

2010
Infant Perception and Cognition: Recent Advances, Emerging Theories, and Future Directions

The cognitive revolution in the 1950s and 1960s led researchers to view the human mind-like a computer-as an information-processing system that encodes, represents, and stores information and is constrained by limits on hardware (the brain) and software (learning strategies and rules). The emergence of new behavioral, computational, and neuroscience methodologies, has deeply expanded psychologists' understanding of the workings of the infant, child, and adult mind. One result is that research has focused on mechanisms of change, over developmental time, in the information-processing mind. In this book, Lisa Oakes, Cara Cashon, Marianella Casasola, and David Rakison bring together the recent findings and theories about the origins and early development of the information-processing mind, and provide insight into the future directions in the study of infant perception and cognition. The contributors represent a wide-range of research areas in the study of infant perception and cognition, who emphasize the use of diverse methodological techniques to address key questions about development. Their chapters demonstrate how the combination of historical perspectives on the information-processing approach to cognition and recent advances in behavioral, computational, and neuroscience approaches to cognition has contributed to our understanding of how abilities ranging from visual attention to face processing to object categorization have developed during infancy. Across this broad range of topics, it is clear that much of our modern understanding of infant perceptual and cognitive development emerges from the foundation of classic information-processing models of development, such as that of Leslie B. Cohen (1991). The recent advances illustrated in this book show how researchers have built on this foundation to uncover the mechanisms that drive developmental change.

Auditory Expectation: The Information Dynamics of Music Perception and Cognition

Geraint A. Wiggins
|
Marcus T. Pearce
|
M. Pearce

Abstract:Following in a psychological and musicological tradition beginning with Leonard Meyer, and continuing through David Huron, we present a functional, cognitive account of the phenomenon of expectation in music, grounded in computational, probabilistic modeling. We summarize a range of evidence for this approach, from psychology, neuroscience, musicology, linguistics, and creativity studies, and argue that simulating expectation is an important part of understanding a broad range of human faculties, in music and beyond.

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