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2018 - 2018 IEEE International Conference on Cloud Engineering (IC2E)
Serverless Computing: An Investigation of Factors Influencing Microservice Performance

Serverless computing platforms provide function(s)-as-a-Service (FaaS) to end users while promising reduced hosting costs, high availability, fault tolerance, and dynamic elasticity for hosting individual functions known as microservices. Serverless Computing environments, unlike Infrastructure-as-a-Service (IaaS) cloud platforms, abstract infrastructure management including creation of virtual machines (VMs), operating system containers, and request load balancing from users. To conserve cloud server capacity and energy, cloud providers allow hosting infrastructure to go COLD, deprovisioning containers when service demand is low freeing infrastructure to be harnessed by others. In this paper, we present results from our comprehensive investigation into the factors which influence microservice performance afforded by serverless computing. We examine hosting implications related to infrastructure elasticity, load balancing, provisioning variation, infrastructure retention, and memory reservation size. We identify four states of serverless infrastructure including: provider cold, VM cold, container cold, and warm and demonstrate how microservice performance varies up to 15x based on these states.

2005 - IEEE Intell. Syst.
Building a Semantic Wiki

The semantic Web vision of a "unifying logical language that enables concepts to be progressively linked into a universal Web" is part of along lineage of dreams of a universal repository of ideas: from Diderot's universal encyclopedia in the 18th century to Vannevar Bush's Memex at the beginning of the computer age to Ted Nelson's Xanadu in the 1970s. However, the semantic Web's development so far has focused primarily on metadata and carefully designed data structures. To realize Berners-Lee's vision, the semantic Web must capture and represent content created every day by people without special training - such content includes blogs, emails, and discussion groups. Rhizome is an experimental, open source content management framework the author have created that can capture and represent informal, human-authored content in a semantically rich manner. Rhizome aims to help bring about a new kind of commons - one of ideas. This commons wouldn't comprise just a web of interlinked pages of content, as is the current World Wide Web, but a web of relationships between the underlying ideas and distinctions that the content implies: a permanent, universally accessible interlinking of content based on imputed semantics such as concepts, definitions, or structured argumentation.

2005 - Internet Res.
Internet banking adoption strategies for a developing country: the case of Thailand

Purpose – The objective of the paper is to identify the factors that encourage consumers to adopt internet banking services in Thailand and to use the study's findings to develop strategies for banks on how to maximize the rate of adoption.Design/methodology/approach – Quantitative research with a sample size of 600 achieved by sending questionnaires to 15 people in each of 40 large companies in Bangkok. The study is based on the Decomposed Planned Behaviour.Findings – The attitudinal factors that appear to encourage the adoption of internet banking in Thailand most are “Features of the web site” and “Perceived usefulness”, while the most significant impediment to adoption is a perceived behavioural control, namely “External environment”. The significant moderating factors are gender, educational level, income, internet experience and internet banking experience, but not age.Research limitations/implications – In this study, encouragement factors are those that are able to be controlled by banks, while im...

1997 - ICML 1997
ARACHNID: Adaptive Retrieval Agents Choosing Heuristic Neighborhoods for Information Discovery

ARACHNID is a distributed algorithm for information discovery in large, dynamic, distributed environments such as the World Wide Web. The approach is based on a distributed , adaptive population of intelligent agents making local decisions. The behavior of the algorithm is analyzed using a simpliied model of the Web environment. This analysis highlights an interesting feature of the Web environment that bodes well for ARACH-NID's search methods. The performance of the algorithm is illustrated using both simulated environments and preliminary experiments in which prototype agents search real Web environments. Interactions are also discussed between unsupervised learning by individual agents and evolution at the population level, along with the role played in both by user relevance feedback.

2008 - Telemedicine journal and e-health : the official journal of the American Telemedicine Association
E-therapy for mental health problems: a systematic review.

The widespread availability of the Internet offers opportunities for improving access to therapy for people with mental health problems. There is a seemingly infinite supply of Internet-based interventions available on the World Wide Web. The aim of the present study is to systematically assess the methodological quality of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) concerning e-therapy for mental health problems. Two reviewers independently assessed the methodological quality of the RCTs, based on a list of criteria for the methodological quality assessment as recommended by the Cochrane Back Review Group. The search yielded 14 papers that reported RCTs concerning e-therapy for mental-health problems. The methodological quality of studies included in this review was generally low. It is concluded that e-therapy may turn out to be an appropriate therapeutic entity, but the evidence needs to be more convincing. Recommendations are made concerning the method of reporting RCTs and the need to add some content items to an e-therapy study.

1999 - MTSUMMIT
BITS: a method for bilingual text search over the Web

Parallel corpus are valuable resource for machine translation, multi-lingual text retrieval, language education and other applications, but for various reasons, its availability is very limited at present. Noticed that the World Word Web is a potential source to mine parallel text, researchers are making their efforts to explore the Web in order to get a big collection of bitext. This paper presents BITS (Bilingual Internet Text Search), a system which harvests multilingual texts over the World Wide Web with virtually no human intervention. The technique is simple, easy to port to any language pairs, and with high accuracy. The results of the experiments on German - English pair proved that the method is very successful.

2003 - Inf. Process. Manag.
Text categorization based on k-nearest neighbor approach for Web site classification

Automatic categorization is a viable method to deal with the scaling problem on the World Wide Web. For Web site classification, this paper proposes the use of Web pages linked with the home page in a different manner from the sole use of home pages in previous research. To implement our proposed method, we derive a scheme for Web site classification based on the k-nearest neighbor (k-NN) approach. It consists of three phases: Web page selection (connectivity analysis), Web page classification. and Web site classification. Given a Web site, the Web page selection chooses several representative Web pages using connectivity analysis. The k-NN classifier next classifies each of the selected Web pages. Finally, the classified Web pages are extended to a classification of the entire Web site. To improve performance, we supplement the k-NN approach with a feature selection method and a term weighting scheme using markup tags, and also reform its document-document similarity measure. In our experiments on a Korean commercial Web directory, the proposed system, using both a home page and its linked pages, improved the performance of micro-averaging breakeven point by 30.02%, compared with an ordinary classification which uses a home page only.

2001 - 2001 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing. Proceedings (Cat. No.01CH37221)
Improving trigram language modeling with the World Wide Web

We propose a method for using the World Wide Web to acquire trigram estimates for statistical language modeling. We submit an N-gram as a phrase query to Web search engines. The search engines return the number of Web pages containing the phrase, from which the N-gram count is estimated. The N-gram counts are then used to form Web-based trigram probability estimates. We discuss the properties of such estimates, and methods to interpolate them with traditional corpus based trigram estimates. We show that the interpolated models improve speech recognition word error rate significantly over a small test set.

2008 - First Monday
Market Ideology and the Myths of Web 2.0

This essay debunks the myths of the Web 2.0 brand and argues that the popularized phrase limits public media discourse and the imagination of a future World Wide Web.

1996
Randomness and the Netscape browser

As the World Wide Web gains broad public appeal, companies are becoming interested in using the Web not just to advertise, but also to take orders for their merchandise and services. Since ordering a product online requires the customer to transmit payment information (such as a credit-card number) from a client program to the company's server program through the Internet, there's need for cryptographic protection. By encrypting payment information before transmitting it, a customer can ensure that no one except the company from which he is purchasing can decode that sensitive data.

1997 - USENIX Symposium on Internet Technologies and Systems
Measuring the Capacity of a Web Server

The widespread use of the World Wide Web and related applications places interesting performance demands on network servers. The ability to measure the effect of these demands is important for tuning and optimizing the various software components that make up a Web server. To measure these effects, it is necessary to generate realistic HTTP client requests. Unfortunately, accurate generation of such traffic in a testbed of limited scope is not trivial. In particular, the commonly used approach is unable to generate client request-rates that exceed the capacity of the server being tested even for short periods of time. This paper examines pitfalls that one encounters when measuring Web server capacity using a synthetic workload. We propose and evaluate a new method for Web traffic generation that can generate bursty traffic, with peak loads that exceed the capacity of the server. Finally, we use the proposed method to measure the performance of a Web server.

1999 - IEEE Trans. Knowl. Data Eng.
Proxy Cache Algorithms: Design, Implementation, and Performance

Caching at proxy servers is one of the ways to reduce the response time perceived by World Wide Web users. Cache replacement algorithms play a central role in the response time reduction by selecting a subset of documents for caching, so that a given performance metric is maximized. At the same time, the cache must take extra steps to guarantee some form of consistency of the cached documents. Cache consistency algorithms enforce appropriate guarantees about the staleness of the cached documents. We describe a unified cache maintenance algorithm, LNC-R-WS-U, which integrates both cache replacement and consistency algorithms. The LNC-R-WS-U algorithm evicts documents from the cache based on the delay to fetch each document into the cache. Consequently, the documents that took a long time to fetch are preferentially kept in the cache. The LNC-R-W3-U algorithm also considers in the eviction consideration the validation rate of each document, as provided by the cache consistency component of LNC-R-WS-U. Consequently, documents that are infrequently updated and thus seldom require validations are preferentially retained in the cache. We describe the implementation of LNC-R-W3-U and its integration with the Apache 1.2.6 code base. Finally, we present a trace-driven experimental study of LNC-R-W3-U performance and its comparison with other previously published algorithms for cache maintenance.

1999
SHOE: A Knowledge Representation Language for Internet Applications

It is our contention that the World Wide Web poses challenges to knowledge representation systems that fundamentally change the way we should design KR languages. In this paper, we describe the Simple HTML Ontology Extensions (SHOE), a KR language which allows web pages to be annotated with semantics. We present a formalism for the language and discuss the features which make it well suited for the Web. We describe the syntax and semantics of this language, and discuss the di erences from traditional KR systems that make it more suited to modern web applications. We also describe some generic tools for using the language and demonstrate its capabilities by describing two prototype systems that use it. We also discuss some future tools currently being developed for the language. The language, tools, and details of the applications are all available on the World Wide Web at http://www.cs.umd.edu/projects/plus/SHOE.

2006 - J. Data Semant.
Centre for Intelligent Systems and Their Applications

In order to tackle the need of sharing knowledge within and across organisational boundaries, the last decade has seen researchers both in academia and industry advocating for the use of ontologies as a means for providing a shared understanding of common domains. But with the generalised use of large distributed environments such as the World Wide Web came the proliferation of many different ontologies, even for the same or similar domain, hence setting forth a new need of sharing–that of sharing ontologies. In addition, if visions such as the Semantic Web are ever going to become a reality, it will be necessary to provide as much automated support as possible to the task of mapping different ontologies. Although many efforts in ontology mapping have already been carried out, we have noticed that few of them are based on strong theoretical grounds and on principled methodologies. Furthermore, many of them are based only on syntactical criteria. In this paper we present a theory and method for automated ontology mapping based on channel theory, a mathematical theory of semantic information flow. We successfully applied our method to a large-scale scenario involving the mapping of several different ontologies of computer-science departments from various UK universities.

2006 - Found. Trends Web Sci.
A Framework for Web Science

This text sets out a series of approaches to the analysis and synthesis of the World Wide Web, and other web-like information structures. A comprehensive set of research questions is outlined, together with a sub-disciplinary breakdown, emphasising the multi-faceted nature of the Web, and the multi-disciplinary nature of its study and development. These questions and approaches together set out an agenda for Web Science, the science of decentralised information systems. Web Science is required both as a way to understand the Web, and as a way to focus its development on key communicational and representational requirements. The text surveys central engineering issues, such as the development of the Semantic Web, Web services and P2P. Analytic approaches to discover the Web's topology, or its graph-like structures, are examined. Finally, the Web as a technology is essentially socially embedded; therefore various issues and requirements for Web use and governance are also reviewed.

2006 - Quality and Quantity
Conducting Online Surveys

The World Wide Web (WWW) is increasingly being used as a tool and platform for survey research. Two types of electronic or online surveys available for data collection are the email and Web based survey, and they constitute the focus of this paper. We address a multitude of issues researchers should consider before and during the use of this method of data collection: advantages and liabilities with this form of survey research, sampling problems, questionnaire design considerations, suggestions in approaching potential respondents, response rates and aspects of data processing. Where relevant, the methodological issues involved are illustrated with examples from our own research practice. This methods review shows that most challenges are resolved when taking into account the principles that guide the conduct of conventional surveys.

2000 - PAKDD
Mining Access Patterns Efficiently from Web Logs

With the explosive growth of data available on the World Wide Web, discovery and analysis of useful information from the World Wide Web becomes a practical necessity. Web access pattern, which is the sequence of accesses pursued by users frequently, is a kind of interesting and useful knowledge in practice. In this paper, we study the problem of mining access patterns from Web logs efficiently. A novel data structure, called Web access pattern tree, or WAP-tree in short, is developed for efficient mining of access patterns from pieces of logs. The Web access pattern tree stores highly compressed, critical information for access pattern mining and facilitates the development of novel algorithms for mining access patterns in large set of log pieces. Our algorithm can find access patterns from Web logs quite efficiently. The experimental and performance studies show that our method is in general an order of magnitude faster than conventional methods.

1997 - Proceedings Ninth IEEE International Conference on Tools with Artificial Intelligence
Web mining: information and pattern discovery on the World Wide Web

Application of data mining techniques to the World Wide Web, referred to as Web mining, has been the focus of several recent research projects and papers. However, there is no established vocabulary, leading to confusion when comparing research efforts. The term Web mining has been used in two distinct ways. The first, called Web content mining in this paper, is the process of information discovery from sources across the World Wide Web. The second, called Web usage mining, is the process of mining for user browsing and access patterns. We define Web mining and present an overview of the various research issues, techniques, and development efforts. We briefly describe WEBMINER, a system for Web usage mining, and conclude the paper by listing research issues.

2001
Distributed systems: Principles and Paradigms

From the Publisher: Andrew Tanenbaum and Maarten van Steen cover the principles, advanced concepts, and technologies of distributed systems in detail, including: communication, replication, fault tolerance, and security. Intended for use in a senior/graduate level distributed systems course or by professionals, this text systematically shows how distributed systems are designed and implemented in real systems. Written in the superb writing style of other Tanenbaum books, the material also features unique accessibility and a wide variety of real-world examples and case studies, such as NFS v4, CORBA, DOM, Jini, and the World Wide Web. FEATURES Detailed coverage of seven key principles. An introductory chapter followed by a chapter devoted to each key principle: communication, processes, naming, synchronization, consistency and replication, fault tolerance, and security, including unique comprehensive coverage of middleware models. Four chapters devoted to state-of-the-art real-world examples of middleware. Covers object-based systems, document-based systems, distributed file systems, and coordination-based systems including CORBA, DCOM, Globe, NFS v4, Coda, the World Wide Web, and Jini. Excellent coverage of timely, advanced, distributed systems topics: Security, payment systems, recent Internet and Web protocols, scalability, and caching and replication. NEW-The Prentice Hall Companion Website for this book contains PowerPoint slides, figures in various file formats, and other teaching aids, and a link to the author's Web site.

1999 - J. ACM
Authoritative sources in a hyperlinked environment

The network structure of a hyperlinked environment can be a rich source of information about the content of the environment, provided we have effective means for understanding it. We develop a set of algorithmic tools for extracting information from the link structures of such environments, and report on experiments that demonstrate their effectiveness in a variety of context on the World Wide Web. The central issue we address within our framework is the distillation of broad search topics, through the discovery of “authorative” information sources on such topics. We propose and test an algorithmic formulation of the notion of authority, based on the relationship between a set of relevant authoritative pages and the set of “hub pages” that join them together in the link structure. Our formulation has connections to the eigenvectors of certain matrices associated with the link graph; these connections in turn motivate additional heuristrics for link-based analysis.

Factors Influencing the Adoption of Internet Banking

Margaret Tan
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Thompson S. H. Teo
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M. Tan
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Thompson S. H. Teo

Abstract:A research framework based on the theory of planned behavior (Ajzen 1985) and the diffusion of innovations theory (Rogers 1983) was used to identify the attitudinal, social and perceived behavioral control factors that would influence the adoption of Internet banking. An online questionnaire was designed on the World Wide Web (WWW). Respondents participated through extensive personalized email invitations as well as postings to newsgroups and hyperlinks from selected Web sites.

摘要：基于计划行为理论(Ajzen，1985)和创新扩散理论(Rogers，1983)的研究框架，确定了影响网上银行采纳的态度、社会和感知行为控制因素。在万维网(WWW)上设计了在线调查问卷。受访者通过广泛的个性化电子邮件邀请以及对新闻组的张贴和来自选定网站的超链接参与。

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