论文信息 - Underneath the Bragg Peaks: Structural Analysis of Complex Materials

2016 - 2016 IEEE International Conference on Power System Technology (POWERCON)

Distribution network voltage control for peak load alleviation

This paper presents a methodology for alleviating peak demand using distribution network voltage control and tests the developed methodology using a comprehensive high-resolution bottom-up low-voltage closed-loop residential time-variant load modeling platform. The load model used is capable of capturing the time-variant voltage dependency of the load and the voltage response of closed-loop loads such as thermostatically-controlled appliances which exhibit inter-temporal response to supply voltages. This allows demonstration of the potential for distribution network operators (DNOs) to both achieve load reduction and load shifting through using a voltage reduction strategy during peak load periods. A primary substation on-load tap-changing (OLTC) transformer is modeled, capturing dead-band voltage regulation, and control logic for peak reduction is presented with and without end-of-line (EOL) voltage monitoring. The overall methodology is tested on the Irish residential sector on an urban distribution network and peak load reductions of over 2% are observed.

2016 - 2016 IEEE International Conference on Automation Science and Engineering (CASE)

Two missing components for Solid Media Transmission: Amplifiers and manifolds

Solid Media Transmission (SMT) is a new technology for transmitting robot actuation. SMT is similar to pneumatic or hydraulic transmissions, but uses solid balls and spacers rather than fluids to transmit force and displacement. SMT has been developed recently as a promising solution for specialized robot applications, including the challenges of confined space and strong magnetic field in Magnetic Resonance (MRI) scanners. Until now, SMT has lacked two capabilities compared to hydraulic and pneumatic devices: (1) manifolds, which can balance force among multiple inputs, and (2) amplifiers, which enable displacement scaling by trading force for displacement resolution. This paper introduces an SMT implementation for each of these missing components, provides scalable designs, parametric optimizations, hardware verifications, and ends with suggestions for future work.

2019 - IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters

Sea Clutter Suppression for Shipborne HF Radar Using Cross-Loop/Monopole Array

The shipborne high-frequency ground wave radar (HFGWR) provides a better condition for sea surface target detection than the shore-based one because of its maneuverability and flexibility. However, the first-order Bragg spectra of the shipborne HFGWR would be broadened by the Doppler shift of the ship motion, which makes the vessel echo easily submerged. Even though some methods have been applied to suppress the broadened Bragg spectra for target detection, most of them are hard to achieve good result in a small-aperture radar. An orthogonal projection method to suppress the broadened Bragg spectra using a cross-loop/monopole array is proposed in this letter. The proposed method mainly includes two steps: 1) estimate the space of sea clutter in a spatial domain according to the ocean echo characteristics and 2) design an adaptive filter of single or multiple Doppler bins on the estimated clutter space to suppress the first-order spectra. After suppression, we use the multiple signal classification algorithm to estimate the incident direction of targets. The experimental data validate that the sea clutter is well suppressed and the target signal-to-clutter ratio is increased by the algorithm.

2009 - Medical physics

RBE estimation of proton radiation fields using a ΔE-E telescope.

A new monolithic silicon ΔE-E telescope was evaluated in unmodulated and modulated 100 MeV proton beams used for hadron therapy. Compared to a classical microdosimetry detector, which provides one-dimensional information on lineal energy of charged particles, this detector system provides two-dimensional information on lineal energy and particle energy based on energy depositions, collected in coincidence, within the ΔE and E stages of the detector. The authors investigated the possibility to use the information obtained with the ΔE-E telescope to determine the relative biological effectiveness (RBE) at defined locations within the proton Bragg peak and spread-out Bragg peak (SOBP). An RBE matrix based on the established in vitro V79 cell survival data was developed to link the output of the device directly to RBE(α), the RBE in the low-dose limit, at various depths in a homogeneous polystyrene phantom. In the SOBP of a 100 MeV proton beam, the RBE(α) increased from 4.04 proximal to the SOBP to a maximum value of 5.4 at the distal edge. The ΔE-E telescope, with its high spatial resolution, has potential applications to biologically weighted hadron treatment planning as it provides a compact and portable means for estimating the RBE in rapidly changing hadron radiation fields within phantoms.

2015 - Energy

An econometric model for annual peak demand for small utilities

This paper presents a model that can be used to estimate the annual peak demand in electricity consumption for small sized electric utilities. The developed model was used to investigate the influence of econometric variables on the power demand of N. Cyprus. Utilizing historical annual databases, analysis of variance (ANOVA), and the statistical methods, it was found that number of customers, price of electricity, number of tourists, population, as well as heating degree days correlate with the annual peak demand with R2 = 0.995. The performance of the model was measured using mean absolute scaled error (MASE) and mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) for in-sample (1992–2010) and out-of-sample (2011–2013) data. Also, to ensure the validity of the outcomes, models were regenerated by decreasing the in-sample data (i.e. increasing the out of sample data) back to five consecutive years and MAPE and MASE calculations were repeated. The results indicated that the model, using the above-mentioned parameters as regressors, has very strong predictive ability and can be used to estimate the annual peak demand. The combination of peak demand, base demand and energy consumption models can be utilized as a useful technique for the purpose of resource planning for small sized utilities.

2012

A Data Driven Exploration of Broadband Traffic Issues: Growth, Management, and Policy

This paper uses a novel dataset from multiple ISPs to characterize important trends in broadband traffic growth, develop a better understanding of usage-related costs, and consider the implications of this growth for both network operators (e.g. subscription plans and traffic management policies) and policy makers (e.g. interconnection policies and market structure). We begin by carefully considering the components of overall traffic growth. These include growth from additional users and devices attached to the network as well as growth from the changing behaviors of users and devices. Teasing apart these different types of growth is particularly important as markets for new subscribers saturate. Second we consider temporal properties of traffic at various time-scales which informs the tradeoffs inherent in alternative ways for defining peak traffic periods. These peak periods are important as they are primary drivers of network provisioning and service design decisions, and thus factor into cost estimation, investment planning, and policy analyses. Further, since no standard exists for defining “peak traffic periods,” the term is often employed overly causally in both technical and policy discussions. While a variety of definitions are all reasonable, understanding the differences is worthwhile. We next explore the connection between traffic, traffic during peak periods, and costs to the network providers of carrying traffic. We consider the economic, business, and policy tradeoffs for how these costs are shared. Central to this paper is a unique pool of data that a set of broadband access providers have shared with our research group. The data-set that informs this report is a large set of anonymous per-subscriber byte counts over different time intervals. Some data sets allow us to look at behavior at a 15 minute granularity. (The only per-subscriber information received was the equivalent of interface byte counters associated with anonymized subscriber identifiers so that we could track individual subscribers over multiple months. No personally identifiable information of any nature was received from providers.) This data allows us to ask and answer some key, and sometimes contentious questions, about traffic on broadband networks, such as: What is the distribution of usage across the subscriber population? What is the distribution of usage during peak periods across the subscriber population? What do daily traffic patterns look like? What is the long-term behavior of subscribers that occasionally appear in the tails of the usage distribution? How good are various heuristics (such as total traffic over a month) at approximating contributions to peak time periods? How much is per-subscriber traffic growing yearly? This rich data set provides more detailed insights than studies that are based only on long-term usage data or on aggregates of many users. Because we have per-subscriber traffic we can reconstruct the actual aggregate and peak traffic, whereas if all we had were the peak and aggregate traffic statistics (or worse only one or the other), we could only make inferences about per subscriber behavior that would depend on a number of strong simplifying assumptions. Our analysis of fat-tailed user behavior highlights just how misleading such inferences might be.

2009 - Applied Physics Letters

Thermal conductivity and interface thermal conductance of amorphous and crystalline Zr47Cu31Al13Ni9 alloys with a Y2O3 coating

We examine the thermal conductivity k and interface thermal conductance G for amorphous and crystalline Zr47Cu31Al13Ni9 alloys in contact with polycrystalline Y2O3. Using time-domain thermoreflectance, we find k=4.5 W m−1 K−1 for the amorphous metallic alloy of Zr47Cu31Al13Ni9 and k=5.0 W m−1 K−1 for the crystalline Zr47Cu31Al13Ni9. We also measure G=23 MW m−2 K−1 for the metallic glass/Y2O3 interface and G=26 MW m−2 K−1 for the interface between the crystalline Zr47Cu31Al13Ni9 and Y2O3. The thermal conductivity of the crystalline Y2O3 layer is found to be k=5.0 W m−1 K−1, and the conductances of Al/Y2O3 and Y2O3/Si interfaces are 68 and 45 MW m−2 K−1, respectively.

2020 - International Journal of Pressure Vessels and Piping

Numerical analysis of wave propagation across Solid–Fluid interface with Fluid–Structure interaction in circular tube

Abstract Fluid–structure interaction (FSI) and wave propagation in engineering structures can cause severe damage to piping systems or fluid machines, inducing serious accidents. In these phenomena, the mechanism of structural damage depends on the wave propagation across the fluid–solid interface. Previous studies reported that disagreements between the induced pressure value on the solid–fluid movable interface and the value predicted by the classical one-dimensional theory arose from the effects of two-dimensional wave propagation. To address this problem, in this study, a two-dimensional axisymmetric simulation of wave propagation across the solid-fluid interface with FSI was conducted. The simulation was performed using ANSYS Autodyn with a Lagrangian solver for solids and Eulerian solver for water. The results showed that radial wave propagation caused by the dynamic effect of the tube and water's inertia affected the peak pressure on the solid–fluid interface. The peak pressure was attenuated near the tube wall because of the inertial effect of the tube and fluid expansion. By calculating the mean pressure and axial stress to compare the simulated peak pressure with that from one-dimensional acoustic theory, it was indicated that the transition region for transmitted pressure was located immediately after the solid–fluid interface. In this region, the transmitted peak pressure may exceed the value predicted by one-dimensional acoustic theory. The transition region was oriented in the axial direction from the interface. In addition, prediction of the transmitted peak pressure with one-dimensional acoustic theory was suggested via normal wave speed in the unconfined fluid from a safety engineering perspective, although the circumferential stress generated in the tube enclosing fluid can be sufficiently accurately predicted using the same theory with the Korteweg speed.

2011 - PLoS Computational Biology

An Integrated Disease/Pharmacokinetic/Pharmacodynamic Model Suggests Improved Interleukin-21 Regimens Validated Prospectively for Mouse Solid Cancers

Interleukin (IL)-21 is an attractive antitumor agent with potent immunomodulatory functions. Yet thus far, the cytokine has yielded only partial responses in solid cancer patients, and conditions for beneficial IL-21 immunotherapy remain elusive. The current work aims to identify clinically-relevant IL-21 regimens with enhanced efficacy, based on mathematical modeling of long-term antitumor responses. For this purpose, pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic (PD) data were acquired from a preclinical study applying systemic IL-21 therapy in murine solid cancers. We developed an integrated disease/PK/PD model for the IL-21 anticancer response, and calibrated it using selected “training” data. The accuracy of the model was verified retrospectively under diverse IL-21 treatment settings, by comparing its predictions to independent “validation” data in melanoma and renal cell carcinoma-challenged mice (R2>0.90). Simulations of the verified model surfaced important therapeutic insights: (1) Fractionating the standard daily regimen (50 µg/dose) into a twice daily schedule (25 µg/dose) is advantageous, yielding a significantly lower tumor mass (45% decrease); (2) A low-dose (12 µg/day) regimen exerts a response similar to that obtained under the 50 µg/day treatment, suggestive of an equally efficacious dose with potentially reduced toxicity. Subsequent experiments in melanoma-bearing mice corroborated both of these predictions with high precision (R2>0.89), thus validating the model also prospectively in vivo. Thus, the confirmed PK/PD model rationalizes IL-21 therapy, and pinpoints improved clinically-feasible treatment schedules. Our analysis demonstrates the value of employing mathematical modeling and in silico-guided design of solid tumor immunotherapy in the clinic.

1997 - IEEE Photonics Technology Letters

High-speed polysilicon resonant-cavity photodiode with SiO/sub 2/-Si Bragg reflectors

Previously, it has been shown that the bandwidth of Si photodiodes can be increased by more than an order of magnitude, without sacrificing responsivity, by a resonant-cavity structure that utilized GeSi-Si asymmetric Bragg reflectors. In this letter, we report an interdigitated p-i-n polysilicon resonant-cavity photodiode, which employs a Si-SiO/sub 2/ Bragg reflector, that is more compatible with standard Si processing technology. For an absorbing region thickness of only 0.5 /spl mu/m, a peak quantum efficiency of 40% was achieved and the dark current was <60 nA at 10 V. For 2 /spl mu/m/spl times/2-/spl mu/m finger width and spacing the bandwidth was 10 GHz.

2012 - IEEE Photonics Journal

High-efficiency ultraviolet inscription of Bragg gratings in microfibers

In this paper, we demonstrate high-efficiency inscription of Bragg gratings in microfiber. Strong Bragg gratings are easily inscribed using a 193-nm excimer laser and phase mask in microfiber drawn from the 62.5/125- μm standard multimode fiber (MMF) with no additional photosensitization treatment. The enlarged photosensitive core offered by the MMF provides a sufficient overlap between the fundamental mode and the induced refractive index modulation region, which significantly enhances the grating inscription efficiency. The grating inscription in the microfiber is even more efficient than that in the original MMF because the multibeam interference-induced fringe fuzziness in the normal size fiber does not occur as the fiber diameter down to the scale that is comparable with the Talbot length of the ultraviolet (UV)-writing light. The proposed method is beneficial for sensing and device applications of microfiber Bragg grating (mFBGs) because of the ease of fabrication, high coupling strength, and large wavelength separation between individual resonant dips.

2002 - International journal of pharmaceutics

The role of the kneading paddle and the effects of screw revolution speed and water content on the preparation of solid dispersions using a twin-screw extruder.

The twin-screw hot-melt extrusion process is useful for preparing solid dispersions which can improve the dissolution and absorption of drugs. The kneading paddle elements of the screws play an important role in changing the crystallinity and dissolution properties of a solid dispersion of kneaded nifedipine-hydroxypropylmethylcellulose phthalate (NP-HPMCP). After operating the machine, a small amount of kneaded material adhering to the screws was collected and its physicochemical properties examined. Samples from the kneading paddle with a twist angle of 60 degrees were transparent and exhibited super-saturation on dissolution testing. When the kneading paddle elements were detached from the screws and only the feed screw elements were operated, the physicochemical properties of the extruded material were significantly influenced by the operating conditions of the machine e.g. revolution rate of screws, and the amount of water added to the feed materials. Slow revolution of the screws and the addition of a suitable amount of water to the mixture increased the rate of drug dissolution, although no super-saturation occurred. As the kneading paddle elements can retain the mixture in the machine for a longer period under intense shear, desired solid dispersions can be prepared routinely irrespective of the operating conditions. Moreover, a capillary rheometer can be useful to predetermine the amount of water added and the temperature for the preparation of solid dispersions using a twin-screw extruder.

1993

Atomic transport in solids

1. Atomic movements in solids - phenomenological equations 2. Imperfections in solids 3. Statistical thermodynamics of crystals containing point defects 4. Non-equilibrium thermodynamics of atomic transport processes in solids 5. Some applications of non-equilibrium thermodynamics to solids 6. Microscopic theories - the master equation 7. Kinetic theory of relaxation processes 8. Kinetic theory of isothermal diffusion processes 9. The theory of random walks 10. Random walk theories of atomic diffusion 11. Transport coefficients of dilute solid solutions - results and applications 12. The evaluation of nuclear magnetic relaxation rates 13. Theories of concentrated and highly defective systems Epilogue References.

2004 - International journal of pharmaceutics

Solid dispersion of carbamazepine in PVP K30 by conventional solvent evaporation and supercritical methods.

This study compares the physicochemical properties of carbamazepine (CBZ) solid dispersions prepared by either a conventional solvent evaporation versus a supercritical fluid process. Solid dispersions of carbamazepine in polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) K30 with either Gelucire 44/14 or Vitamin E TPGS, NF (d-alpha-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate) were prepared and characterized by intrinsic dissolution, differential scanning calorimetry, powder X-ray diffraction and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. CBZ/PVP K30 and CBZ/PVP K30/TPGS solid dispersions showed increased dissolution rate. The best intrinsic dissolution rate (IDR) was obtained for supercritically processed CBZ/PVP K30 that was four-fold higher than pure CBZ. Thermograms of various solid dispersions did not show the melting peak of CBZ, indicating that CBZ was in amorphous form inside the carrier system. This was further confirmed by X-ray diffraction studies. Infrared spectroscopic studies showed interaction between CBZ and PVP K30 in solid dispersions. The amorphous state of CBZ coupled with presence of interaction between drug and PVP K30 suggests fewer, if any, stability problems. Because the supercritical-based process produced solid dispersions with IDR better than conventional solid dispersions augmented with amphiphilic carriers, stability issues associated with lipid carriers do not apply, which, in turn, implies easier scale up under current Good Manufacturing Practice for this technique.

2008 - Applied Physics Letters

Monitoring the Bragg peak location of 73 MeV/u carbon ions by means of prompt γ-ray measurements

By means of a time-of-flight technique, we measured the longitudinal profile of prompt γ-rays emitted by 73MeV∕u C13 ions irradiating a polymethyl methacrylate target. This technique allowed us to minimize the shielding against neutrons and scattered γ-rays, and to correlate prompt gamma emission to the ion path. This correlation, together with a high counting rate, paves the way toward real-time monitoring of the longitudinal dose profile during ion therapy treatments. Moreover, the time correlation between the prompt gamma detection and the transverse position of the incident ions measured by a beam monitor can provide real-time three dimensional control of the irradiation.

2017 - Physics in medicine and biology

An image-guided precision proton radiation platform for preclinical in vivo research

There are many unknowns in the radiobiology of proton beams and other particle beams. We describe the development and testing of an image-guided low-energy proton system optimized for radiobiological research applications. A 50 MeV proton beam from an existing cyclotron was modified to produce collimated beams (as small as 2 mm in diameter). Ionization chamber and radiochromic film measurements were performed and benchmarked with Monte Carlo simulations (TOPAS). The proton beam was aligned with a commercially-available CT image-guided x-ray irradiator device (SARRP, Xstrahl Inc.). To examine the alternative possibility of adapting a clinical proton therapy system, we performed Monte Carlo simulations of a range-shifted 100 MeV clinical beam. The proton beam exhibits a pristine Bragg Peak at a depth of 21 mm in water with a dose rate of 8.4 Gy min−1 (3 mm depth). The energy of the incident beam can be modulated to lower energies while preserving the Bragg peak. The LET was: 2.0 keV µm−1 (water surface), 16 keV µm−1 (Bragg peak), 27 keV µm−1 (10% peak dose). Alignment of the proton beam with the SARRP system isocenter was measured at 0.24 mm agreement. The width of the beam changes very little with depth. Monte Carlo-based calculations of dose using the CT image data set as input demonstrate in vivo use. Monte Carlo simulations of the modulated 100 MeV clinical proton beam show a significantly reduced Bragg peak. We demonstrate the feasibility of a proton beam integrated with a commercial x-ray image-guidance system for preclinical in vivo studies. To our knowledge this is the first description of an experimental image-guided proton beam for preclinical radiobiology research. It will enable in vivo investigations of radiobiological effects in proton beams.

2007 - Acta Mathematicae Applicatae Sinica, English Series

Cauchy-Born Rule and the Stability of Crystalline Solids: Dynamic Problems

We study continuum and atomistic models for the elastodynamics of crystalline solids at zero temperature. We establish sharp criterion for the regime of validity of the nonlinear elastic wave equations derived from the well-known Cauchy-Born rule.

2010 - Medical physics

Apparent absence of a proton beam dose rate effect and possible differences in RBE between Bragg peak and plateau.

PURPOSE Respiration-gated irradiation for a moving target requires a longer time to deliver single fraction in proton radiotherapy (PRT). Ultrahigh dose rate (UDR) proton beam, which is 10-100 times higher than that is used in current clinical practice, has been investigated to deliver daily dose in single breath hold duration. The purpose of this study is to investigate the survival curve and relative biological effectiveness (RBE) of such an ultrahigh dose rate proton beam and their linear energy transfer (LET) dependence. METHODS HSG cells were irradiated by a spatially and temporally uniform proton beam at two different dose rates: 8 Gy/min (CDR, clinical dose rate) and 325 Gy/min (UDR, ultrahigh dose rate) at the Bragg peak and 1.75 (CDR) and 114 Gy/min (UDR) at the plateau. To study LET dependence, the cells were positioned at the Bragg peak, where the absorbed dose-averaged LET was 3.19 keV/microm, and at the plateau, where it was 0.56 keV/microm. After the cell exposure and colony assay, the measured data were fitted by the linear quadratic (LQ) model and the survival curves and RBE at 10% survival were compared. RESULTS No significant difference was observed in the survival curves between the two proton dose rates. The ratio of the RBE for CDR/UDR was 0.98 +/- 0.04 at the Bragg peak and 0.96 +/- 0.06 at the plateau. On the other hand, Bragg peak/plateau RBE ratio was 1.15 +/- 0.05 for UDR and 1.18 +/- 0.07 for CDR. CONCLUSIONS Present RBE can be consistently used in treatment planning of PRT using ultrahigh dose rate radiation. Because a significant increase in RBE toward the Bragg peak was observed for both UDR and CDR, further evaluation of RBE enhancement toward the Bragg peak and beyond is required.

2008 - Physics in medicine and biology

Density heterogeneities and the influence of multiple Coulomb and nuclear scatterings on the Bragg peak distal edge of proton therapy beams

Density heterogeneities in the path of proton beams are known to cause degradation of the Bragg peak and, thus, widening of its distal fall-off. Inadequate accounting for this effect may lead to unwanted dose delivered to normal tissue distal to the target volume. In low-density regions, such as the thorax, this may lead to large volumes of healthy tissue receiving unnecessary dose. Although it is known that multiple Coulomb scattering within the density heterogeneities is the main cause of Bragg peak degradation, no systematic attempt has been made to quantify the contribution of multiple Coulomb scattering and nuclear scattering. Through a systematic study using a 220 MeV proton beam, we show that nuclear scattering contributes to about 5% of the distal fall-off width and is only slightly dependent on heterogeneity complexity. Furthermore, we also show that the energy spectra of the proton fluence downstream of various heterogeneity volumes are well correlated with the Bragg peak distal fall-off widths. Based on this correlation, a novel method for predicting distal fall-offs is suggested. This method is tested for three clinical setups of a voxelized model of a human head based on computer tomography data. Results are within 3% of the distal fall-off values obtained using Monte Carlo simulations.

1974 - Acta Crystallographica Section A

A method for location of the peaks in step‐scan measured Bragg reflexions

A method for location of the peak in a step-scan-measured Bragg reflexion profile is described. It leads to a ratio between the standard deviation of the intensity and the intensity, σ(I)/I, which is near minimum. The method is based on the observation that if σ(I)/I is calculated for all possible peak widths for a given profile then σ(I)/I is minimum near the true value of the peak width, and minimal σ(I)/I can thus be used as a criterion for correct location of the peak. The intensity determined this way is however in general slightly underestimated, and the bias as well as possible corrections are discussed. In addition a simple function resembling σ(I)/I, which has proved to be useful for practical applications, is given.

Underneath the Bragg Peaks: Structural Analysis of Complex Materials

PDFgetXgui: a graphical user interface for PDFgetX3 for high throughput pair distribution function transformation and visualization

Local Structure Analysis of ZrN, and Dy0.5Zr0.5N surrogate materials for fast reactor nitride fuel

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Neutron diffraction study of average and local structure in La 0.5 Ca 0.5 Mn O 3

Structure determination of disordered materials from diffraction data.

Structure of methylammonium lead iodide within mesoporous titanium dioxide: active material in high-performance perovskite solar cells.

Synthesis and characterization of two-dimensional Nb4C3 (MXene).

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Analysis of semi-empirical interatomic potentials appropriate for simulation of crystalline and liquid Al and Cu

Nyquist-Shannon sampling theorem applied to refinements of the atomic pair distribution function

Tunnelling system coupled to a harmonic oscillator: an analytical treatment

Observation of local non-centrosymmetry in weakly biferroic YCrO3

Computational Analysis of Neutron Scattering Data

In situ synchrotron X-ray diffraction investigation of the evolution of a PbO₂/PbSO₄ surface layer on a copper electrowinning Pb anode in a novel electrochemical flow cell.

xPDFsuite: an end-to-end software solution for high throughput pair distribution function transformation, visualization and analysis

Characterisation of amorphous and nanocrystalline molecular materials by total scattering

Milestones in the analysis of alkali-activated binders