相关论文
2015 - Atmospheric Environment
Diurnal variability of polycyclic aromatic compound (PAC) concentrations: Relationship with meteorological conditions and inferred sources

Abstract Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and their nitro and oxy derivatives have been sampled every three hours over one week in winter at two sites in Birmingham UK. One site is heavily influenced by road traffic and is close to residential dwellings, while the other site is a background urban location at some distance from both sources of emission. The time series of concentrations has been examined along with the ratio of concentrations between the two sampling sites. A comparison of averaged diurnal profiles has shown different patterns of behaviour which has been investigated through calculating ratios of concentration at 18:00–21:00 h relative to that at 06:00–09:00 h. This allows identification of those compounds with a strong contribution to a traffic-related maximum at 06:00–09:00 h which are predominantly the low molecular weight PAHs, together with a substantial group of quinones and nitro-PAHs. Changes in partitioning between vapour and particulate forms are unlikely to influence the ratio as the mean temperature at both times was almost identical. Most compounds show an appreciable increase in concentrations in the evening which is attributed to residential heating emissions. Compounds dominated by this source show high ratios of 18:00–21:00 concentrations relative to 06:00–09:00 concentrations and include higher molecular weight PAH and a substantial group of both quinones and nitro-PAH. The behaviour of retene, normally taken as an indicator of biomass burning, is suggestive of wood smoke only being one contributor to the evening peak in PAH and their derivatives, with coal combustion presumably being the other main contributor. Variations of PAH concentrations with wind speed show a dilution behaviour consistent with other primary pollutants, and high concentrations of a range of air pollutants were observed in an episode of low temperatures and low wind speeds towards the end of the overall sampling period consistent with poor local dispersion processes. Results from a short summer campaign give indications of the formation of some nitro-PAH by atmospheric chemical reactions.

1997 - Journal of chromatography. A
Determination of polycyclic aromatic compounds and heavy metals in sludges from biological sewage treatment plants.

The procedure of the analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their derivatives in the sludges from biological sewage treatment plants has been worked out. The analysis included isolation of organic matter from sludges, separation of the extract into fractions of similar chemical character, qualitative-quantitative analysis of individual PAHs and their nitrogenated and oxygenated derivatives. Liquid-solid chromatography, solid-phase extraction and semipreparative band thin-layer chromatography techniques were used for the separation. Capillary gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of the separated fractions enabled identification of more than 21 PAHs, including hydrocarbons which contained 2-6 aromatic rings as well as their alkyl derivatives, 10 oxygen derivatives, 9 nitroarenes, aminoarenes and over 20 azaarenes and carbazoles. Using the capillary gas chromatography-flame ionization detection technique the content of 17 dominant PAHs was determined. The content of heavy metals was determined in investigated sludges with the use of atomic absorption spectrometry. The concentrations of the respective metals could be ranked in the order Cd < Co < Ni < Pb < Cr < or = Cu < Mn < Zn < Fe. The sludges were analysed for the first time in Poland in view of their possible utilisation in agriculture and in cultivating dumps of coal mine wastes, taking into consideration the contents of toxic organic pollutants and heavy metals.

2013 - Journal of environmental management
Source identification and characterization of atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons along the southwestern coastal area of Taiwan - with a GMDH approach.

Air samples of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were collected from May 2008 to April 2009 in the Kaohsiung coastal area of Taiwan to establish a dataset. Sample analysis suggested that PAH composition (dominated by 3-ring PAHs) and seasonal patterns (high concentration in winter and low concentration in summer) are nearly identical to those previously reported (Lai et al., 2011), except for a case of road construction during the sample period. The predominant sources of PAHs were identified by isomer ratio, HCA and PCA analyses as vehicle emissions and coal/wood combustion. According to the results of parameters selection via the Group Method of Data Handling (GMDH), the variations in gaseous PAHs and particulate PAHs were related mainly to meteorological conditions and to routine monitoring of air pollutant concentrations, respectively. A comparison of model prediction accuracy between particulate and gaseous PAHs suggests better prediction for particulate PAHs than gaseous PAHs, due to dramatic variation in meteorological conditions which results in higher prediction uncertainty for gaseous PAHs. Model predictions of PAH concentrations showed satisfactory agreement with measured data, except for specific incidents, such as joss paper burning events. The results of this study suggest that the GMDH model may be applied to PAH concentration prediction for the study area and may be applicable for other countries based on routine monitoring of air pollutant concentrations and meteorological conditions.

2001 - Biotechnology Letters
The ability of different plant species to remove polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and polychlorinated biphenyls from incubation media

The ability of in vitro cultured cells of black nightshade, wheat, barley, soybean, tomato, mulberry and birch to grow in the presence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and to metabolise them was compared. No correlation was found between the resistance of the plants and removal of xenobiotics. Up to 20% of PCBs and over 90% of PAHs were removed by wheat cells from nutrient media in two weeks.

1999 - Journal of Molecular Structure-theochem
Identifying carcinogenic activity of methylated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)

Abstract Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a class of planar molecules that can induce chemical carcinogenesis. Their carcinogenic power vary in a large range, from the very strong carcinogens to the inactive ones. Recently a new methodology was proposed (using the topological simple Huckel theory) to group and identify PAHs carcinogenic activity in terms of very simple rules based on the concept of electronic local density of states over specific molecular regions. In the present work we have extended this study to include methylated compounds. Our results show that the previous methodology can also be simplified and successfully used to predict the carcinogenic activity of methylated PAHs.

2003 - The Science of the total environment
Emission of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from animal carcass incinerators.

This study investigated two batch-type animal carcass waste incinerators, one in a hog farm (HOWI) and the other in a livestock disease control centre (LIWI). Additionally, a medical waste incinerator (MEWI) with a fixed grate for the disposal of biological medical waste was also examined. A GC/MS technique was applied to analyze the concentrations of 21 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) species in the stack flue gas, bottom ash and wet scrubber (WSB) effluent. The analytical results indicated that total-PAHs in the stack flue gas for HOWI, LIWI and MEWI were mainly in the gaseous phase. Moreover, the mean total-PAHs concentrations of the stack flue gas for HOWI and LIWI were 1.5 and 1.4 times higher than for MEWI (=391 microg/m(3)), respectively. At the most carcinogenic potencies, the results revealed that the mean BaP+BbF+DBA concentrations in the stack flue gas for HOWI and LIWI were 7.6 and 4.6 times higher than those of MEWI (=1.18 microg/m(3)), respectively. Moreover, during the outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease among pigs in southern Taiwan in 1997, emissions of total-PAHs and BaP+BbF+DBA exceeded 226.2 and 2.3 kg/day, respectively.

2011 - 1109.0999
THE SPITZER SPECTROSCOPIC SURVEY OF THE SMALL MAGELLANIC CLOUD (S4MC): PROBING THE PHYSICAL STATE OF POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS IN A LOW-METALLICITY ENVIRONMENT

We present results of mid-infrared spectroscopic mapping observations of six star-forming regions in the Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC) from the Spitzer Spectroscopic Survey of the SMC (S4MC). We detect the mid-IR emission from polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in all of the mapped regions, greatly increasing the range of environments where PAHs have been spectroscopically detected in the SMC. We investigate the variations of the mid-IR bands in each region and compare our results to studies of the PAH bands in the SINGS sample and in a sample of low-metallicity starburst galaxies. PAH emission in the SMC is characterized by low ratios of the 6–9 μm features relative to the 11.3 μm feature and weak 8.6 and 17.0 μm features. Interpreting these band ratios in the light of laboratory and theoretical studies, we find that PAHs in the SMC tend to be smaller and less ionized than those in higher metallicity galaxies. Based on studies of PAH destruction, we argue that a size distribution shifted toward smaller PAHs cannot be the result of processing in the interstellar medium, but instead reflects differences in the formation of PAHs at low metallicity. Finally, we discuss the implications of our observations for our understanding of the PAH life-cycle in low-metallicity galaxies—namely that the observed deficit of PAHs may be a consequence of PAHs forming with smaller average sizes and therefore being more susceptible to destruction under typical interstellar medium conditions.

2006 - Environmental science & technology
A chemical extraction method for mimicking bioavailability of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons to wheat grown in soils containing various amounts of organic matter.

In this study, we have evaluated the extent to which organic matter contents in soils influence the accumulation of PAHs by the roots of wheat plants and have developed a rapid chemical method for determining the bioavailability of PAH. Four polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), naphthalene, acenaphthylene, fluorene, and phenanthrene, were added to natural soil samples with different amounts of organic matterfor pot experiments to evaluate apparent bioavailability of PAHs to wheat roots (Triticum aestivum L.). The extractabilities of PAHs in the soil were tested by a sequential extraction scheme using accelerated solvent extraction with water, n-hexane, and a mixture of dichloromethane and acetone as solvents. The water or n-hexane-extractable PAHs were positively correlated to dissolved organic matter (DOM) and negatively correlated to total organic matter (TOM), indicating mobilization and immobilization effects of DOM and TOM on soil PAHs, respectively. The apparent accumulation of PAHs by wheat roots was also positively and negatively correlated to DOM and TOM, respectively. As a result, there are positive correlations between the amounts of PAHs extracted by water or n-hexane and the quantities accumulated in plant roots, suggesting the feasibility of using water- or n-hexanes-extractable fractions as indicators of PAH availability to plants.

2007 - Atmospheric Environment
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Costa Rican air and soil: A tropical/temperate comparison

Abstract Surface soil and passive air samples from a network of 23 sampling sites across Costa Rica were analyzed for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), allowing for an evaluation of absolute levels, spatial distribution patterns, air/soil concentration (A/S) ratios and relative composition. Annual mean concentrations of four-ring PAHs in air were low (median of approximately 40 pg m −3 ), except in Costa Rica's densely populated central valley (approximately 650 pg m −3 ). PAH concentrations in soil were also low (median of 5 ng g −1 dry weight) and comparable to those reported for other tropical regions. These low soil concentrations result in A/S ratios of four-ring PAHs in Costa Rica that are higher than the equilibrium air–soil partitioning coefficients and also higher than A/S ratios reported for temperate locations. A series of model calculations of increasing complexity were used to seek an explanation for variable A/S ratios of PAHs under tropical and temperate conditions. Temperature-driven changes in air–soil partitioning and differences in PAH degradability under temperate and tropical conditions are insufficient to explain the higher soil concentrations and lower A/S ratios in temperate regions. However, these can be explained by atmospheric deposition of PAHs during historical periods of much higher emissions and air concentrations and by persistence of PAHs in soils on the order of decades. Low PAH concentrations in tropical soils were found to be consistent with constant or increasing emissions, and in particular, do not require that degradation rates in soil are much faster than in temperate areas. In comparison to temperate soils, soils from Costa Rica and other tropical regions have a higher relative abundance of the lighter PAHs. This likely reflects a higher source contribution from biomass burning in the tropics, as well as the preferential loss of lighter PAHs from temperate soils that experienced high PAH deposition in the past.

2009 - Journal of hazardous materials
Biodegradation of the low concentration of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soil by microbial consortium during incubation.

The biodegradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) (8.15 mg PAHs kg(-1) soil) in aged contaminated soil by isolated microbial consortium (five fungi and three bacteria) during the incubation of 64d is reported. The applied treatments were: (1) biodegradation by adding microbial consortium in sterile soils (BM); (2) biodegradation by adding microbial consortium in non-sterile soils (BMN); and (3) biodegradation by in situ "natural" microbes in non-sterile soils (BNN). The fungi in BM and BMN soils grew rapidly 0-4d during the incubation and then reached a relative equilibrium. In contrast the fungi in BNN soil remained at a constant level for the entire time. Comparison with the fungi, the bacteria in BNN soils grew rapidly during the incubation 0-2d and then reached a relative equilibrium, and those in BM and BMN soils grew slowly during the incubation of 64 d. After 64 d of incubation, the PAH biodegradations were 35%, 40.7% and 41.3% in BNN, BMN and BM, respectively. The significant release of sequestrated PAHs in aged contaminated soil was observed in this experiment, especially in the BM soil. Therefore, although bioaugmentation of introduced microbial consortium increased significantly the biodegradation of PAHs in aged contaminated soil with low PAH concentration, the creation of optimum of the environmental situation might be the best way to use bioremediation successfully in the field.

1996
Mechanisms Of Carcinogenesis of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons

Abstract Recent investigations into the mechanisms of carcinogenesis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are discussed with major emphasis on the diol epoxide pathway. These investigations are in three principal areas: (1) enantiospecific synthesis of dihydrodiol and diol epoxide metabolites; (2) sitespecific synthesis of PAH-oligonucleotide adducts; and (3) studies of bis−dihydrodiol (i.e. tetrahydrotetraol) and tetraol monoepoxide metabolites.

2002 - Fluid Phase Equilibria
Solubility predictions for crystalline polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) dissolved in organic solvents based upon the Abraham general solvation model

Abstract The Abraham general solvation model is used to predict the saturation solubility of crystalline non-electrolyte solutes in organic solvents. The derived equations take the form of log C S C W =c+rR 2 +sπ 2 H +a∑α 2 H +b∑β 2 H +vV x log C S C G =c+rR 2 +sπ 2 H +a∑α 2 H +b∑β 2 H +l log L 16 where CS and CW refer to the solute solubility in the organic solvent and water, respectively, CG is a gas phase concentration, R2 the solute’s excess molar refraction, Vx the McGowan volume of the solute, ∑α2H and ∑β2H are the measures of the solute’s hydrogen-bond acidity and hydrogen-bond basicity, π2H denotes the solute’s dipolarity/polarizability descriptor, and L16 is the solute’s gas phase dimensionless Ostwald partition coefficient into hexadecane at 298 K. The remaining symbols in the above expressions are known coefficients, which have been determined previously for a large number of gas/solvent and water/solvent systems. Computations show that the Abraham general solvation model predicts the observed solubility behavior of pyrene, acenaphthene and fluoranthene to within an average absolute deviation of about +45%.

2010 - Environmental pollution
One century sedimentary records of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, mercury and trace elements in the Qinghai Lake, Tibetan Plateau.

Sediments from a remote lake of northeastern Tibetan Plateau were analyzed for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and trace metals. USEPA priority PAHs, ranged from 11 in 1860 to 279 ng g(-1) in 2002, while, the deposition fluxes were in the range of 0.2-11.4 ng cm(-2) yr(-1). Similarly, from 1860 to 2002, an increased trend of Hg flux was observed (0.5-3.2 ng cm(-2) yr(-1)). Remarkable increase of PAHs and Hg concentration began from 1970, nearly the same period of the "Reform and Open" Policy had been embarked (1978) in China. Good correlations were found between concentrations of Pb, Zn, Cd, As, Hg, and PAHs, which suggested the sources of these chemicals in the sediment is analogous, likely from anthroprogenic sources. Based on isomer ratios, PAHs in core were dominantly from the incomplete combustion of coal. Owing to the proximity to dust source area (Qaidam Basin) and the close association between PAHs, Hg, Pb, and particle matters, atmospheric dust-transport and deposition might be the main pathways that pollutants enter into Qinghai Lake.

2008 - Environmental pollution
The removal of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in the wastewater treatment process: experimental calculations and model predictions.

The removal of PAHs during the wastewater treatment process was examined in an activated sludge mode conventional facility. Concentrations reported are taken from an earlier measuring campaign. Removals of PAHs ranged between 28 and 67% in the primary, <1-61% in the secondary stage, and 37-89% in the whole process. Significant positive relationships were observed for removal efficiencies and the log K(ow) of PAHs in the primary and the log K(H) of PAHs in the secondary stage. Experimental removals were compared to those obtained from the FATE model. In the primary stage, predicted removals were lower than those experimentally calculated while in the secondary stage were higher. Predicted removals were apportioned mainly to sorption with negligible contribution from volatilization and biodegradation. Remarkable consistency between experimental and modeled removal efficiencies (-20-+20%) was observed for almost all PAHs in the whole treatment process.

2002 - Environmental science & technology
Emission of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, toxicity, and mutagenicity from domestic cooking using sawdust briquettes, wood, and kerosene.

Smoke samples, in both gas and particulate matter (PM) phases, of the three domestic stoves were collected using U.S. EPA modified method 5 and were analyzed for 17 PAH (HPLC-UV), acute toxicity (Microtox test), and mutagenicity (Amestest). The gas phase of smoke contributed > or = 95% of 17 PAH, > or = 96% of toxicity, and > or = 60% of mutagenicity. The highest emission factor of 17 PAH was from sawdust briquettes (260 mg/kg), but the highest emission of 11 genotoxic PAH was from kerosene (28 mg/kg). PM samples of kerosene smoke were not toxic. The total toxicity emission factor was the highest from sawdust, followed by kerosene and wood fuel. Smoke samples from the kerosene stove were not mutagenic. TA98 indicated the presence of both direct and indirect mutagenic activities in PM samples of sawdust and wood fuel but only direct mutagenic activities in the gas phase. TA100 detected only direct mutagenic activities in both PM and gas-phase samples. The higher mutagenicity emission factor was from wood fuel, 12 x 10(6) revertants/kg (TA100-S9) and 3.5 x 10(6) (TA98-S9), and lower from sawdust, 2.9 x 10(6) (TA100-S9) and 2.8 x 10(6) (TA98-S9). The low burning rate and high efficiency of a kerosene stove have resulted in the lowest PAH, toxicity, and mutagenicity emissions from daily cooking activities. The bioassays produced toxicity and mutagenicity results in correspondence with the PAH content of samples. The tests could be used for a quick assessment of potential health risks.

1983 - Analytical Chemistry
Peroxyoxalate chemiluminescence detection of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in liquid chromatography

Peroxyoxalate chemiluminescence is applied to the high-performance liquid chromatographic detection of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH). PAH are excited by energy transfer from the decomposition products of the reaction between hydrogen peroxide and bis(2,4,6-trichlorophenyl) oxalate. These reagents are introduced by postcolumn mixing, and the emission is observed by using a conventional fluorescence detector with its source turned off. The method yields linear responses to PAH over 3 orders of magnitude, and in some cases detection limits are better than those determined by fluorescence using the same fluorometer. Chemiluminescence detection is compared to ultraviolet absorbance and fluorescence detection of PAH in terms of sensitivity and selectivity.

2005
Spectroscopy of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and very small grains in photodissociation regions

We have coupled a singular value decomposition method with a Monte Carlo search algorithm to analyse the mid-infrared ISOCAM spectral maps of photodissociation regions (PDRs) in NGC 7023 and ρ Oph-SR3.Three different spectra and their associated spatial distribution were extracted from this analysis. It is shown that they can be associated with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in their cationic and neutral forms and a third population of carbonaceous very small grains (VSGs). The method allows for the first time (i) to separate the contribution of neutral PAHs to the interstellar emission spectrum from that of cationic PAHs; (ii) to show that the 7.8  μ m component of the “7.7  μ m” broad feature is carried by VSGs, whereas the 7.6  μ m component is due to PAHs; and (iii) to give evidence that free-flying PAHs are produced in PDRs by photoevaporation of VSGs. It is proposed that these carbonaceous VSGs are indeed PAH clusters. We derived a minimal size of 400 carbon atoms per cluster and estimated a UV absorption power of the order of 10 -24  W C -1 for their dissociation.

2005
Variations in the Peak Position of the 6.2 μm Interstellar Emission Feature: A Tracer of N in the Interstellar Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Population

This paper presents the results of an investigation of the molecular characteristics that underlie the observed peak position and profile of the nominal 6.2 μm interstellar emission band generally attributed to the CC stretching vibrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). It begins with a summary of recent experimental and theoretical studies of the spectroscopic properties of large (>30 carbon atoms) PAH cations as they relate to this aspect of the astrophysical problem. It then continues with an examination of the spectroscopic properties of a number of PAH variants within the context of the interstellar 6.2 μm emission, beginning with a class of compounds known as polycyclic aromatic nitrogen heterocycles (PANHs; PAHs with one or more nitrogen atoms substituted into their carbon skeleton). In this regard, we summarize the results of recent relevant experimental studies involving a limited set of small PANHs and their cations and then report the results of a comprehensive computational study that extends that work to larger PANH cations including many nitrogen-substituted variants of coronene+ (C24H), ovalene+ (C32H), circumcoronene+ (C54H), and circum-circumcoronene+ (C96H). Finally, we report the results of more focused computational studies of selected representatives from a number of other classes of PAH variants that share one or more of the key attributes of the PANH species studied. These alternative classes of PAH variants include (1) oxygen- and silicon-substituted PAH cations; (2) PAH-metal ion complexes (metallocenes) involving the cosmically abundant elements magnesium and iron; and (3) large, asymmetric PAH cations. Overall, the studies reported here demonstrate that increasing PAH size alone is insufficient to account for the position of the shortest wavelength interstellar 6.2 μm emission bands, as had been suggested by earlier studies. On the other hand, this work reveals that substitution of one or more nitrogen atoms within the interior of the carbon skeleton of a PAH cation induces a significant blueshift in the position of the dominant CC stretching feature of these compounds that is sufficient to account for the position of the interstellar bands. Subsequent studies of the effects of substitution by other heteroatoms (O and Si), metal ion complexation (Fe+, Mg+, and Mg2+), and molecular symmetry variation—all of which fail to reproduce the blueshift observed in the PANH cations—indicate that N appears to be unique in its ability to accommodate the position of the interstellar 6.2 μm bands while simultaneously satisfying the other constraints of the astrophysical problem. This result implies that the peak position of the interstellar feature near 6.2 μm traces the degree of nitrogen substitution in the population, that most of the PAHs responsible for the interstellar IR emission features incorporate nitrogen within their aromatic networks, and that a lower limit of 1%-2% of the cosmic nitrogen is sequestered within the interstellar PAH population. Finally, in view of the ubiquity and abundance of interstellar PAHs and the permanent dipoles and distinctive electronic structures of these nitrogen-substituted variants, this work impacts a wide range of observational phenomena outside of the infrared region of the spectrum including the forest of unidentified molecular rotational features and the anomalous Galactic foreground emission in the microwave, and the diffuse interstellar bands (DIBs) and other structure in the interstellar extinction curve in the ultraviolet/visible. These astrophysical ramifications are discussed, and the dipole moments and rotational constants are tabulated to facilitate further investigations of the astrophysical role of nitrogen-substituted aromatic compounds.

2013 - The Science of the total environment
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in urban soils of the megacity Shanghai: occurrence, source apportionment and potential human health risk.

A comprehensive investigation was conducted to the urban soil in the megacity Shanghai in order to assess the levels of PAHs and potential risks to human health, to identify and quantitatively assess source contributions to the soil PAHs. A total of 57 soil samples collected in main urban areas of Shanghai, China were analyzed for 26 PAHs including highly carcinogenic dibenzopyrene isomers. The total concentrations ranged from 133 to 8,650 ng g for ΣPAHs and 83.3 to 7,220 ng g for ΣPAHs, with mean values of 2420 and 1,970 ng g, respectively. DBalP and DBaeP may serve as markers for diesel vehicle emission, while DBahP is a probable marker of coke tar as distinct from diesel emissions. Six sources in Shanghai urban area were identified by PMF model; their relative contributions to the total soil PAH burden were 6% for petrogenic sources, 21% for coal combustion, 13% for biomass burning, 16% for creosote, 23% for coke tar related sources and 21% for vehicular emissions, respectively. The benzo[a]pyrene equivalent (BaP) concentrations ranged from 48.9-2,580 ng g for ΣPAHs, 7.02-869 ng g for ΣPAHs and 35.7-1,990 ng g for ΣDBPs. The BaP concentrations of ΣDBPs made up 72% of ΣPAHs. Nearly half of the soil samples showed concentrations above the safe BaP value of 600 ng g. Exposure to these soils through direct contact probably poses a significant risk to human health from carcinogenic effects of soil PAHs. The index of additive cancer risk (IACR) values in almost one third of urban soil samples were more than the safe value of 1.0, indicating these urban soil PAHs in the study area may pose a potential threat to potable groundwater water quality from leaching of carcinogenic PAH mixtures from soil.

2011 - Environmental pollution
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urban soils of Beijing: status, sources, distribution and potential risk.

We studied the source, concentration, spatial distribution and health risk of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in urban soils of Beijing. The total mass concentration of 16 PAHs ranged from 93 to 13,141 μg kg(-1) with a mean of 1228 μg kg(-1). The contour map of soil PAH concentrations showed that the industrial zone, the historical Hutong district and the university district of Beijing have significantly higher concentrations than those in remainder of the city. The results of sources identification suggested that the primary sources of PAHs were vehicle exhaust and coal combustion and the secondary source was the atmospheric deposition of long-range transported PAHs. The incremental lifetime cancer risks (ILCRs) of exposing to PAHs in the urban soils of Beijing for adult were 1.77 × 10(-6) and 2.48 × 10(-5), respectively under normal and extreme conditions. For child, they were 8.87 × 10(-7) and 6.72 × 10(-6), respectively under normal and extreme conditions.

Remediation of soils contaminated with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs).

H. Ng
|
S. Gan
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E. V. Lau
|
S Gan
|
E V Lau
|
H K Ng

Abstract:Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are carcinogenic micropollutants which are resistant to environmental degradation due to their highly hydrophobic nature. Concerns over their adverse health effects have resulted in extensive studies on the remediation of soils contaminated with PAHs. This paper aims to provide a review of the remediation technologies specifically for PAH-contaminated soils. The technologies discussed here include solvent extraction, bioremediation, phytoremediation, chemical oxidation, photocatalytic degradation, electrokinetic remediation, thermal treatment and integrated remediation technologies. For each of these, the theories are discussed in conjunction with comparative evaluation of studies reported in the specialised literature.

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