论文信息 - Approaches to improving the bioavailability and level of iron in rice seeds

2019 - Anemia

REGAIN STUDY: Retrospective Study to Assess the Effectiveness, Tolerability, and Safety of Ferric Carboxymaltose in the Management of Iron Deficiency Anemia in Pregnant Women

Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) during pregnancy arises because of preexisting inadequate stores or complex physiological changes and can lead to serious maternal and fetal complications. Oral iron, either as iron sulfate or fumarate, with or without folic acid, is the most commonly used treatment for IDA in pregnancy. Intravenous (IV) iron has a role in the treatment of IDA in pregnancy, particularly in women who present late, display severe anemia (Hb ≤ 9 g/dL), or risk factors, and are intolerant/noncompliant of oral iron. Previously, administration of IV iron was minimal, owing to potentially serious anaphylactic reactions. Recently, new IV iron products have been developed, offering better compliance, tolerability, efficacy, and a good safety profile. Our study aimed to assess the effectiveness, safety, and tolerability of IV ferric carboxymaltose (FCM) in the treatment of IDA in pregnant women in the UAE. Data from 1001 pregnant women who received at least one administration of FCM (500, 1000, or 1500 mg) during their second or third trimester of pregnancy (2 years backward from study initiation) were collected retrospectively from electronic medical records at Corniche Hospital, Abu Dhabi, UAE. Results showed that 41.4% of the women were able to achieve an increase of ≥2 g/dL in blood hemoglobin overall. A change of ≥2 g/dL was achieved by 27.5% of women administered a dose of 500 mg, 39.2% of women administered a dose of 1000 mg, and 63.9% of women administered a dose of 1500 mg of IV FCM. This indicates a directly proportional relationship between increasing IV FCM dose and the increase of ≥2 g/dL in blood hemoglobin. A total of 7 (0.7%) women reported mild, nonserious adverse events during the study. Within the limits of this retrospective study, IV FCM therapy was safe and effective in increasing the mean hemoglobin of pregnant women with IDA.

2008 - NMR in Biomedicine

Relationships between MR transverse relaxation parameters R *2 , R2 and R ′2 and hepatic iron content in thalassemic mice at 1.5 T and 3 T

Assessment of hepatic iron concentration is important in the management of patients with thalassemia. The goal of this study was to investigate the relationships between the three MR transverse relaxation rates, R 2* , R2, and R 2′ , and hepatic iron content in a mouse model of thalassemia at 1.5 and 3 T field strengths. A GESFIDE (gradient‐echo sampling of free induction decay and echo) pulse sequence was used to measure the three parameters efficiently in a single scan in a study examining the livers of normal and thalassemic mice, including a subgroup of the latter that were subjected to periodic transfusions. The results showed that R 2* , R2 and R 2′ all correlated closely with liver iron concentration at both 1.5 T and 3 T, with correlation coefficients ranging from 0.72 to 0.79. High degrees of correlation (r = 0.93–0.99) were also observed among the three MR parameters at both field strengths. It can be concluded that the three rates could all be effective for assessing hepatic iron concentration and that imaging at higher fields may not offer any advantages over that at lower fields. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

1938 - British Journal of Psychiatry

The Iron Content of the Human Brain.—II

1. The content of various forms of iron in different parts of the human brain is recorded, including water-soluble alcohol-ether insoluble iron, alcohol-ether soluble iron, iron combined with protein and iron due to blood. 2. Further results confirmatory to the previous paper (1) are given, showing that there is an excess of “available” or non-haematin iron in those G.P.I. cortexes having a histo-chemical deposit of iron. 3. The results indicate that the excess referred to is in the non-protein iron fraction. 4. The large excess of total iron in the pallidus and corpus striatum is, in the latter case, due largely to protein iron, but in the former case also to the iron in the alcohol-ether extract. 5. The cortex and white matter each contain about 70% protein iron, although the percentage of protein is 47 and 27 respectively (4). 6. The water-soluble alcohol-ether insoluble iron constitutes about 12% of the iron in the white matter, and 25% of the iron in the cortex, corpus striatum and pallidus.

2016

Influence of heavy metals and nutrient concentrations on selenium geochemical behavior in soil-rice system

Selenium deficiency in crops has become a subject of growing concern where soil Se concentration is low. The mechanisms of Se translocation in the soil-rice system is very complex and the influence of heavy metal elements and nutrient concentrations on Se translocation in the soil-rice system is unknown. Our study investigated concentrations of Se, heavy metals like Hg, Cd, and Pb, and nutrient elements like Ca, K, P, and S in soils and rice tissues (roots, stems, and grains) in different industrial regions in Jiangsu Province, China. The transfer of Se in the soil-rice system was calculated by transfer coefficients (TC Se) in this study. The results showed that Se transfer from soil to roots and from stems to grain were key steps for controlled Se concentration in rice grains. The multiple linear regression analysis makes an implication that some elements influence the Se transfer significantly: soil K and Hg may suppress Se entering rice roots; B, Cu, and Mo in rice root may restrain Se transfer from root to stem; and S, Cr, P, and Mg in rice stem had negative effects on Se accumulation in rice grain. Therefore, reducing heavy metal pollution and managing fertilizer amounts may elevate Se concentration in rice grain, especially when Se concentration in soils is low.

2015

Genetic Diversity for Zinc, Calcium and Iron Content of Selected LittleMillet Genotypes

Little millet (Panicum sumatrense Roth. ex. Roem. and Schultz.) is an important indigenous small millets crop. The nutritional quality of little millet grain is superior to major cereals. The present experiment was carried out to identify the sources of zinc, iron and calcium rich genotypes. within this objectives 30 selected high yielding genotypes comprising of 26 germplasm accessions and four check varieties viz., CO2, CO3, CO (Samai) 4 and OLM 203 were evaluated in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications during summer, 2013 (Jan-May) at Millets Breeding Station, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore. All the 30 genotypes were subjected for grain nutrient analysis (zinc, iron and calcium) using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. Nutrient analysis results revealed that zinc, iron and calcium contents in dehusked grains of little millet genotypes differed significantly among the genotypes. The zinc content was varied from 2.04 to 8.00 mg/g with a mean of 5.23 mg/g. Wide variation in iron content was observed and it ranged from 1.49 to 23.38 mg/g with a mean of 4.95 mg/g. The grain calcium content ranged from 1.14 to 13.15 mg/g with a mean of 3.90 mg/g. The genotypes TNPsu 25 (8.00 mg/g), TNPsu 23 (7.42 mg/g), TNPsu 21(6.95 mg/g) and TNPsu 9 (6.85 mg/g) had higher zinc content. Similarly the accessions TNPsu 23 (23.38 mg/g) and TNPsu 22 (19.22 mg/g) were superior in grain iron content. The CO3 (13.15 mg/g), CO2 (8.45 mg/g), TNPsu 141 (8.23 mg/g) and CO2 (Samai) 4 (6.52 mg/g) were some of the accessions which had significantly higher calcium content when compared to standard check varieties. A few of the genotypes like TNPsu 25, TNPsu 23 and TNPsu 22 were rich in zinc and iron contents and TNPsu 141 was rich in zinc and calcium contents.

2016 - Food chemistry

Feasibility of combining spectra with texture data of multispectral imaging to predict heme and non-heme iron contents in pork sausages.

To precisely determine heme and non-heme iron contents in meat product, the feasibility of combining spectral with texture features extracted from multispectral imaging data (405-970 nm) was assessed. In our study, spectra and textures of 120 pork sausages (PSs) treated by different temperatures (30-80 °C) were analyzed using different calibration models including partial least squares regression (PLSR) and LIB support vector machine (Lib-SVM) for predicting heme and non-heme iron contents in PSs. Based on a combination of spectral and textural features, optimized PLSR models were obtained with determination coefficient (R(2)) of 0.912 for heme and of 0.901 for non-heme iron prediction, which demonstrated the superiority of combining spectra with texture data. Results of satisfactory determination and visualization of heme and non-heme iron contents indicated that multispectral imaging could serve as a feasible approach for online industrial applications in the future.

2008 - The American journal of clinical nutrition

Iron metabolism in heterozygotes for hemoglobin E (HbE), alpha-thalassemia 1, or beta-thalassemia and in compound heterozygotes for HbE/beta-thalassemia.

BACKGROUND Despite large populations carrying traits for thalassemia in countries implementing universal iron fortification, there are few data on the absorption and utilization of iron in these persons. OBJECTIVE We aimed to determine whether iron absorption or utilization (or both) in women heterozygous for beta-thalassemia, alpha-thalassemia 1, or hemoglobin E (HbE) differed from that in control subjects and compound HbE/beta-thalassemia heterozygotes. DESIGN In Thai women (n = 103), red blood cell indexes, iron status, non-transferrin-bound iron, and growth differentiation factor 15 were measured, and body iron was calculated. Fractional iron absorption was measured from meals fortified with isotopically labeled ((57)Fe) Fe sulfate, and iron utilization was measured by the infusion of ((58)Fe) Fe citrate. RESULTS Iron utilization was approximately 15% lower in alpha-thalassemia 1 or beta-thalassemia heterozygotes than in controls. When corrected for differences in serum ferritin, absorption was significantly higher in the alpha- and beta-thalassemia groups, but not the HbE heterozygotes, than in controls. HbE/beta-thalassemia compound heterozygotes had lower iron utilization and higher iron absorption and body iron than did controls. Nontransferrin-bound iron and growth differentiation factor 15 were higher in the compound heterozygotes, but not in the other groups, than in the controls. CONCLUSIONS In alpha-thalassemia 1 and beta-thalassemia heterozygotes with ineffective erythropoesis, dietary iron absorption is not adequately down-regulated, despite a modest increase in body iron stores. In populations with a high prevalence of these traits, a program of iron fortification could include monitoring for possible iron excess and for iron deficiency.

2011

Detection of QTLs for grain length from large grain rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Grain size is one important trait in the agronomics of rice production. Although several quantitative trait loci (QTLs) controlling the length, width, and thickness of rice grains have been genetically identified, and some have been cloned, the molecular mechanisms of grain size regulation are still unclear. To identify the genetic factors affecting rice grain length, we performed QTL analysis using an F2 population and F3 lines derived from a cross between two Oryza sativa L. varieties: the long-grain japonica cultivar ‘Cytoto’ and the indica variety ‘Kasalath’. Three QTLs for grain length were detected, one each on chromosomes 3, 4 and 7. The presence of the Cytoto-type allele at any of the three loci was associated with increased grain length. Analysis of the QTL detected on chromosome 4, designated qGL4b, using F3 progeny confirmed an allelic difference between ‘Cytoto’ and ‘Kasalath’ at qGL4b. The Cytoto allele of qGL4b appears to increase the length and weight of the rice grain.

1998 - The Journal of nutrition

Dietary iron intake rapidly influences iron regulatory proteins, ferritin subunits and mitochondrial aconitase in rat liver.

Iron regulatory protein 1 (IRP1) and IRP2 are cytoplasmic RNA binding proteins that are central regulators of mammalian iron homeostasis. We investigated the time-dependent effect of dietary iron deficiency on liver IRP activity in relation to the abundance of ferritin and the iron-sulfur protein mitochondrial aconitase (m-acon), which are targets of IRP action. Rats were fed a diet containing 2 or 34 mg iron/kg diet for 1-28 d. Liver IRP activity increased rapidly in rats fed the iron-deficient diet with IRP1 stimulated by d 1 and IRP2 by d 2. The maximal activation of IRP2 was five-fold (d 7) and three-fold (d 4) for IRP1. By d 4, liver ferritin subunits were undetectable and m-acon abundance eventually fell by 50% (P < 0.05) in iron-deficient rats. m-Acon abundance declined most rapidly from d 1 to 11 and in a manner that was suggestive of a cause and effect type of relationship between IRP activity and m-acon abundance. In liver, iron deficiency did not decrease the activity of cytosolic aconitase, catalase or complex I of the electron transport chain nor was there an effect on the maximal rate of mitochondrial oxygen consumption with the use of malate and pyruvate as substrates. Thus, the decline in m-acon abundance in iron deficiency is not reflective of a global decrease in liver iron-sulfur proteins nor does it appear to limit ATP production. Our results suggest a novel role for m-acon in cellular iron metabolism. We conclude that, in liver, iron deficiency preferentially affects the activities of IRPs and the targets of IRP action.

1997 - Surface & Coatings Technology

Parameters influencing the electrodeposition of Ni-Fe alloys

Abstract The present work consists of an experimental analysis of the effects of electrolyte composition and various other operation variables on the electrodeposition of Ni-Fe alloys. Two kinds of electrolytic solutions were used: sulphates and chlorides. Boric acid, citric acid and l -ascorbic acid were added to the solutions, and the pH was fixed at either of two values: 2.0 or 3.0. The alloys were electrodeposited at different current densities (0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 A dm−2) and for all the conditions investigated the deposits with larger iron content were carried out with lower cathodic efficiency. From these experiments and from the decomposition of polarisation plots it was observed that the anomalous codeposition occurs preferentially for the same conditions (SO4−2 media, pH 2.0 and lower current densities), in that the presence of a hydroxide film at the surface would be favoured, which could both enable the reduction of iron to occur at more noble potentials and allow the iron to discharge through its thickness whilst hindering the movement of nickel ions. Concerning the role of the additives, citric acid containing solutions produced deposits with the largest iron contents, while the presence of ascorbic acid had no pronounced effect. The iron content is lower in deposits from boric acid solutions.

1998 - European journal of haematology

A comparison between intravenous iron polymaltose complex (Ferrum Hausmann®) and oral ferrous fumarate in the treatment of iron deficiency anaemia in pregnancy

Abstract: Anaemia is the most common medical disorder in pregnancy with iron deficiency anaemia accounting for the majority of cases. Over 90% of the iron deficiency anaemia is due to red cell iron deficiency associated with depleted iron stores and deficient intake. The two main modalities of treating iron deficiency anaemia are oral or parenteral iron. Ferrous Hausmann® (iron dextrin) is the latest iron preparation which can be used for intravenous parenteral administration as a total dose infusion. This study compares the efficacy of Ferrum Hausmann® with oral ferrous fumarate therapy in the treatment of iron deficiency anaemia in pregnancy. Our study shows that treatment with intravenous Ferrum Hausmann® (iron dextrin) resulted in a significantly better level and rate of increase of haemoglobin (p<0.001). Serum ferritin, which is the best indicator of iron stores, was significantly higher (p<0.001) in the intravenous group. Other indices of iron status such as serum iron, serum transferrin and zinc protoporphyrin also showed a significant improvement in the intravenous group compared to those given oral iron. The results suggest that intravenous iron as a total dose infusion is able to replenish iron stores more efficiently, completely and at a faster rate than oral iron therapy, thus providing the fuel for stimulation of full erythopoiesis compared to oral iron. There were also no reports of any adverse reactions with intravenous iron dextrin, whereas there were a considerable proportion of women on oral iron therapy who reported side effects. In conclusion, intravenous iron therapy with Ferrous Hausmann® (iron dextrin) is a suitable, effective and safe alternative to oral iron therapy in the treatment of iron deficiency anaemia in pregnancy.

2016 - Nutrition reviews

The placenta: the forgotten essential organ of iron transport.

Optimal iron nutrition in utero is essential for development of the fetus and helps establish birth iron stores adequate to sustain growth in early infancy. In species with hemochorial placentas, such as humans and rodents, iron in the maternal circulation is transferred to the fetus by directly contacting placental syncytiotrophoblasts. Early kinetic studies provided valuable data on the initial uptake of maternal transferrin, an iron-binding protein, by the placenta. However, the remaining steps of iron trafficking across syncytiotrophoblasts and through the fetal endothelium into the fetal blood remain poorly characterized. Over the last 20 years, identification of transmembrane iron transporters and the iron regulatory hormone hepcidin has greatly expanded the knowledge of cellular iron transport and its regulation by systemic iron status. In addition, emerging human and animal data demonstrating comprised fetal iron stores in severe maternal iron deficiency challenge the classic dogma of exclusive fetal control over the transfer process and indicate that maternal and local signals may play a role in regulating this process. This review compiles current data on the kinetic, molecular, and regulatory aspects of placental iron transport and considers new questions and knowledge gaps raised by these advances.

2011 - Circulation. Heart failure

Iron Deficiency in Community-Dwelling US Adults With Self-Reported Heart Failure in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey III: Prevalence and Associations With Anemia and Inflammation

Background— Iron deficiency has been proposed as a potential therapeutic target in heart failure, but its prevalence and association with anemia and clinical outcomes in community-dwelling adults with heart failure have not been well characterized. Methods and Results— Using data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, we evaluated the associations between iron deficiency, hemoglobin, C-reactive protein (CRP), and all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in 574 adults with self-reported heart failure. Iron deficiency was defined in both absolute and functional terms as a ferritin level <100 &mgr;g/L or between 100 and 299 &mgr;g/L if the transferrin saturation was <20%. Iron deficiency was present in 61.3% of participants and was associated with reduced mean hemoglobin (13.6 versus 14.2 g/dL, P=0.007) and increased mean CRP (0.95 versus 0.63 mg/dL, P=0.04). Over a median of 6.7 years of follow-up, there were 300 all-cause deaths, 193 of which were from cardiovascular causes. In age- and sex-adjusted Cox proportional hazards models, hemoglobin, CRP, and transferrin saturation but not iron deficiency were significantly associated with all-cause and cardiovascular mortality. In multivariate models, hemoglobin remained an independent predictor of cardiovascular mortality, whereas CRP remained an independent predictor of both all-cause and cardiovascular mortality. Conclusions— Iron deficiency is common in heart failure and is associated with decreased hemoglobin and increased CRP. In multivariate analysis, hemoglobin was associated with cardiovascular mortality while CRP was associated with both all-cause and cardiovascular mortality. Iron deficiency was not associated with all-cause or cardiovascular mortality in this cohort.

2012 - Environmental Science and Technology

The role of irrigation techniques in arsenic bioaccumulation in rice (Oryza sativa L.).

The bioaccumulation of arsenic compounds in rice is of great concern worldwide because rice is the staple food for billions of people and arsenic is one of the most toxic and carcinogenic elements at even trace amounts. The uptake of arsenic compounds in rice comes mainly from its interaction with system soil/water in the reducing conditions typical of paddy fields and is influenced by the irrigation used. We demonstrate that the use of sprinkler irrigation produces rice kernels with a concentration of total arsenic about fifty times lower when compared to rice grown under continuous flooding irrigation. The average total amount of arsenic, measured by a fully validated ICP-MS method, in 37 rice grain genotypes grown with sprinkler irrigation was 2.8 ± 2.5 μg kg(-1), whereas the average amount measured in the same genotypes grown under identical conditions, but using continuous flooding irrigation was 163 ± 23 μg kg(-1). In addition, we find that the average concentration of total arsenic in rice grains cultivated under sprinkler irrigation is close to the total arsenic concentration found in irrigation waters. Our results suggest that, in our experimental conditions, the natural bioaccumulation of this element in rice grains may be completely circumvented by adopting an appropriate irrigation technique.

2007 - Food and Nutrition Bulletin

Conclusions and Recommendations of the WHO Consultation on Prevention and Control of Iron Deficiency in Infants and Young Children in Malaria-Endemic Areas

Iron deficiency and iron-deficiency anemia are common in young children, and there is substantial evidence that iron deficiency has adverse effects on child health and development. Therefore, provision of additional iron to infants and young children who are iron deficient should be a public health priority. Two large trials, coordinated and supported by the World Health Organization (WHO), were conducted in Zanzibar, Tanzania, and in Nepal to evaluate the impact of zinc and/or iron–folic acid supplementation on the mortality and severe morbidity of preschool children [1, 2]. In Zanzibar, an area of stable, perennial, and intense transmission of Plasmodium falciparum malaria, routine iron–folic acid supplements given with or without zinc resulted in an increased rate of severe adverse events in children (morbidity and mortality). A concurrent substudy suggested that the adverse events occurred in supplemented children who were not iron deficient. In Nepal, the trial showed no difference in mortality or the incidence of the common infections between children receiving iron–folic acid with or without zinc, and those who received zinc alone or a placebo. The results from the study in Zanzibar, Tanzania [1], raised the issue of the safety of administering additional iron to infants and young children in areas of malaria endemicity and its public health implications. An Expert Consultation was convened by WHO to examine this issue in Lyon, France, 12–14 June 2006. Specifically, the objectives of the Consultation, which focused on infants and young children in malaria-endemic areas, were to review the scientific evidence on the safety and efficacy of different ways of administering iron to control iron deficiency and iron-deficiency anemia, and to provide guidance on the safest, most feasible, and most effective ways of delivering additional iron to control iron deficiency and anemia in such areas.

1992 - Acta anatomica

Histochemical distribution of non-haem iron in the human brain.

The detailed anatomical distribution of iron in the post-mortem human brain has been studied using Perl's and Turnbull's methods with the diaminobenzidine intensification procedure for the demonstration of non-haem Fe3+ and Fe2+, respectively. Attention to methodological procedures has revealed that even brief immersion of tissue in routinely used fixatives causes a reduction of staining intensity in areas of high iron content and, often, loss of staining in areas of low iron content. Optimal staining is obtained using frozen section briefly fixed for 5 min in 4% formalin and Perl's stain (Fe3+) with diaminobenzidine intensification. Highest levels of stainable iron were found in the extrapyramidal system with the globus pallidus, substantia nigra zona reticulata, red nucleus and myelinated fibres of the putamen showing highest staining reactivity. Moderate staining intensity with Perl's technique was found in the majority of forebrain, midbrain and cerebellar structures with the striatum, thalamus, cortex and deep white matter, substantia nigra zona compacta, and cerebellar cortex showing consistent staining patterns with intensification of Perl's stain. The brain-stem and spinal cord generally only showed staining with the intensification procedure and even this was of low intensity. Microscopically the non-heam iron appears to be found predominantly in glial cells as fine cytoplasmic granules which in heavily stained areas coalesce to fill the entire cell. Iron-positive granules appear to be free in the neuropil and also around blood vessels in the globus pallidus, striatum and substantia nigra. The neuropil shows a fibrous impregnation when stained for iron which is, in part, derived from glial processes, myelinated fibres and fibre bundles. Neurones, in general, show only very low reactivity for iron, and this is difficult to discern due, often, to the higher reactivity of the surrounding neuropil. In the globus pallidus and substantia nigra zona reticulata, neurones with highly stainable iron content are found with granular cytoplasmic iron reactivity similar to that seen in the local glial cells. Our results are comparable with those of early workers, but with the use of intensification extend the distribution of non-haem iron to areas previously reported as negative. No apparent correlation of iron staining with known neurotransmitter systems is seen and the predilection for the extrapyramidal system is not easily explained, though the non-haem iron in the brain appears to be as a storage form in the iron storage protein ferritin. The localization of iron in the brain provides a foundation for the study of iron in certain neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease, where iron has been implicated in the pathogenesis.

2005 - Journal of Zhejiang University. Science. B

Identification of rice seed varieties using neural network.

A digital image analysis algorithm based color and morphological features was developed to identify the six varieties (ey7954, syz3, xs11, xy5968, xy9308, z903) rice seeds which are widely planted in Zhejiang Province. Seven color and fourteen morphological features were used for discriminant analysis. Two hundred and forty kernels used as the training data set and sixty kernels as the test data set in the neural network used to identify rice seed varieties. When the model was tested on the test data set, the identification accuracies were 90.00%, 88.00%, 95.00%, 82.00%, 74.00%, 80.00% for ey7954, syz3, xs11, xy5968, xy9308, z903 respectively.

2010 - The Medical journal of Australia

Diagnosis and management of iron deficiency anaemia: a clinical update

Iron deficiency anaemia (IDA) remains prevalent in Australia and worldwide, especially among high‐risk groups. IDA may be effectively diagnosed in most cases by full blood examination and serum ferritin level. Serum iron levels should not be used to diagnose iron deficiency. Although iron deficiency may be due to physiological demands in growing children, adolescents and pregnant women, the underlying cause(s) should be sought. Patients without a clear physiological explanation for iron deficiency (especially men and postmenopausal women) should be evaluated by gastroscopy/colonoscopy to exclude a source of gastrointestinal bleeding, particularly a malignant lesion. Patients with IDA should be assessed for coeliac disease. Oral iron therapy, in appropriate doses and for a sufficient duration, is an effective first‐line strategy for most patients. In selected patients for whom intravenous (IV) iron therapy is indicated, current formulations can be safely administered in outpatient treatment centres and are relatively inexpensive. Red cell transfusion is inappropriate therapy for IDA unless an immediate increase in oxygen delivery is required, such as when the patient is experiencing end‐organ compromise (eg, angina pectoris or cardiac failure), or IDA is complicated by serious, acute ongoing bleeding. Consensus methods for administration of available IV iron products are needed to improve the utilisation of these formulations in Australia and reduce inappropriate transfusion. New‐generation IV products, supported by high‐quality evidence of safety and efficacy, may facilitate rapid administration of higher doses of iron, and may make it easier to integrate IV iron replacement into routine care.

1994 - Social science & medicine

Determinants of compliance with iron supplementation: supplies, side effects, or psychology?

Iron deficiency anemia affects over 2 billion people. Particularly at risk are pregnant women and young children. Although distribution of iron supplements is practised in many antenatal care programs in developing countries, it has often been alleged that pregnant women do not take them. Poor compliance arises not only because of patient behavior but also from factors out of the patient's control. This paper presents the results of a review of the literature on medical compliance to determine whether iron supplementation is different from other medications, to assess the known levels of compliance, and to synthesize recommendations for improving compliance relevant to iron supplementation. The review showed that compliance with iron therapy is a specific case of medical compliance. Reasons for non-compliance with iron deficiency treatment include: inadequate program support (lack of political commitment and financial support); insufficient service delivery (poor provider-user dynamics; lack of supplies, access, training, and motivation of health care professionals); and patient factors (misunderstanding instructions, side effects, frustration about the frequency and number of pills taken, migration, fear of having big babies, personal problems, nausea that accompanies pregnancy, and the subtlety of anemia which makes demand for treatment low). Much has been made about the side effects (nausea, constipation, etc.) that women might experience during iron therapy as the cause of poor compliance with iron supplementation without justification according to this review. Instead, unavailability of iron supplements was the most common reason why women did not take iron supplements. Women bear a disproportionate burden from iron deficiency anemia even though the technology exists to address the problem at low cost. Governments and health care professionals must renew their commitment to iron therapy by monitoring and improving compliance. We can significantly improve compliance by: making sure that iron supplements are available at all times; providing advanced warning about the possibility of side effects; involving the patient in the therapeutic strategy; and providing reminders, such as posters and calendars, about taking supplements.

2009 - Plant Physiology

Grain Unloading of Arsenic Species in Rice1[W]

Rice (Oryza sativa) is the staple food for over half the world's population yet may represent a significant dietary source of inorganic arsenic (As), a nonthreshold, class 1 human carcinogen. Rice grain As is dominated by the inorganic species, and the organic species dimethylarsinic acid (DMA). To investigate how As species are unloaded into grain rice, panicles were excised during grain filling and hydroponically pulsed with arsenite, arsenate, glutathione-complexed As, or DMA. Total As concentrations in flag leaf, grain, and husk, were quantified by inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy and As speciation in the fresh grain was determined by x-ray absorption near-edge spectroscopy. The roles of phloem and xylem transport were investigated by applying a ± stem-girdling treatment to a second set of panicles, limiting phloem transport to the grain in panicles pulsed with arsenite or DMA. The results demonstrate that DMA is translocated to the rice grain with over an order magnitude greater efficiency than inorganic species and is more mobile than arsenite in both the phloem and the xylem. Phloem transport accounted for 90% of arsenite, and 55% of DMA, transport to the grain. Synchrotron x-ray fluorescence mapping and fluorescence microtomography revealed marked differences in the pattern of As unloading into the grain between DMA and arsenite-challenged grain. Arsenite was retained in the ovular vascular trace and DMA dispersed throughout the external grain parts and into the endosperm. This study also demonstrates that DMA speciation is altered in planta, potentially through complexation with thiols.

Approaches to improving the bioavailability and level of iron in rice seeds

Recent advances in rice biotechnology--towards genetically superior transgenic rice.

Phytase enzymology, applications, and biotechnology

Phytase for food application

Improving human micronutrient nutrition through biofortification in the soil–plant system: China as a case study

Iron uptake, trafficking and homeostasis in plants

Title: The Diversity of Phytic acid content and grain processing play decisive role on minerals bioavailability in rice.

Fungal Phytases: Current Research and Applications in Food Industry

Genetic Approaches for Iron and Zinc Biofortification and Arsenic Decrease in Oryza sativa L. Grains

Genome Engineering and Essential Mineral Enrichment of Crops

Zinc (Zn) application methods influences Zn and iron (Fe) bioavailability in brown rice

Transgenic Crops for Biofortification

Potential Implications of Interactions between Fe and S on Cereal Fe Biofortification

Delineating the future rice Fe biofortification studies - overview of challenges and future perspectives.

Targeting intracellular transport combined with efficient uptake and storage significantly increases grain iron and zinc levels in rice

Molecular processes in iron and zinc homeostasis and their modulation for biofortification in rice.

Effect of processing on phytic acid content and iron availability in selected rice variety

Nutritional and Antinutritional Factors of Some Pulses Seed and Their Effects on Human Health

Role of phytase producing microorganisms towards agricultural sustainability

Biotechnological Aspects for Enhancement of Mineral Bioavailability from Cereals and Legumes

Phytate – an undesirable constituent of plant-based foods ?