论文信息 - Comparative Studies of Brown Coal and Lignin. I. Infra-Red Spectra

2009

CFD Modeling of Brown Coal Liquefaction Reactor

Direct coal liquefaction is the direct conversion process of a solid coal into a liquid under high pressure and temperature. Under this condition, hydrogen and catalyst must be added to obtain the fuel and to improve the efficiency of the process. Experimentally, direct liquefaction of brown coal was carried out on 1 liter autoclave with limonite catalyst and heavy oil as a solvent. The operating condition was 450oC and 12 MPa, residence time of 0-60 minutes. Detailed investigation of the flow pattern in the reactor is very important for the process optimization. This study presents two-dimensional transient hydrodynamic and reaction modeling of Brown Coal Liquefaction (BCL) reactor using CFD. The model demonstrated the capability of commercial CFD code fluent 6.3 to describe the flow pattern in the reactor. The model predicted the distribution of yield, temperature, and velocity vector in the reactor.

1997

RECULTIVATION OF THE DUMPING AREAS AND WATER MANAGEMENT ON THE EXAMPLE OF BROWN COAL OPEN-PIT " KONIN "

In the paper is presented the characteristics of the brown coal open-pits Konin's, and characteristics of the outerdumps and terminal dumps in these open-pits with methods of their development. The two methods of recultivation, using in the open-pits areas are described. The quantities of pumped out from open-pits water, and a ways of ground waters level monitoring are shown. Also are described the ways of pit-water treatment and counteraction to the effects of the grounds drainage by pits.

2018 - International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology

Comparative Study and Analysis of Scrum and Lean Methodology

For the development of any product, different software development approaches are embraced. Contingent on the sort of prerequisites and venture a reasonable procedure is embraced. Agile is an overall acknowledged software development process. In the research work we will contrast scrum and lean methodologies. Scrum is an Agile procedure. Lean and agile offer a considerable measure of standards which are in like manner. In the work, the attention is on understanding scrum and lean and their work process alongside the entire procedure. Additionally, the emphasis is on its application in different enterprises and the venture that fused these procedures. The work depicts an analysis amongst them and the contrasts between these two procedures. Likewise, it centers around the factual information gathered by leading a review on an arrangement of inquiries. The statistics collected from the survey indicate which is the best technique acknowledged in different businesses.

2004 - Hereditas

Comparative studies of P- and hobo-element activity, fitness components and recombination parameters in two natural populations of Drosophila melanogaster in Moldova.

The genomic frequency of crossovers, fitness components, and activity of P- and hobo-transposable elements were studied in two natural populations of Drosophila melanogaster from regions with different pesticide pressure (forest and orchard populations). A significant increase in rf (recombination frequency) in the orchard population (as compared with the forest population) has been found within segments al-b, b-cn, cn-vg (chromosome 2) and for some chromosome 3 segments, th-st, st-cu, cu-sr, sr-e. None of the populations exhibited P-properties. However, the forest population showed weak hobo activity. Both populations contained probably defective hobo copies. With respect to average fitness (as estimated using a compound-autosome strain) and fecundity, the forest population was superior to the orchard one, whereas the latter had a higher locomotor activity and resistance to etherization. The difference in rf between the populations may be due to differences in their environmental conditions. Selection for pesticide resistance may favor the propagation of genotypes with higher rf, thus, possibly, ensuring release of adaptively significant genetic variation.

2015

The injection of Victorian brown coal in ironmaking blast furnace: Model development and evaluation

In this paper, a three-dimensional mathematical model is developed to simulate the flow and thermochemical behaviours of injecting Victorian brown coal at the lower part of an ironmaking blast furnace (BF). The model geometry covers the regions of lance, blowpipe, tuyere, raceway and coke bed. The model is validated against the experimental data in terms of coal burnout and gas composition. The typical phenomena of in-furnace aerodynamics and physicochemical behaviours relevant to the injection of Victorian brown coal are simulated, in terms of flow, temperature, gas composition and coal combustion characteristics. It is indicated that the model is able to predict the combustion phenomena of Victorian brown coal under BF conditions. The feasibility of replacing conventional PCI coal - black coal with Victoria brown coal is also evaluated and confirmed. The model provides a cost-effective tool to optimize and control the injection of Victoria brown coal in BFs.

1994 - J. Chem. Inf. Comput. Sci.

Classification Results of Mass Spectra of Toxic Compounds by Class Modeling

Classification of mass spectra of toxic compounds is based on the numerical features derived from spectral data. Computerized classification on these data provides various parameters, which determine the corresponding compound(s) belonging to a certain class of toxic compounds. Pattern recognition studies on mass spectra data are often used for principal components (PC) modeling of the autocorrelation transformed mass spectra. The significant number of principal components is determined by cross validation. With this technique, for the 119 toxic compounds targeted in ambient air, the predictive accuracy for the four classes obtained by GCMS from training and calibration data is 76.5%.

2011

A Comparative Study on Mechanical Behavior of Low Temperature Application Materials for Ships and Offshore Structures

Austenite stainless steel(ASS), aluminum alloy and nickel steel alloy are the most widely used in many cryogenic applications due to superior mechanical properties at low temperature. The Face-Centered Cubic(FCC) and Hexagonal Close-Packed(HCP) materials are used for the primary and secondary insulation barrier of Liquefied Natural Gas(LNG) carrier tank and various kinds of LNG applications currently. In this study, tensile tests of ASS, aluminum alloy and nickel steel alloy were carried out for the acquisition of quantitative mechanical properties under the cryogenic environment. The range of thermal condition was room temperature to -163℃ and strain rate range was 0.00016/s to 0.01/s considering the dependencies of temperatures and strain rates. The comprehensive test data were analyzed in terms of the characteristics of mechanical behavior for the development of constitutive equation and its application.

1999 - Journal of agricultural and food chemistry

19F nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy for the quantitative detection and classification of carbonyl groups in lignins.

A novel method that permits the quantitative detection and classification of various carbonyl groups in lignins has been developed. The proposed method was optimized with the quantitative trifluoromethylation of a series of carbonyl-containing lignin-like model compounds. This effort was followed by (19)F NMR spectral analyses of the resulting fluorine derivatives allowing for a thorough understanding of their structure/(19)F chemical shift relationships. The various carbonyl groups present in lignins were also investigated by trifluoromethylating them in the presence of catalytic amounts of tetramethylammonium fluoride (TMAF), followed by hydrolysis with TMAF in tetrahydrofuran. By using a variety of selective reactions, it became possible to assign a number of prominent (19)F NMR signals to a variety of carbonyl groups present in lignins. These studies demonstrated that the proposed method can be applied to the quantitative determination of carbonyl groups that are present in soluble native and technical lignins.

2021

Comparative studies on the separation of endocrine disrupting compounds from aquatic environment by emulsion liquid membrane and hollow fiber supported liquid membrane

Abstract Endocrine disrupting compounds have been found to limit the natural working of the endocrine system like synthesis, secretion, transference and binding. Endocrine disrupting compounds are released from humans, animals and from production industries to soil, surface water and sediments mostly through the sewage treatment system. Studies have revealed the impact of these compounds on the nervous system, lungs, liver, thyroid, prostate, metabolism, obesity and reproductive system. So removal of these compounds from sewage water/wastewater by appropriate processes is essential. Conventional techniques like coagulation, precipitation, flocculation, microfiltration and ultrafiltration are effective for the removal of these compounds but limitations like low molecular weight of these compounds and pore size of membrane restricts the complete removal. Liquid membrane is a promising technology which combines the steps like extraction and stripping in a single step thereby providing the instantaneous removal and recovery of solutes and also results in high selectivity and savings of chemicals. This paper mainly focuses on the use of liquid membrane techniques like emulsion liquid membrane and hollow fiber supported liquid membrane which are the promising techniques for the removal of endocrine disrupting compounds from aqueous streams. The working principle, mechanism and implementation of these two techniques in the removal of several endocrine disrupting compounds from aquatic streams are also discussed.

2019 - Energy and Buildings

Building performance robustness assessment: Comparative study and demonstration using scenario analysis

Abstract During the design phase, it can be of great value to quantify the performance robustness of proposed building designs in order to arrive at buildings that deliver the desired performance over their lifespan. Design-support approaches that take performance robustness into account need to find appropriate ways of transforming the large number of unknowns in future scenarios regarding building operation and external conditions into actionable information for decision-makers. Many robustness assessment methods for environmental impact and indoor comfort are currently available, but there is very little guidance about the suitability of these methods under different conditions. Through the use of a mixed-methods research approach, combining cross-disciplinary literature review and a simulation-based case study, this article aims at comparing different approaches for analyzing the propagation of uncertainties and their impact on building performance in a systematic manner. Different uncertainty sources are reviewed and the characteristics of different reasons and corresponding metrics to quantify the impact of these uncertainties are analyzed. The findings are complemented by results from a simulation study that highlights the usefulness of scenarios as formulated alternatives in cases when probabilities of occurrence are unknown. Moreover, the wide application potential of considering performance robustness is illustrated by demonstrating how the choice for a metric that is either based on performance spread or on performance regret can be matched in response to the risk-taking attitude of different decision makers.

2003 - Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems

Performance Competitions as Research Infrastructure: Large Scale Comparative Studies of Multi-Agent Teams

Performance competitions (events that pit many different programs against each other on a standardized task) provide a way for a research community to promote research progress towards challenging goals. In this paper, we argue that for maximum research benefit, any such competition must involve comparative studies under closely controlled, varying conditions. We demonstrate the critical role of comparative studies in the context of one well-known and growing performance competition: the annual Robotic Soccer World Cup (RoboCup) Championship. Specifically, over the past three years, we have carried out annual large-scale comparative evaluations—distinct from the competition itself—of the multi-agent teams taking part in the largest RoboCup league. Our study, which involved 30 different teams of agents produced by dozens of different research groups, focused on robustness. We show that (i) multi-agent teams exhibit a clear performance-robustness tradeoff; (ii) teams tend to over-specialize, so that they cannot handle beneficial changes we make to their operating environment; and (iii) teams improve in performance more than in robustness from one year to the next, despite the emphasis by RoboCup organizers on robustness as a key challenge. These results demonstrate the potential of large-scale comparative studies for producing important results otherwise difficult to discover, and are significant both in the lessons they raise for designers of multi-agent teams, and in understanding the place of performance competitions within the multi-agent research infrastructure.

1962 - IRE Transactions on Nuclear Science

Recent Developments in Scintillation Spectrometry

The most important area of development in gamma-ray scintillation spectrometry at the present time is the adaptation of digital computer techniques to the analysis of pulse-height spectra. The use of multi-dimensional pulse analyzers capable of storing 256 spectra, each containing up to 256 channels of digital information, has greatly increased the need for automated data processing techniques. As a first step, logical adders and tape input-output systems have been added to modern analyzers to permit some reduction of data within the machine itself. The development of analytical techniques adaptable to machine programming, however, appears to represent the only reasonable solution of the problem. A series of computer programs are described which have been successfully applied to the reduction of pulse-height data using digital computers. The calculations carried out by these programs include: determination of pulse-height vs energy response of a NaI detector; calculation of coincidence sum spectra; and the analysis of complex pulse-height spectra to obtain energies and relative intensities of individual gamma rays or relative abundances from a mixture of radionuclides. Measurement problems and instrumental requirements are discussed in detail.

2018 - Water Resources Management

Streamflow Forecasting Using Four Wavelet Transformation Combinations Approaches with Data-Driven Models: A Comparative Study

This study investigates the use of wavelet transformation (WT) as preprocessing tool in data-driven models (DDMs) for forecasting streamflow 7 days ahead. WT used are Continuous wavelet transformation (CWT), discrete wavelet transformation (DWT), and a new proposed combination of CWT and DWT, namely discrete continuous wavelet transformation (DCWT). In addition to these three different WTs, the single DDMs were used also to create four different schematic layouts. The DDMs applied were artificial neural network (ANN), adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS), and support vector machines (SVM). The lagged rainfall, temperature, and streamflow were incorporated as inputs into the WT-DDMs. It was found that CWT improved the forecasting accuracy of models which only included the rainfall and temperature but not the streamflow. Moreover, DWT improved the performance dramatically for the models with streamflow. Notably, DWT layout outperformed CWT layout in general while CWT layouts resulted in higher improvement to the models with rainfall and temperature only. The proposed DCWT in which CWT applied on the rainfall and temperature variables and DWT applied on the streamflow improved the forecasting ability in several models combinations when ANN was applied. Nevertheless, improvement in the forecasting accuracy was deteriorated in those with SVM while no improvement was observed with ANFIS. ANN outperformed both ANFIS and SVM while ANFIS performed better than SVM.

2010

Generation and mechanism of gas from brown coal under action of parent bacterium

Elucidating the characteristics and mechanism of the reaction of microorganisms and organic matter in coal to produce bio-gas is a very important foundation to the further understanding of the genesis of coalbed gas and the innovation of coalbed gas exploration.So the brown coal in Zhaotong basin was selected as the research object to study the generation of secondary biogenic coalbed gas,and then discussed its generation mechanism. The results show that,the brown coal samples have active anaerobic bacteria,in which cellulose decomposition bacteria are in the majority and sulfate-reducing bacteria are very few.Local methanogen are successfully enrichment cultivated and they are mainly G+ bacillus,and the individual sizes have large differences.Based on that,the local bacteria and brown coal samples were selected as bacterial sources and substrates to study the generation of secondary biogenic gas from the brown coal.The results prove that,after resting period,the local anaerobic bacteria could use the brown coal to produce a large amount of biogenic gas.Secondary biogenic coalbed gas has two generation periods.The substrate that is biodegraded to produce gas in the first period is humic matter,which in the second period is inertinite and liptinite.The amount of methanogen and content of humic matter in the brown coal influences the generation potential of secondary biogenic coalbed gas directly and the mineral in coal has significant effect on the production of the secondary biogenic coalbed gas.The generation path way of CH4 in the first cycle is acetate fermentation and the second with CO2-reduction involved. The results show that,the value of both δ13C1 and δD of the produced CH4 are in the normal distribution ranges compared with those of biogenic methane.With the time increases δ13C1 decreases,which is mainly controlled by the substrate style and the generation path way of CH4.13C1 significantly transfers from raw coal to biogenic methane and the reason may be the inheriting from original source and the component of organic maceral in coal.Meanwhile,it is found that,by the degradation of anaerobic bacteria,saturated hydrocarbon in the brown coal group is the main biodegraded composition.Anaerobic bacteria degradation ability to even-numbered alkane is stronger than to odd-numbered alkane,to n-alkanes stronger than to isoalkane,to n-alkanes with lower carbon number stronger than to n-alkanes with more carbon number,and only in the later stage of biodegradation the long chain alkanes starts to be degraded by bacteria significantly. Based on the experimental results,the generation of secondary biogenic coalbed gas from brown coal is considered to be the result of interaction of various microorganisms.With the biodegradation,the dominate bacteria and enzyme in the system are changed and replaced,which leads to the changes of pH and concentrations of VFA.In the initial stage of biodegradation,fermentation bacteria is the dominate bacteria and methanogen and activity of coenzyme F420 are inhibited by the acid matter produced by fermentation bacteria.Syntrophic acetogenic bacteria become dominate bacteria followed by fermentation bacteria.They use the metabolites from fermentation bacteria to produce acetate and H,which shows the food chain relationship with fermentation bacteria.Activity of coenzyme F420 increases quickly after resting period and reaches the maximum at the peak of biogas generation,showing the good adaptability of local methanogen to brown coal substrate and activity of coenzyme F420 is the effective index to evaluate the biogas production. Through changing the gas production conditions,the effects of different styles of substrate,brown coal size,mineral drainage and gangue on the generation of secondary biogenic coalbed gas from brown coal were studied.The results show that,different ratios of yeast extract,methanol and odium acetate solution have inhibition or activation effect on the generation of the secondary biogenic coalbed gas.Smaller brown coal size is good for increasing the gas production.The adding of mining drainage with different proportions activates the production of the secondary biogenic coalbed gas effectively.Gangue itself can not be substrate used by anaerobic bacteria.

2011

Study on Brown Coal Pyrolysis and Catalytic Pyrolysis

It is very important to the combustion processes of coal pyrolysis, so the catalytic effects of alkali, alkaline earth and transition metal on the brown coal (Yunnan,China) were investigated with a thermogravimetric analysis. These results show that the active pyrolysis orders are Mg>Ni,Fe>Na,K>Al2O3>CaO, and the maximal increment of conversion is 10.6% in brown coal.

2017 - Fuel Processing Technology

Pelletization of brown coal and rice bran in Indonesia: Characteristics of the mixture pellets including safety during transportation

Abstract With the aim of utilizing brown coal as fuel in co-firing power plants, a technique for the pelletization of brown coal and rice bran has been developed. By mixing rice bran with brown coal, the calorific value of brown coal was improved and its safety during transportation increased. The calorific value of the mixed pellets with 50% brown coal and 50% rice bran reached 15 MJ/kg, and their durability was sufficiently high at 98%. This technique of pelletization decreases the manufacturing costs because thermal energy for dewatering and drying is not required. In addition, it is beneficial because it uses agricultural residues. Further, if the ratio of brown coal was reduced to below 50%, the mixed pellets did not act as a pyrophoric material (a self-heating substance).

1993 - International Journal of Coal Geology

Latrobe Valley, Victoria, Australia: A world class brown coal deposit

Abstract The Latrobe Valley brown coalfields are situated some 150 km east of Melbourne in the State of Victoria, Australia. The brown coals of the Latrobe Valley were deposited within the Gippsland Basin of Victoria, Australia, during the Eocene to Late Miocene. The coal forms part of a sequence of essentially non-marine sands, clays and coals, comprising the Latrobe Valley Group. Three stratigraphic units; namely the Traralgon, Morwell and Yallourn Formations in ascending sequence, contain the three main coal seam groups. The seams, which form some of the thickest continuous coal successions in the world, generally accumulated in place, within distinct coal depocentres. The major coal depocentres largely occur to the south of the Latrobe River and west of a marine interface with the Gippsland Limestone. Only the Traralgon seam occurs both below the marine sediments and extends partly into the Latrobe Valley. The depocentres are not generally spatially coincident but have shifted with time, probably due to differential compaction. Facies equivalents to the major coal seams comprise kaolinitic clays with sands predominating towards the marine interface. The clay sequences are interpreted as being thick lacustrine sequences which effectively surrounded the peat swamps and protected them from the more destructive fluvial inputs coming from higher ground beyond the Latrobe Valley edges. As a result, the peat swamps became stabilised for long periods of time and have produced thick brown coal seams. Nutrients were brought into the coal swamps via lateral diffusion from the lakes and by rising groundwater from the underlying aquifer systems of the Traralgon Formation. Towards the central parts of the Latrobe Valley, thin brackish-marine silts are recognized within the terrestrial sequence of the Morwell and Yallourn Formations and these grade laterally eastward into the marine deposits of the Seaspray Group. The marine equivalents of the Traralgon Formation lie further east beyond the Latrobe Valley limits, beneath Bass Strait. In the late Tertiary, the brown coal-bearing strata in the Latrobe Valley were folded, eroded and covered by a “sheet” of Pliocene-Pleistocene fluvial gravels, sands and clays. The major folds are monoclines. The Latrobe Valley coals can be classified as soft brown coal. Their high moisture content (range 48–70%) and therefore low specific energy (net wet specific energy range 5.8–11.5 MJ/kg) makes the coal a low-grade fuel. A wide relative change in physical and chemical properties occurs both laterally and vertically across the Latrobe Valley. The ash levels in brown coals throughout the valley are generally less than 5%, dry basis. The total brown coal resource in the onshore Gippsland Basin is estimated as 395,000 million t. Approximately one third of this coal is classified as demonstrated and the remainder as inferred. The latest published reserve estimates for the Gippsland Basin are 98,000 million tonnes (Mt), with some 33,000 Mt excluded for town reserves, etc., giving a balance of 65000 Mt of available brown coal. Brown coal production by the State Electricity Commission of Victoria from all Latrobe Valley Open Cuts between 1923 and June 1989, has amounted to approximately 1000 Mt.

2016

Structure Characterization and Model Construction of Indonesian Brown Coal

Indonesian brown coal is analyzed using 13C cross-polarization/magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction (XRD) to obtain the information and parameters of the coal structural unit. A macromolecular structural model of Indonesian brown coal was constructed on the basis of the structural parameters and elemental analysis results. The 13C chemical shift of this model was calculated using the ACD/13C NMR predictor. The results indicate that the aromaticity of Indonesian brown coal is 0.3412, and the structures of aromatic carbon are mainly types of naphthalene and benzene. The ratio of bridge carbon/surrounding carbon is 0.0696. Oxygen in the structural model mainly exists in the form of phenolic hydroxyl oxygen, carboxyl oxygen, and ether oxygen, of which phenolic hydroxyl oxygen and carboxyl oxygen are the most prominent. Nitrogen atom exists in the form of pyridine and pyrrole. The peak of XRD spec...

2015 - RSC Advances

Molecular basis of laccase bound to lignin: insight from comparative studies on the interaction of Trametes versicolor laccase with various lignin model compounds

Laccase, a type of multicopper oxidase, is capable of efficiently degrading lignin. Until now, the molecular basis of laccase interacting with lignin is still poorly understood. Here, five lignin model compounds (2,6-dimethoxyphenol, ferulic acid, guaiacol, sinapic acid and vanillyl alcohol) were selected to demonstrate the key binding mechanisms between Trametes versicolor laccase and lignin. The results showed that the interaction energies of the lignin model compounds with laccase varied widely, which suggested the different molecular efficiencies of laccase in degrading various components of lignin. This was in full agreement with experimental reports. Hydrophobic interactions seemed to be necessary to the interaction of the lignin/lignin model compounds with laccase, while H-bonds were not essential. The molecular basis revealed by this study was helpful in designing highly efficient laccases against lignin waste to achieve environmental protection.

2004

Water in Brown Coal and Its Removal

Publisher Summary The brown coals of Victoria represent an important state and national resource. This chapter deals with the physics, chemistry and analytical aspects of water in brown coal. Victorian brown coals show sigmoid isotherms, typical for physical adsorption of condensable vapors on porous substances. The chapter describes drying and dewatering technologies and emphasizes the binderless briquetting technology for brown coal, where water in the coal plays a critical role. In considering the drying requirements of low rank coals, it is informative to express the moisture content on a dry coal basis to indicate the quantity of water to be removed per unit mass of dried coal and hence the energy which has to be provided. The high moisture content of low rank coals has led to the development of a plethora of drying processes, but a major breakthrough on drying cost is still awaited. Water removal processes for low rank coals can generally be divided into evaporative drying or non-evaporative dewatering, where the water is removed from the coal in liquid form.

Comparative Studies of Brown Coal and Lignin. I. Infra-Red Spectra

Aggregated understanding of characteristics of wheat straw node and internode with their interfacial bonding mechanisms

Study on the evolution pattern of the chemical structure of Fenton pretreated lignin during hydrothermal carbonization

The Effect of Lactic Acid Fermentation on Extraction of Phenolics and Flavonoids from Sage Leaves

Examination of how variations in lignin properties from Kraft and organosolv extraction influence the physicochemical characteristics of hydrothermal carbon

HPTLC and ATR/FTIR Characterization of Antioxidants in Different Rosemary Extracts

Graphitization of Lignin-Phenol-Formaldehyde Resins

High solids all-inclusive polysaccharide hydrolysis of steam-exploded corn pericarp by periodic peristalsis.

Alkali pretreatment of wheat straw followed by microbial hydrolysis for bioethanol production

Alkali delignification and Bacillus sp. BMP01 hydrolysis of rice straw for enhancing biofuel yields

Fractionation and Biotransformation of Lignocelluloses-Based Wastes for Bioethanol, Xylose and Vanillin Production

Recovery of Kraft Lignin from OPEFB and Using for Lignin–Agarose Hydrogel

Lignin: Isolation and preparing the lignin based hydrogel

Characteristics of lignin aerogel from OPEFB black liquor of kraft pulping process

Effects of Process Parameters on Hydrolytic Treatment of Black Liquor for the Production of Low-Molecular-Weight Depolymerized Kraft Lignin

Lignocellulosic Biomass Fractionation: Production of Ethanol, Lignin and Carbon Source for Fungal Culture

Lignocellulosic Biomass Fractionation: Production of Ethanol, Lignin and Carbon Source for Fungal Culture

Fractionation and Biotransformation of Lignocelluloses-Based Wastes for Bioethanol, Xylose and Vanillin Production

High solubility of Victorian brown coal in ‘distillable’ ionic liquid DIMCARB

Pressurized thermal and hydrothermal decomposition of algae, wood chip residue, and grape marc: A comparative study

Rapid semi-quantitative determination of aspen lignin in lignocellulosic products