A survey of indoor positioning systems for wireless personal networks
Recently, indoor positioning systems (IPSs) have been designed to provide location information of persons and devices. The position information enables location-based protocols for user applications. Personal networks (PNs) are designed to meet the users' needs and interconnect users' devices equipped with different communications technologies in various places to form one network. Location-aware services need to be developed in PNs to offer flexible and adaptive personal services and improve the quality of lives. This paper gives a comprehensive survey of numerous IPSs, which include both commercial products and research-oriented solutions. Evaluation criteria are proposed for assessing these systems, namely security and privacy, cost, performance, robustness, complexity, user preferences, commercial availability, and limitations.We compare the existing IPSs and outline the trade-offs among these systems from the viewpoint of a user in a PN.
Modeling of indoor positioning systems based on location fingerprinting
In previous years, positioning systems for indoor areas using the existing wireless local area network infrastructure have been suggested. Such systems make use of location fingerprinting rather than time or direction of arrival techniques for determining the location of mobile stations. While experimental results related to such positioning systems have been presented, there is a lack of analytical models that can be used as a framework for designing and deploying the positioning systems. In this paper, we present an analytical model for analyzing such positioning systems. We develop the framework for analyzing a simple positioning system that employs the Euclidean distance between a sample signal vector and the location fingerprints of an area stored in a database. We analyze the effect of the number of access points that are visible and radio propagation parameters on the performance of the positioning system and provide some preliminary guidelines on its design.
Bayesian indoor positioning systems
In this paper, we introduce a new approach to location estimation where, instead of locating a single client, we simultaneously locate a set of wireless clients. We present a Bayesian hierarchical model for indoor location estimation in wireless networks. We demonstrate that our model achieves accuracy that is similar to other published models and algorithms. By harnessing prior knowledge, our model eliminates the requirement for training data as compared with existing approaches, thereby introducing the notion of a fully adaptive zero profiling approach to location estimation.
A Standalone RFID Indoor Positioning System Using Passive Tags
Indoor positioning systems (IPSs) locate objects in closed structures such as office buildings, hospitals, stores, factories, and warehouses, where Global Positioning System devices generally do not work. Most available systems apply wireless concepts, optical tracking, and/or ultrasound. This paper presents a standalone IPS using radio frequency identification (RFID) technology. The concept is based on an object carrying an RFID reader module, which reads low-cost passive tags installed next to the object path. A positioning system using a Kalman filter is proposed. The inputs of the proposed algorithm are the measurements of the backscattered signal power propagated from nearby RFID tags and a tag-path position database. The proposed algorithm first estimates the location of the reader, neglecting tag-reader angle-path loss. Based on the location estimate, an iterative procedure is implemented, targeting the estimation of the tag-reader angle-path loss, where the latter is iteratively compensated from the received signal strength information measurement. Experimental results are presented, illustrating the high performance of the proposed positioning system.
Visible light positioning: a roadmap for international standardization
The widespread introduction of white LEDs for illumination provides a unique opportunity to create an indoor positioning system that is flexible, accurate, and ubiquitous. Signals transmitted by the LEDs are used to determine the position of a person or object within a room. To take full advantage of this new opportunity, it is essential that comprehensive and robust international standards are developed before a plethora of incompatible proprietary systems flood the market. In this article, we discuss the very diverse range of potential applications of these future systems and their implications for the design of a new standard. Another consideration is that the transmission of positioning signals must not compromise the primary function of the LEDs, which is energy-efficient illumination, so visible flicker must be avoided. Position information can be derived from a range of properties of the received signal, such as the power of the received signal or the angle at which the signal reaches the receiver. The suitability of different techniques for an indoor positioning system is considered. Finally, we discuss the implications each of these aspects has for the design of an effective standard.
An Indoor Visible Light Communication Positioning System Using a RF Carrier Allocation Technique
We propose a new indoor positioning system utilizing visible light communication. Intensity modulation/direct detection and carrier allocation methods are utilized in the proposed system. Simultaneous three channel transmissions were applied to calculate the receiver's position. The characteristics of the proposed positioning system were investigated through simulation based on the experimental results, and the feasibility of the proposed system was verified by experimentation. The experimental result shows that the average error of estimated positions is reduced to 2.4 cm using adjustment process by normalizing method, which is compared with 141.1 cm without adjustment process.
A Survey of Indoor Positioning and Object Locating Systems
This paper investigated various indoor positioning techniques and presented a comprehensive study about their advantages and disadvantages. Infrared, Ultrasonic and RF technologies are used in different indoor positioning systems. RFID positioning systems based on RSSI technology are the most recent developments. Positioning accuracy was greatly improved by using integrated RFID technologies.
COMPASS: A probabilistic indoor positioning system based on 802.11 and digital compasses
Positioning systems are one of the key elements required by location-based services. This paper presents the design, implementation and analysis of a positioning system called COMPASS which is based on 802.11-compliant network infrastructure and digital compasses. On the mobile device, COMPASS samples the signal strength values of different access points in its communication range and utilizes the orientation of the user to preselect a subset of the training data. The remaining training data is used by a probabilistic positioning algorithm to determine the position of the user. While prior systems show limited accuracy due to blocking effects caused by the human body, we apply digital compasses to detect the orientations of the users so that we can deal with these blocking effects. After a short period of training our COMPASS system achieves an average error distance of less than 1.65 meters in our experimental environment of 312 square meters.
Evolution of Indoor Positioning Technologies: A Survey
Indoor positioning systems (IPS) use sensors and communication technologies to locate objects in indoor environments. IPS are attracting scientific and enterprise interest because there is a big market opportunity for applying these technologies. There are many previous surveys on indoor positioning systems; however, most of them lack a solid classification scheme that would structurally map a wide field such as IPS, or omit several key technologies or have a limited perspective; finally, surveys rapidly become obsolete in an area as dynamic as IPS. The goal of this paper is to provide a technological perspective of indoor positioning systems, comprising a wide range of technologies and approaches. Further, we classify the existing approaches in a structure in order to guide the review and discussion of the different approaches. Finally, we present a comparison of indoor positioning approaches and present the evolution and trends that we foresee.
A survey on indoor positioning systems
This paper aims to provide the reader with a review of the main technologies explored in the literature to solve the indoor localization issue. Furthermore, some systems that use these enabling technologies in real-world scenarios are presented and discussed. This could deliver a better understanding of the state-of-the-art and motivate new research efforts in this promising field. Finally, focusing on one of the major challenges in the indoor localization field, i.e., the indoor animal tracking, existing indoor tracking systems have been reviewed and compared by analyzing advantages and drawbacks.
Low Cost Indoor Positioning System
This report describes a low cost indoor position sensing system utilising a combination of radio frequency and ultrasonics. Using a single rf transmitter and four ceiling mounted ultrasonic transmitters it provides coverage in a typical room in an area greater than 8m by 8m. As well as finding position within a room, it uses data encoded into the rf signal to determine the relevant web server for a building, and which floor and room the user is in. It is intended to be used primarily by wearable/mobile computers, though it has also been extended for use as a tracking system.
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