Atlas-based analysis of resting-state functional connectivity: Evaluation for reproducibility and multi-modal anatomy–function correlation studies
Resting state functional connectivity MRI (rsfc-MRI) reveals a wealth of information about the functional organization of the brain, but poses unique challenges for quantitative image analysis, mostly related to the large number of voxels with low signal-to-noise ratios. In this study, we tested the idea of using a prior spatial parcellation of the entire brain into various structural units, to perform an analysis on a structure-by-structure, rather than voxel-by-voxel, basis. This analysis, based upon atlas parcels, potentially offers enhanced SNR and reproducibility, and can be used as a common anatomical framework for cross-modality and cross-subject quantitative analysis. We used Large Deformation Diffeomorphic Metric Mapping (LDDMM) and a deformable brain atlas to parcel each brain into 185 regions. To investigate the precision of the cross-subject analysis, we computed inter-parcel correlations in 20 participants, each of whom was scanned twice, as well as the consistency of the connectivity patterns inter- and intra-subject, and the intersession reproducibility. We report significant inter-parcel correlations consistent with previous findings, and high test-retest reliability, an important consideration when the goal is to compare clinical populations. As an example of the cross-modality analysis, correlation with anatomical connectivity is also examined.
The Restless Brain: Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, Resting—State Functional Connectivity, and Intrasubject Variability
Objectives: To highlight recent advances in the conceptualization of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) emerging from neuroimaging and endophenotypic approaches. Methods: We selectively reviewed recent published literature on the phenomena of resting-state functional connectivity, intrasubject variability, and diffusion tensor imaging pertaining to ADHD. Results: Recent advances based on the novel approach of resting-state functional connectivity appear to be highly promising and likely to link to studies of intrasubject variability. Conclusions: Endophenotypic fractionation may offer a means of addressing the complex heterogeneity of ADHD on the path to testable models of pathophysiology. Such models focusing on intrasubject variability, intrinsic brain activity, and reward-related processing are progressing rapidly.
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