Subject-specific upper extremity modelling

Insight into the mechanical interaction between muscles and bones can be of great help to understand normal function of the human body and to improve diagnoses and treatments of musculoskeletal disorders. This research presented in this thesis aims to improve the predictions of a musculoskeletal model of the shoulder and elbow (the Delft Shoulder and Elbow Model or DSEM) by extracting anatomical information from MRI scans and other imaging modalities. Several techniques are presented to personalise anatomical parameters and the effect on muscle and joint force predictions are calculated. Due to difficulties related to validation of modelling results and the limited ability to measure all relevant model parameters in vivo, it is concluded that subject-specific models are not likely to lead to a vast new range of applications in the near future.

[1]  G A Mirka,et al.  The quantification of EMG normalization error. , 1991, Ergonomics.

[2]  T. Buchanan.  Evidence that maximum muscle stress is not a constant: differences in specific tension in elbow flexors and extensors. , 1995, Medical engineering & physics.

[3]  F. V. D. van der Helm,et al.  Inertia and muscle contraction parameters for musculoskeletal modelling of the shoulder mechanism. , 1991, Journal of biomechanics.

[4]  R D Herbert,et al.  Changes in pennation with joint angle and muscle torque: in vivo measurements in human brachialis muscle. , 1995, The Journal of physiology.

[5]  S Stroeve,et al.  Neuromuscular control model of the arm including feedback and feedforward components. , 1998, Acta psychologica.

[6]  S. Delp,et al.  The isometric functional capacity of muscles that cross the elbow. , 2000, Journal of biomechanics.

[7]  J A Sidles,et al.  Residual motion and function after glenohumeral or scapulothoracic arthrodesis. , 1993, Journal of shoulder and elbow surgery.

[8]  H E J Veeger,et al.  Glenohumeral joint loading in tetraplegia during weight relief lifting: a simulation study. , 2006, Clinical biomechanics.

[9]  R. Hughes,et al.  Variability in isometric force and moment generating capacity of glenohumeral external rotator muscles. , 2006, Clinical biomechanics.

[10]  M. Pandy,et al.  A musculoskeletal model of the knee for evaluating ligament forces during isometric contractions. , 1997, Journal of biomechanics.

[11]  H E Veeger,et al.  Quasi-static analysis of muscle forces in the shoulder mechanism during wheelchair propulsion. , 1996, Journal of biomechanics.

[12]  K. An,et al.  Monte Carlo simulation of a planar shoulder model , 1997, Medical and Biological Engineering and Computing.

[13]  H. Grootenboer,et al.  Adaptive bone-remodeling theory applied to prosthetic-design analysis. , 1987, Journal of biomechanics.

[14]  Laura H. Smallwood,et al.  Rotator Cuff Muscle Architecture: Implications for Glenohumeral Stability , 2006, Clinical orthopaedics and related research.

[15]  I. Cathers,et al.  Standard maximum isometric voluntary contraction tests for normalizing shoulder muscle EMG , 2008, Journal of orthopaedic research : official publication of the Orthopaedic Research Society.

[16]  H. Koopman,et al.  Sensitivity of subject-specific models to errors in musculo-skeletal geometry. , 2012, Journal of biomechanics.

[17]  D. Dowson,et al.  Muscle Strengths and Musculoskeletal Geometry of the Upper Limb , 1979 .

[18]  T. B. Kirk,et al.  Evaluation of different analytical methods for subject-specific scaling of musculotendon parameters. , 2008, Journal of biomechanics.

[19]  Don B Chaffin,et al.  A mathematical musculoskeletal shoulder model for proactive ergonomic analysis , 2007, Computer methods in biomechanics and biomedical engineering.

[20]  Patrice Tétreault,et al.  Mechanical analysis of cuff tear arthropathy during multiplanar elevation with the AnyBody shoulder model. , 2012, Clinical biomechanics.

[21]  L. V. D. van der Woude,et al.  Mechanical load on the upper extremity during wheelchair activities. , 2005, Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation.

[22]  F.C.T. van der Helm,et al.  A finite element musculoskeletal model of the shoulder mechanism. , 1994 .

[23]  R Happee,et al.  The control of shoulder muscles during goal directed movements, an inverse dynamic analysis. , 1992, Journal of biomechanics.

[24]  S. Delp,et al.  Accuracy of muscle moment arms estimated from MRI-based musculoskeletal models of the lower extremity. , 2000, Computer aided surgery : official journal of the International Society for Computer Aided Surgery.

[25]  D J J Bregman,et al.  Is effective force application in handrim wheelchair propulsion also efficient? , 2009, Clinical biomechanics.

[26]  Anthony M J Bull,et al.  Musculoskeletal shoulder models: A technical review and proposals for research foci , 2013, Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers. Part H, Journal of engineering in medicine.

[27]  R. Crowninshield,et al.  A physiologically based criterion of muscle force prediction in locomotion. , 1981, Journal of biomechanics.

[28]  P. Suetens,et al.  Level of subject-specific detail in musculoskeletal models affects hip moment arm length calculation during gait in pediatric subjects with increased femoral anteversion. , 2011, Journal of biomechanics.

[29]  J. D. de Groot,et al.  A three-dimensional regression model of the shoulder rhythm. , 2001, Clinical biomechanics.

[30]  J. Moggridge,et al.  Using ultrasound to measure the fibre angle of vastus medialis oblique: a cadaveric validation study. , 2014, The Knee.

[31]  Usha Sinha,et al.  Human soleus muscle architecture at different ankle joint angles from magnetic resonance diffusion tensor imaging. , 2011, Journal of applied physiology.

[32]  J. G. Hincapie,et al.  Musculoskeletal Model-Guided, Customizable Selection of Shoulder and Elbow Muscles for a C5 SCI Neuroprosthesis , 2008, IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering.

[33]  G R Johnson,et al.  Reverse anatomy shoulder replacement: Comparison of two designs , 2010, Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers. Part H, Journal of engineering in medicine.

[34]  S. Delp,et al.  How muscle architecture and moment arms affect wrist flexion-extension moments. , 1997, Journal of biomechanics.

[35]  R. L. Linscheid,et al.  Muscles across the elbow joint: a biomechanical analysis. , 1981, Journal of biomechanics.

[36]  S. Mori,et al.  Principles of Diffusion Tensor Imaging and Its Applications to Basic Neuroscience Research , 2006, Neuron.

[37]  J. Dul,et al.  A biomechanical model to quantify shoulder load at the work place. , 1988, Clinical biomechanics.

[38]  Laura H. Smallwood,et al.  Are Current Measurements of Lower Extremity Muscle Architecture Accurate? , 2009, Clinical orthopaedics and related research.

[39]  Eleftherios Kellis,et al.  Validity of architectural properties of the hamstring muscles: correlation of ultrasound findings with cadaveric dissection. , 2009, Journal of biomechanics.

[40]  Poppen Nk,et al.  Forces at the glenohumeral joint in abduction. , 1978 .

[41]  Scott L. Delp,et al.  A Model of the Upper Extremity for Simulating Musculoskeletal Surgery and Analyzing Neuromuscular Control , 2005, Annals of Biomedical Engineering.

[42]  Paul Suetens,et al.  Calculated moment-arm and muscle-tendon lengths during gait differ substantially using MR based versus rescaled generic lower-limb musculoskeletal models. , 2008, Gait & posture.

[43]  Kenton R Kaufman,et al.  Shoulder model validation and joint contact forces during wheelchair activities. , 2010, Journal of biomechanics.

[44]  Georg Bergmann,et al.  Comparison of Two Methods for In Vivo Estimation of the Glenohumeral Joint Rotation Center (GH-JRC) of the Patients with Shoulder Hemiarthroplasty , 2011, PloS one.

[45]  E. Schneider,et al.  Variability of femoral muscle attachments. , 1996, Journal of biomechanics.

[46]  Edward R. Valstar,et al.  Effect of rotator cuff dysfunction on the initial mechanical stability of cementless glenoid components , 2009, Medical & Biological Engineering & Computing.

[47]  V. Edgerton,et al.  Predictability of skeletal muscle tension from architectural determinations in guinea pig hindlimbs. , 1984, Journal of applied physiology: respiratory, environmental and exercise physiology.

[48]  Rachid Ait-Haddou,et al.  Predictions of co-contraction depend critically on degrees-of-freedom in the musculoskeletal model. , 2006, Journal of biomechanics.

[49]  P. Tétreault,et al.  Influence of the medial offset of the proximal humerus on the glenohumeral destabilising forces during arm elevation: a numerical sensitivity study , 2013, Computer methods in biomechanics and biomedical engineering.

[50]  A. Minetti,et al.  Assessment of human knee extensor muscles stress from in vivo physiological cross-sectional area and strength measurements , 2004, European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology.

[51]  Christian Gerber,et al.  Numerical modelling of the shoulder for clinical applications , 2009, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences.

[52]  John Rasmussen,et al.  Validation of a musculoskeletal model of wheelchair propulsion and its application to minimizing shoulder joint forces. , 2008, Journal of biomechanics.

[53]  Clark R Dickerson,et al.  Relationships between psychophysically acceptable and maximum voluntary hand force capacity in the context of underlying biomechanical limitations. , 2012, Applied ergonomics.

[54]  P Herberts,et al.  Biomechanical model of the human shoulder--I. Elements. , 1987, Journal of biomechanics.

[55]  Stefan van Drongelen,et al.  Glenohumeral contact forces and muscle forces evaluated in wheelchair-related activities of daily living in able-bodied subjects versus subjects with paraplegia and tetraplegia. , 2005, Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation.

[56]  David Rogers Mcsp.  Skeletal Muscle Structure, Function and Plasticity , 2003 .

[57]  Arthur F T Mak,et al.  Feasibility of using EMG driven neuromusculoskeletal model for prediction of dynamic movement of the elbow. , 2005, Journal of electromyography and kinesiology : official journal of the International Society of Electrophysiological Kinesiology.

[58]  F C T van der Helm,et al.  Biomechanical analysis of scapular neck malunion--a simulation study. , 2004, Clinical biomechanics.

[59]  R. Hughes,et al.  Musculoskeletal parameters of muscles crossing the shoulder and elbow and the effect of sarcomere length sample size on estimation of optimal muscle length. , 2004, Clinical biomechanics.

[60]  M. Horodyski,et al.  Biomechanics of latissimus dorsi transfer for irreparable posterosuperior rotator cuff tears. , 2009, Clinical biomechanics.

[61]  Jaap Harlaar,et al.  Complete 3D kinematics of upper extremity functional tasks. , 2008, Gait & posture.

[62]  Jorge Ambrósio,et al.  Multibody biomechanical models of the upper limb , 2011 .

[63]  M. Narici,et al.  Human skeletal muscle architecture studied in vivo by non-invasive imaging techniques: functional significance and applications. , 1999, Journal of electromyography and kinesiology : official journal of the International Society of Electrophysiological Kinesiology.

[64]  Zhaohua Ding,et al.  Quantitative assessment of DTI‐based muscle fiber tracking and optimal tracking parameters , 2009, Magnetic resonance in medicine.

[65]  Kurt M DeGoede,et al.  Biomechanical simulations of forward fall arrests: effects of upper extremity arrest strategy, gender and aging-related declines in muscle strength. , 2003, Journal of biomechanics.

[66]  Martijn Froeling,et al.  Diffusion‐tensor MRI reveals the complex muscle architecture of the human forearm , 2012, Journal of magnetic resonance imaging : JMRI.

[67]  F C T van der Helm,et al.  Biomechanical analysis of tendon transfers for massive rotator cuff tears. , 2004, Clinical biomechanics.

[68]  G R Johnson,et al.  A model for the prediction of the forces at the glenohumeral joint , 2006, Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers. Part H, Journal of engineering in medicine.

[69]  Jaap Harlaar,et al.  Recording scapular motion using an acromion marker cluster. , 2009, Gait & posture.

[70]  Katherine R. Saul,et al.  Biomechanics of the Steindler flexorplasty surgery: a computer simulation study. , 2003, The Journal of hand surgery.

[71]  Dimitra Blana,et al.  A musculoskeletal model of the upper extremity for use in the development of neuroprosthetic systems. , 2008, Journal of biomechanics.

[72]  Amir A Zadpoor,et al.  Effects of densitometry, material mapping and load estimation uncertainties on the accuracy of patient-specific finite-element models of the scapula , 2014, Journal of The Royal Society Interface.

[73]  Antonie J van den Bogert,et al.  Implicit methods for efficient musculoskeletal simulation and optimal control. , 2011, Procedia IUTAM.

[74]  Zhaohua Ding,et al.  Repeatability of DTI‐based skeletal muscle fiber tracking , 2010, NMR in biomedicine.

[75]  S. Delp,et al.  Scaling of peak moment arms of elbow muscles with upper extremity bone dimensions. , 2002, Journal of biomechanics.

[76]  F. V. D. van der Helm,et al.  Three-dimensional recording and description of motions of the shoulder mechanism. , 1995, Journal of biomechanical engineering.

[77]  S. Gandevia,et al.  Passive mechanical properties of the gastrocnemius after spinal cord injury , 2012, Muscle & nerve.

[78]  Scott Tashman,et al.  Validation of a new model-based tracking technique for measuring three-dimensional, in vivo glenohumeral joint kinematics. , 2006, Journal of biomechanical engineering.

[79]  Frank W. Jobe,et al.  EMG analysis of the scapular muscles during a shoulder rehabilitation program , 1992, The American journal of sports medicine.

[80]  C. J. De Duca,et al.  Force analysis of individual muscles acting simultaneously on the shoulder joint during isometric abduction. , 1973, Journal of biomechanics.

[81]  Amir Abbas Zadpoor,et al.  Transformation methods for estimation of subject-specific scapular muscle attachment sites , 2014, Computer methods in biomechanics and biomedical engineering.

[82]  J. H. D. Groot,et al.  The shoulder: a kinematic and dynamic analysis of motion and loading , 1998 .

[83]  Frances T Sheehan.  The finite helical axis of the knee joint (a non-invasive in vivo study using fast-PC MRI). , 2007, Journal of biomechanics.

[84]  L. A. Rozendaal,et al.  Load on the shoulder in low intensity wheelchair propulsion. , 2002, Clinical biomechanics.

[85]  Stephanie K. Kline,et al.  Measuring dynamic in-vivo glenohumeral joint kinematics: technique and preliminary results. , 2008, Journal of biomechanics.

[86]  A R Karduna,et al.  Dynamic measurements of three-dimensional scapular kinematics: a validation study. , 2001, Journal of biomechanical engineering.

[87]  F. V. D. van der Helm,et al.  Geometry parameters for musculoskeletal modelling of the shoulder system. , 1992, Journal of biomechanics.

[88]  Antonie J. van den Bogert,et al.  A Real-Time, 3-D Musculoskeletal Model for Dynamic Simulation of Arm Movements , 2009, IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering.

[89]  P R Krekel,et al.  Evaluation of bone impingement prediction in pre-operative planning for shoulder arthroplasty , 2009, Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers. Part H, Journal of engineering in medicine.

[90]  B Peterson,et al.  Total shoulder and relative muscle strength in the scapular plane. , 1999, Journal of biomechanics.

[91]  Marcus G Pandy,et al.  Lines of action and stabilizing potential of the shoulder musculature , 2009, Journal of anatomy.

[92]  Marco Viceconti,et al.  Muscle discretization affects the loading transferred to bones in lower-limb musculoskeletal models , 2012, Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers. Part H, Journal of engineering in medicine.

[93]  J M Taveras,et al.  Magnetic Resonance in Medicine , 1991, The Western journal of medicine.

[94]  Jack M. Winters,et al.  Analysis of Fundamental Human Movement Patterns Through the Use of In-Depth Antagonistic Muscle Models , 1985, IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering.

[95]  A E Engin,et al.  Statistical data base for the biomechanical properties of the human shoulder complex--II: Passive resistive properties beyond the shoulder complex sinus. , 1986, Journal of biomechanical engineering.

[96]  B L Kaptein,et al.  Estimating muscle attachment contours by transforming geometrical bone models. , 2004, Journal of biomechanics.

[97]  Frans C. T. van der Helm,et al.  Modelling clavicular and scapular kinematics: from measurement to simulation , 2013, Medical & Biological Engineering & Computing.

[98]  Aaron Sciascia,et al.  Scapular Dyskinesis and Its Relation to Shoulder Injury , 2012, The Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons.

[99]  M. Ladd,et al.  Diffusive sensitivity to muscle architecture: a magnetic resonance diffusion tensor imaging study of the human calf , 2004, European Journal of Applied Physiology.

[100]  C. Scovil,et al.  Sensitivity of a Hill-based muscle model to perturbations in model parameters. , 2006, Journal of biomechanics.

[101]  A. M. Acosta,et al.  of the 23 rd Annual EMBS International Conference , October 25-28 , Istanbul , Turkey MODEL-BASED DEVELOPMENT OF NEUROPROSTHESES FOR RESTORING PROXIMAL ARM FUNCTION , 2004 .

[102]  Dimitra Blana,et al.  Selection of muscle and nerve-cuff electrodes for neuroprostheses using customizable musculoskeletal model. , 2013, Journal of rehabilitation research and development.

[103]  G M Hägg,et al.  Normalization of surface EMG amplitude from the upper trapezius muscle in ergonomic studies - A review. , 1995, Journal of electromyography and kinesiology : official journal of the International Society of Electrophysiological Kinesiology.

[104]  Frans C. T. van der Helm,et al.  Development of a comprehensive musculoskeletal model of the shoulder and elbow , 2011, Medical & Biological Engineering & Computing.

[105]  S. Bloomfield,et al.  Changes in musculoskeletal structure and function with prolonged bed rest. , 1997, Medicine and science in sports and exercise.

[106]  Scott L Delp,et al.  3D finite element models of shoulder muscles for computing lines of actions and moment arms , 2014, Computer methods in biomechanics and biomedical engineering.

[107]  Yasuo Kawakami,et al.  Specific tension of elbow flexor and extensor muscles based on magnetic resonance imaging , 1994, European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology.

[108]  J. D. de Groot,et al.  The variability of shoulder motions recorded by means of palpation. , 1997, Clinical biomechanics.

[109]  D. Veeger,et al.  "What if": the use of biomechanical models for understanding and treating upper extremity musculoskeletal disorders. , 2011, Manual therapy.

[110]  F C van der Helm,et al.  Loading of shoulder girdle muscles in consequence of a glenohumeral arthrodesis. , 1994, Clinical biomechanics.

[111]  Paul Suetens,et al.  Personalized MR-based musculoskeletal models compared to rescaled generic models in the presence of increased femoral anteversion: effect on hip moment arm lengths. , 2008, Gait & posture.

[112]  M. Pandy,et al.  Sensitivity of model predictions of muscle function to changes in moment arms and muscle-tendon properties: a Monte-Carlo analysis. , 2012, Journal of biomechanics.

[113]  V R Edgerton,et al.  Specific tension of human plantar flexors and dorsiflexors. , 1996, Journal of applied physiology.

[114]  Zhaohua Ding,et al.  Quantitative diffusion tensor MRI-based fiber tracking of human skeletal muscle. , 2007, Journal of applied physiology.

[115]  R. Lieber,et al.  Architecture of selected muscles of the arm and forearm: anatomy and implications for tendon transfer. , 1992, The Journal of hand surgery.

[116]  S. Gandevia,et al.  In vivo passive mechanical behaviour of muscle fascicles and tendons in human gastrocnemius muscle–tendon units , 2011, The Journal of physiology.

[117]  Jonathan P. Braman,et al.  Motion of the shoulder complex during multiplanar humeral elevation. , 2009, The Journal of bone and joint surgery. American volume.

[118]  F. Zajac.  Muscle and tendon: properties, models, scaling, and application to biomechanics and motor control. , 1989, Critical reviews in biomedical engineering.

[119]  Peter A Huijing,et al.  Anatomical information is needed in ultrasound imaging of muscle to avoid potentially substantial errors in measurement of muscle geometry , 2009, Muscle & nerve.

[120]  F. Zajac,et al.  A musculoskeletal model of the human lower extremity: the effect of muscle, tendon, and moment arm on the moment-angle relationship of musculotendon actuators at the hip, knee, and ankle. , 1990, Journal of biomechanics.

[121]  F van Keulen,et al.  Development and experimental validation of a three-dimensional finite element model of the human scapula , 2004, Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers. Part H, Journal of engineering in medicine.

[122]  G R Johnson,et al.  The biomechanics of reverse anatomy shoulder replacement--a modelling study. , 2009, Clinical biomechanics.

[123]  Ricardo Matias,et al.  Accuracy of a transformation method to estimate muscle attachments based on three bony landmarks , 2011, Computer methods in biomechanics and biomedical engineering.

[124]  R Bartlett,et al.  Inverse optimization: functional and physiological considerations related to the force-sharing problem. , 1997, Critical reviews in biomedical engineering.

[125]  F C T van der Helm,et al.  Shoulder function: the perfect compromise between mobility and stability. , 2007, Journal of biomechanics.

[126]  Keigo Taniguchi,et al.  Validity of fascicle length estimation in the vastus lateralis and vastus intermedius using ultrasonography. , 2014, Journal of electromyography and kinesiology : official journal of the International Society of Electrophysiological Kinesiology.

[127]  A. Karduna,et al.  Direct 3-dimensional measurement of scapular kinematics during dynamic movements in vivo. , 2001, Journal of shoulder and elbow surgery.

[128]  C. Spoor,et al.  Measuring muscle and joint geometry parameters of a shoulder for modeling purposes. , 1999, Journal of biomechanics.

[129]  A. Vasavada,et al.  Sex-specific prediction of neck muscle volumes. , 2013, Journal of biomechanics.

[130]  B Peterson,et al.  Biomechanical model of the human shoulder joint--II. The shoulder rhythm. , 1991, Journal of biomechanics.

[131]  James R. Jastifer,et al.  Pectoralis Major Transfer for Subscapularis Deficiency: A Computational Study , 2012 .

[132]  G Bergmann,et al.  Validation of the Delft Shoulder and Elbow Model using in-vivo glenohumeral joint contact forces. , 2010, Journal of biomechanics.

[133]  S. Delp,et al.  Image‐based musculoskeletal modeling: Applications, advances, and future opportunities , 2007, Journal of magnetic resonance imaging : JMRI.

[134]  Eugene Fiume,et al.  A three-dimensional approach to pennation angle estimation for human skeletal muscle , 2015, Computer methods in biomechanics and biomedical engineering.

[135]  A. Huxley.  Muscle structure and theories of contraction. , 1957, Progress in biophysics and biophysical chemistry.

[136]  R.F. Kirsch,et al.  Feasibility of EMG-Based Neural Network Controller for an Upper Extremity Neuroprosthesis , 2009, IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering.

[137]  Roberto Merletti,et al.  The extraction of neural strategies from the surface EMG. , 2004, Journal of applied physiology.

[138]  D Karlsson,et al.  Towards a model for force predictions in the human shoulder. , 1992, Journal of biomechanics.

[139]  A. Farron,et al.  Effect of supraspinatus deficiency on humerus translation and glenohumeral contact force during abduction. , 2007, Clinical biomechanics.

[140]  Klipple Feil,et al.  The shoulder , 2000 .

[141]  Marcus G Pandy,et al.  Accuracy of generic musculoskeletal models in predicting the functional roles of muscles in human gait. , 2011, Journal of biomechanics.

[142]  Lucas H V van der Woude,et al.  Shoulder load during handcycling at different incline and speed conditions. , 2012, Clinical biomechanics.

[143]  C Niek van Dijk,et al.  The effect of experimental shortening of the clavicle on shoulder kinematics. , 2012, Clinical biomechanics.

[144]  H J Sommer,et al.  Three-dimensional osteometric scaling and normative modelling of skeletal segments. , 1982, Journal of biomechanics.

[145]  A. Veloso,et al.  A transformation method to estimate muscle attachments based on three bony landmarks. , 2009, Journal of biomechanics.

[146]  Paul Suetens,et al.  Image Based Musculoskeletal Modeling Allows Personalized Biomechanical Analysis of Gait , 2006, ISBMS.

[147]  G. E. Johnson,et al.  Muscular synergism--II. A minimum-fatigue criterion for load sharing between synergistic muscles. , 1984, Journal of biomechanics.

[148]  J L Lewis,et al.  A nonhomogeneous anthropometric scaling method based on finite element principles. , 1980, Journal of biomechanics.

[149]  Alain Farron,et al.  An algorithm to allow humerus translation in the indeterminate problem of shoulder abduction. , 2008, Medical engineering & physics.

[150]  F. V. D. van der Helm,et al.  Effectiveness of tendon transfers for massive rotator cuff tears: a simulation study. , 2004, Clinical biomechanics.

[151]  J L Lewis,et al.  An anthropometric scaling method with application to the knee joint. , 1977, Journal of biomechanics.

[152]  S. Delp,et al.  Upper limb muscle volumes in adult subjects. , 2007, Journal of biomechanics.

[153]  R Happee,et al.  Inverse dynamic optimization including muscular dynamics, a new simulation method applied to goal directed movements. , 1994, Journal of biomechanics.

[154]  K. Tomita,et al.  Mechanical evaluation by patient-specific finite element analyses demonstrates therapeutic effects for osteoporotic vertebrae. , 2010, Journal of the mechanical behavior of biomedical materials.

[155]  M G Pandy,et al.  Musculoskeletal Model of the Upper Limb Based on the Visible Human Male Dataset , 2001, Computer methods in biomechanics and biomedical engineering.

[156]  A. A. Nikooyan,et al.  An EMG-driven musculoskeletal model of the shoulder. , 2012, Human movement science.

[157]  H Weinans,et al.  Adaptive bone remodeling and biomechanical design considerations for noncemented total hip arthroplasty. , 1989, Orthopedics.

[158]  L. A. Rozendaal,et al.  Interaction between the Joints in the Shoulder Mechanism: The Function of the Costoclavicular, Conoid and Trapezoid Ligaments , 1993, Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers. Part H, Journal of engineering in medicine.

[159]  Amir A Zadpoor,et al.  Patient-specific finite element modeling of bones , 2013, Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers. Part H, Journal of engineering in medicine.

[160]  Scott L. Delp,et al.  Minimally invasive high-speed imaging of sarcomere contractile dynamics in mice and humans , 2008, Nature.

[161]  Jim R Potvin,et al.  Effects of EMG processing on biomechanical models of muscle joint systems: sensitivity of trunk muscle moments, spinal forces, and stability. , 2007, Journal of biomechanics.

[162]  A Rohlmann,et al.  In vivo glenohumeral contact forces--measurements in the first patient 7 months postoperatively. , 2007, Journal of biomechanics.

[163]  W Baumann,et al.  The three-dimensional determination of internal loads in the lower extremity. , 1997, Journal of biomechanics.

[164]  W R Walsh,et al.  Anatomic variance of the coracoclavicular ligaments. , 2001, Journal of shoulder and elbow surgery.

[165]  Ali A. Minai,et al.  A modular neural model of motor synergies , 2012, Neural Networks.

[166]  Michael Damsgaard,et al.  Analysis of musculoskeletal systems in the AnyBody Modeling System , 2006, Simul. Model. Pract. Theory.

[167]  Jorge Ambrósio,et al.  A multibody biomechanical model of the upper limb including the shoulder girdle , 2012 .

[168]  Edward K. Chadwick,et al.  Clinical applications of musculoskeletal modelling for the shoulder and upper limb , 2013, Medical & Biological Engineering & Computing.

[169]  F. V. D. van der Helm,et al.  The relationship between two different mechanical cost functions and muscle oxygen consumption. , 2006, Journal of biomechanics.

[170]  K. An,et al.  Reliability of isometric strength testing. Temporal factors and strength variation. , 1984, Clinical orthopaedics and related research.

[171]  Bryan Buchholz,et al.  ISB recommendation on definitions of joint coordinate systems of various joints for the reporting of human joint motion--Part II: shoulder, elbow, wrist and hand. , 2005, Journal of biomechanics.

[172]  M. A. Townsend,et al.  Muscular synergism--I. On criteria for load sharing between synergistic muscles. , 1984, Journal of biomechanics.

[173]  F. V. D. van der Helm,et al.  Modelling the mechanical effect of muscles with large attachment sites: application to the shoulder mechanism. , 1991, Journal of biomechanics.

[174]  A Rohlmann,et al.  An instrumented implant for in vivo measurement of contact forces and contact moments in the shoulder joint. , 2009, Medical engineering & physics.

[175]  Neil J Cronin,et al.  The use of ultrasound to study muscle-tendon function in human posture and locomotion. , 2013, Gait & posture.

[176]  Thomas L. Smith,et al.  Postural dependence of passive tension in the supraspinatus following rotator cuff repair: a simulation analysis. , 2011, Clinical biomechanics.

[177]  Marco Senteler,et al.  An integrated model of active glenohumeral stability. , 2012, Journal of biomechanics.

[178]  L Lindbeck,et al.  Significance of house painters' work techniques on shoulder muscle strain during overhead work , 2002, Ergonomics.

[179]  B. Bigland-ritchie,et al.  Linear and non-linear surface EMG/force relationships in human muscles. An anatomical/functional argument for the existence of both. , 1983, American journal of physical medicine.

[180]  G. Bergmann,et al.  Musculo-skeletal loading conditions at the hip during walking and stair climbing. , 2001, Journal of biomechanics.

[181]  F. V. D. van der Helm.  Analysis of the kinematic and dynamic behavior of the shoulder mechanism. , 1994, Journal of biomechanics.

[182]  Influence of structure on the tissue dynamics of the human soleus muscle observed in MRI studies during isometric contractions , 2006, Journal of morphology.

[183]  Marcus G Pandy,et al.  Shoulder muscle function depends on elbow joint position: an illustration of dynamic coupling in the upper limb. , 2011, Journal of biomechanics.

[184]  A. Anderson,et al.  Validation of diffusion tensor MRI‐based muscle fiber tracking , 2002, Magnetic resonance in medicine.

[185]  C. L. Chen,et al.  Segment inertial properties of Chinese adults determined from magnetic resonance imaging. , 2000, Clinical biomechanics.

[186]  F. Sheehan.  The 3D in vivo Achilles' tendon moment arm, quantified during active muscle control and compared across sexes. , 2012, Journal of biomechanics.

[187]  R. Hinrichs,et al.  Regression equations to predict segmental moments of inertia from anthropometric measurements: an extension of the data of Chandler et al. (1975). , 1985, Journal of biomechanics.

[188]  D. Louis Collins,et al.  Diffusion Weighted Image Denoising Using Overcomplete Local PCA , 2013, PloS one.

[189]  Bipin Patel,et al.  The effect of clavicle malunion on shoulder biomechanics; a computational study. , 2012, Clinical biomechanics.

[190]  F C T van der Helm,et al.  The effect of elbow angle and external moment on load sharing of elbow muscles. , 2010, Journal of electromyography and kinesiology : official journal of the International Society of Electrophysiological Kinesiology.

[191]  Robert D Herbert,et al.  Reliability and validity of ultrasound measurements of muscle fascicle length and pennation in humans: a systematic review. , 2013, Journal of applied physiology.

[192]  P. Vock,et al.  Structural Changes in Skeletal Muscle Tissue with Heavy-Resistance Exercise* , 1986, International journal of sports medicine.

[193]  P M Rozing,et al.  Glenohumeral stability in simulated rotator cuff tears. , 2009, Journal of biomechanics.

[194]  S. Delp,et al.  Moment-generating capacity of upper limb muscles in healthy adults. , 2007, Journal of biomechanics.

[195]  K. An,et al.  Parameters for modeling the upper extremity. , 1997, Journal of biomechanics.

[196]  Timothy D. Verstynen,et al.  Deterministic Diffusion Fiber Tracking Improved by Quantitative Anisotropy , 2013, PloS one.

[197]  A. L. Tits,et al.  User's Guide for FSQP Version 3.0c: A FORTRAN Code for Solving Constrained Nonlinear (Minimax) Optimization Problems, Generating Iterates Satisfying All Inequality and Linear Constraints , 1992 .

[198]  F C T van der Helm,et al.  Requirements for upper extremity motions during activities of daily living. , 2005, Clinical biomechanics.

[199]  G M Pronk.  A kinematic model of the shoulder girdle: a résumé. , 1989, Journal of medical engineering & technology.

[200]  V. Edgerton,et al.  Physiological cross‐sectional area of human leg muscles based on magnetic resonance imaging , 1992, Journal of orthopaedic research : official publication of the Orthopaedic Research Society.

[201]  Frans C T van der Helm,et al.  Comparison of measurements of medial gastrocnemius architectural parameters from ultrasound and diffusion tensor images. , 2015, Journal of biomechanics.

[202]  Jim Dowling,et al.  The effect of ultrasound probe orientation on muscle architecture measurement. , 2007, Journal of electromyography and kinesiology : official journal of the International Society of Electrophysiological Kinesiology.

[203]  John N. Howell,et al.  In vivo Measurement of Fascicle Length and Pennation Angle of the Human Biceps femoris Muscle , 2001, Cells Tissues Organs.

[204]  M. Pandy,et al.  Dynamic optimization of human walking. , 2001, Journal of biomechanical engineering.

[205]  Walter Herzog,et al.  Model-based estimation of muscle forces exerted during movements. , 2007, Clinical biomechanics.

[206]  N. Poppen,et al.  Forces at the glenohumeral joint in abduction. , 1978, Clinical orthopaedics and related research.

[207]  Garth R Johnson,et al.  The activity in the three regions of the trapezius under controlled loading conditions--an experimental and modelling study. , 2005, Clinical biomechanics.