Text comprehension and the computational mind-agencies

Guided by a polymath approach—encompassing neuroscience, philosophy, psychology and computer science, this article describes a novel ‘cognitive’ computational mind framework for text comprehension in terms of Minsky’s ‘Society of Mind’ and ‘Emotion Machine’ theories. Observing a top-down design method, we enumerate here the macrocosmic elements of the model—the ‘agencies’ and memory constructs, followed by an elucidation on the working principles and synthesis concerns. Besides corroboration of results of a dry-run test by thoughts generated by random human subjects; the completeness of the conceptualized framework has been validated as a consequence of its total representation of ‘text understanding’ functions of the human brain, types of human memory and emulation of the layers of the mind. A brief conceptual comparison, between the architecture and existing ‘conscious’ agents, has been included as well. The framework, though observed here in its capacity as a text comprehender, is capable of understanding in general. A cognitive model of text comprehension, besides contributing to the ‘thinking machines’ research enterprise, is envisioned to be strategic in the design of intelligent plagiarism checkers, literature genre-cataloguers, differential diagnosis systems, and educational aids for children with reading disorders. Turing’s landmark 1950 article on computational intelligence is the principal motivator behind our research initiative.

[1]  Marvin Minsky,et al.  Commonsense-based interfaces , 2000, CACM.

[2]  Anil K. Seth,et al.  The Grand Challenge of Consciousness , 2010, Front. Psychology.

[3]  O. Hikosaka,et al.  Role of the basal ganglia in the control of purposive saccadic eye movements. , 2000, Physiological reviews.

[4]  Rosalind W. Picard Affective computing: (526112012-054) , 1997 .

[5]  G. Ryle,et al.  心的概念 = The concept of mind , 1962 .

[6]  John McCarthy,et al.  Making Robots Conscious of Their Mental States , 1995, Machine Intelligence 15.

[7]  B. Baars The conscious access hypothesis: origins and recent evidence , 2002, Trends in Cognitive Sciences.

[8]  M. Wertheimer Laws of organization in perceptual forms. , 1938 .

[9]  Eugene Charniak,et al.  Toward a model of children's story comprehension , 1972 .

[10]  Lotfi A. Zadeh,et al.  Fuzzy logic = computing with words , 1996, IEEE Trans. Fuzzy Syst..

[11]  Daniel G. Bobrow,et al.  Natural Language Input for a Computer Problem Solving System , 1964 .

[12]  E. Vesterinen,et al.  Affective Computing , 2009, Encyclopedia of Biometrics.

[13]  Kenneth L. Artis Design for a Brain , 1961 .

[14]  A. Sloman The Computer Revolution in Philosophy: Philosophy, Science, and Models of Mind , 1982 .

[15]  John von Neumann,et al.  The Computer and the Brain , 1960 .

[16]  A. M. Turing,et al.  Computing Machinery and Intelligence , 1950, The Philosophy of Artificial Intelligence.

[17]  Marvin Minsky,et al.  An architecture for combining ways to think , 2003, IEMC '03 Proceedings. Managing Technologically Driven Organizations: The Human Side of Innovation and Change (IEEE Cat. No.03CH37502).

[18]  G. Loewenstein The psychology of curiosity: A review and reinterpretation. , 1994 .

[19]  Ken Robinson,et al.  Finding Your Element: How to Discover Your Talents and Passions and Transform Your Life , 2013 .

[20]  J. D. McGaugh The amygdala modulates the consolidation of memories of emotionally arousing experiences. , 2004, Annual review of neuroscience.

[21]  David Willshaw,et al.  The cerebellum as a neuronal machine , 1999 .

[22]  Eric B. Baum Project to Build Programs that Understand , 2009 .

[23]  C. Hewitt PLANNER: A Language for Proving Theorems , 1967 .

[24]  Barbara J. Grosz,et al.  What Question Would Turing Pose Today? , 2012, AI Mag..

[25]  E. Rothkopf Incidental memory for location of information in text , 1971 .

[26]  Lotfi A. Zadeh,et al.  A Note on Z-numbers , 2011, Inf. Sci..

[27]  Marvin Minsky,et al.  A framework for representing knowledge" in the psychology of computer vision , 1975 .

[28]  Patrick Henry Winston,et al.  Learning structural descriptions from examples , 1970 .

[29]  Push Singh,et al.  An Architecture for Cognitive Diversity , 2005 .

[30]  C. Lebiere,et al.  Conditional routing of information to the cortex: a model of the basal ganglia's role in cognitive coordination. , 2010, Psychological review.

[31]  Dipankar Dasgupta,et al.  Metacognition in Software Agents Using Classifier Systems , 1998, AAAI/IAAI.

[32]  E. Winograd Some observations on prospective remembering , 1988 .

[33]  B. Schlaggar,et al.  Book Review Proust and the Squid: The Story and Science of the Reading Brain By Maryanne Wolf. 308 pp., illustrated. New York, Harper, 2007. $25.95. 978-0-06-018639-5 , 2008 .

[34]  Lotfi A. Zadeh,et al.  Fuzzy logic, neural networks, and soft computing , 1993, CACM.

[35]  K PalSankar,et al.  Text comprehension and the computational mind-agencies , 2015 .

[36]  Gerald J. Sussman,et al.  Forward Reasoning and Dependency-Directed Backtracking in a System for Computer-Aided Circuit Analysis , 1976, Artif. Intell..

[37]  Pat Langley,et al.  Cognitive architectures: Research issues and challenges , 2009, Cognitive Systems Research.

[38]  Stan Franklin,et al.  IDA, a Conscious Artifact? , 2006 .

[39]  Gaurav S. Sukhatme,et al.  Embedding robots into the Internet , 2000, Commun. ACM.

[40]  John F. Sowa,et al.  Pursuing the Goal of Language Understanding , 2008, ICCS.

[41]  S. Pinker How the Mind Works , 1999, Philosophy after Darwin.

[42]  D. Kahneman Thinking, Fast and Slow , 2011 .

[43]  G. A. Miller THE PSYCHOLOGICAL REVIEW THE MAGICAL NUMBER SEVEN, PLUS OR MINUS TWO: SOME LIMITS ON OUR CAPACITY FOR PROCESSING INFORMATION 1 , 1956 .

[44]  M. Minsky The Emotion Machine: Commonsense Thinking, Artificial Intelligence, and the Future of the Human Mind , 2006 .

[45]  Victor R. Lesser,et al.  The Hearsay-II Speech-Understanding System: Integrating Knowledge to Resolve Uncertainty , 1980, CSUR.

[46]  Bo Morgan Funk2: A Distributed Processing Language for Reflective Tracing of a Large Critic-Selector Cognitive Architecture , 2010, 2010 Fourth IEEE International Conference on Self-Adaptive and Self-Organizing Systems Workshop.

[47]  M. Minsky The Society of Mind , 1986 .

[48]  Hugo Liu,et al.  Teaching Machines about Everyday Life , 2004 .

[49]  Bo Morgan A substrate for accountable layered systems , 2013 .

[50]  Anthony G. Greenwald,et al.  Blindspot: Hidden Biases of Good People , 2013 .

[51]  M. Rugg,et al.  Human recognition memory: a cognitive neuroscience perspective , 2003, Trends in Cognitive Sciences.

[52]  Karin Humphreys,et al.  The psychology of language : from data to theory , 2001 .

[53]  Pattie Maes,et al.  Concepts and experiments in computational reflection , 1987, OOPSLA '87.

[54]  Pattie Maes Concepts and experiments in computational reflection , 1987, OOPSLA 1987.

[55]  Robert A. Kowalski,et al.  Computational Logic and Human Thinking: How to Be Artificially Intelligent , 2011 .

[56]  Noam Chomsky,et al.  A Review of B. F. Skinner's Verbal Behavior , 1980 .

[57]  K. Koffka Principles Of Gestalt Psychology , 1936 .

[58]  T. Mexia,et al.  Author ' s personal copy , 2009 .

[59]  Edward M. Hubbard,et al.  The phenomenology of synaesthesia , 2003 .

[60]  Dejan Todorovic,et al.  Gestalt principles , 2008, Scholarpedia.

[61]  C. Price The anatomy of language: contributions from functional neuroimaging , 2000, Journal of anatomy.

[62]  N. Roese Counterfactual thinking. , 1997, Psychological bulletin.

[63]  Dharmendra S. Modha,et al.  Cognitive Computing , 2011, Informatik-Spektrum.

[64]  Boicho N. Kokinov,et al.  The DUAL Cognitive Architecture: A Hybrid Multi-Agent Approach , 1994, ECAI.

[65]  Sankar K. Pal,et al.  Context granulation and subjective-information quantification , 2013, Theor. Comput. Sci..

[66]  Spike Cramphorn Blink: The Power of Thinking without Thinking / Strangers to Ourselves: Discovering the Adaptive Unconscious , 2006, Journal of Advertising Research.

[67]  C. Hewitt Planner: a language for manipulating models and proving theorems in a robot" ijcai-69 , 1970 .

[68]  Noam Chomsky Review of B.F. Skinner, Verbal Behavior , 1959 .

[69]  John McCarthy The well-designed child , 2008, Artif. Intell..

[70]  Stan Franklin,et al.  THE LIDA ARCHITECTURE: ADDING NEW MODES OF LEARNING TO AN INTELLIGENT, AUTONOMOUS, SOFTWARE AGENT , 2006 .

[71]  Terry Winograd,et al.  Procedures As A Representation For Data In A Computer Program For Understanding Natural Language , 1971 .

[72]  John McCarthy,et al.  Programs with common sense , 1960 .

[73]  Soumitra Dutta,et al.  An Insight Into The Z-number Approach To CWW , 2013, Fundam. Informaticae.

[74]  Pierre-Yves Oudeyer,et al.  Information-seeking, curiosity, and attention: computational and neural mechanisms , 2013, Trends in Cognitive Sciences.

[75]  Marvin Minsky,et al.  A framework for representing knowledge , 1974 .

[76]  P. Singh,et al.  Computing Commonsense , 2004 .

[77]  桐山 伸也 "The Emotion Machine: Commonsense Thinking, Artificial Intelligence, and the Future of the Human Mind," Marvin Minsky, Simon & Schuster, 2006(私のすすめるこの一冊,コーヒーブレイク) , 2007 .

[78]  Edward M. Hubbard,et al.  Neural cross wiring and synesthesia , 2010 .

[79]  Rj Dolan,et al.  Phantoms in the brain: Probing the mysteries of the human mind , 1998 .

[80]  Gerald J. Sussman,et al.  A Computational Model of Skill Acquisition , 1973 .

[81]  Carver A. Mead,et al.  Neuromorphic electronic systems , 1990, Proc. IEEE.

[82]  Otto Muzik,et al.  Local Brain Functional Activity Following Early Deprivation: A Study of Postinstitutionalized Romanian Orphans , 2001, NeuroImage.

[83]  Lotfi A. Zadeh,et al.  Some reflections on soft computing, granular computing and their roles in the conception, design and utilization of information/intelligent systems , 1998, Soft Comput..

[84]  Marvin Minsky,et al.  Em-one: an architecture for reflective commonsense thinking , 2005 .

[85]  Liang-Yi Li,et al.  Construction of cognitive maps to improve e-book reading and navigation , 2013, Comput. Educ..

[86]  Vannevar Bush,et al.  As we may think , 1945, INTR.

[87]  Lee McCauley,et al.  An Emotion-Based "Conscious" Software Agent Architecture , 1999, IWAI.

[88]  Sankar K. Pal,et al.  The Z-Number Enigma: A Study through an Experiment , 2013, Soft Computing: State of the Art Theory and Novel Applications.

[89]  Catherine Havasi,et al.  ConceptNet 3 : a Flexible , Multilingual Semantic Network for Common Sense Knowledge , 2007 .

[90]  Hugo Thienpont,et al.  Optical and Digital Image Processing: Fundamentals and Applications , 2011 .

[91]  A. Baddeley The Influence of Acoustic and Semantic Similarity on Long-term Memory for Word Sequences , 1966, The Quarterly journal of experimental psychology.

[92]  B. Rossion,et al.  Fixation Patterns During Recognition of Personally Familiar and Unfamiliar Faces , 2010, Front. Psychology.

[93]  Henry Lieberman,et al.  Beating Common Sense into Interactive Applications , 2004, AI Mag..

[94]  M. Wertheimer Untersuchungen zur Lehre von der Gestalt. II , 1923 .

[95]  John W. Backus,et al.  Can programming be liberated from the von Neumann style?: a functional style and its algebra of programs , 1978, CACM.

[96]  H. H. Clark Dogmas of understanding , 1997 .

[97]  梅田 貞夫 歴代会長インタビュー 幾多の課題に直面した七年間 (さよなら土工協特集) , 2011 .

[98]  M. Minsky,et al.  The Turing Option , 1992 .

[99]  M. Conway,et al.  The construction of autobiographical memories in the self-memory system. , 2000, Psychological review.

[100]  Barbara Hayes-Roth,et al.  A Blackboard Architecture for Control , 1985, Artif. Intell..

[101]  Andrzej Skowron,et al.  Interactive Complex Granules , 2014, CS&P.

[102]  Jennifer Chu-Carroll,et al.  Building Watson: An Overview of the DeepQA Project , 2010, AI Mag..

[103]  Stephen J. Payne,et al.  Constructing structure maps of multiple on-line texts , 2006, Int. J. Hum. Comput. Stud..

[104]  R. Cronje Gladwell M. Blink: the power of thinking without thinking. Boston: Little, Brown, 2005. , 2005 .

[105]  Push Singh,et al.  Examining the Society of Mind , 2003, Comput. Artif. Intell..

[106]  Bradford McCall In the Theater of Consciousness: The Workspace of the Mind , 2008 .

[107]  Aaron Sloman,et al.  Varieties of Affect and the CogAff Architecture Schema , 2001 .

[108]  Anil K Seth,et al.  Theories and measures of consciousness: an extended framework. , 2006, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[109]  Bing Liu,et al.  Conditional Routing , 2009, Encyclopedia of Database Systems.

[110]  B. Baars A cognitive theory of consciousness , 1988 .

[111]  S. Pinker The Stuff of Thought: Language as a Window into Human Nature , 2007 .

[112]  Javier Snaider,et al.  The LIDA Framework as a General Tool for AGI , 2011, AGI.

[113]  A. Hama Predictably Irrational: The Hidden Forces That Shape Our Decisions , 2010 .