Comparing the effects of different 3D representations on human wayfinding

This paper reports on a preliminary stage of some new research comparing the effectiveness of conventional topographic maps and computer-based geovisualisation systems as aids to navigation in wilderness mountain areas in Scotland. The whole programme considers both the cartographic products and the perceptual and mental processes involved in their use but this paper concentrates on some fundamental issues and the results of the first experiment which trialled main procedures and concepts. In both this and the main experiments participants were asked to judge gradients and journey times for various routes presented on maps and interactive animated 3D terrain displays. The first experiment — reported here - compared only terrain models with different surface rendering, and produced unexpected results. Subsequent studies1 included the essential comparative component of the 2D map. When complete this research programme will provide an important evidence base for future mapping system producers seeking to develop generally accessible terrain visualization tools.