Co-evolution of leader traits and member traits in social dilemmas

In actual society, social dilemmas are thought to be resolved through interdependency between group leaders, who punish defectors, and group members, who support these leaders. The aim of this study was to examine conditions in which interdependency arises between group leaders and members through evolutionary gaming simulation. In our simulation, there were 20 groups that consisted of 20 members and one leader. Leaders were able to punish not only defectors but also individuals who do not support them. Computer simulations were conducted, which revealed that when certain conditions are met, leaders arise who punish both defectors and individuals who do not support them, and that by doing so, most members are coerced to cooperate with and support the leader, thereby resolving the social dilemma. In particular, a necessary condition was that leaders are not able to keep his/her position unless s/he maximizes both individual and group gains.

[1]  S. Wright,et al.  Isolation by Distance. , 1943, Genetics.

[2]  M. Olson,et al.  The Logic of Collective Action , 1965 .

[3]  D. Kipnis,et al.  Does power corrupt? , 1972, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[4]  H. Kelley,et al.  Conflict between individual and common interest in an N-person relationship. , 1972, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[5]  H. P. Sims,et al.  Leader reward behavior and subordinate satisfaction and performance. , 1975, Organizational behavior and human performance.

[6]  Charles N. Greene,et al.  The reciprocal nature of influence between leader and subordinate. , 1975, The Journal of applied psychology.

[7]  M. D. Caldwell,et al.  Communication and sex effects in a five-person Prisoner's Dilemma Game. , 1976 .

[8]  E. Wilson,et al.  Sociobiology. The New Synthesis , 1975 .

[9]  James P. Kahan,et al.  Cooperation and Group Size in the N-Person Prisoners' Dilemma , 1976 .

[10]  J. Kahan,et al.  The Uniform N-Person Prisoner's Dilemma Game , 1976 .

[11]  David A. Kravitz,et al.  Cooperative choice in N-person dilemma situation. , 1980 .

[12]  P. M. Podsakoff.  Determinants of a Supervisor's use of rewards and punishmens: A literature review and suggestions for further research☆☆☆ , 1982 .

[13]  W. Hamilton,et al.  The Evolution of Cooperation , 1984 .

[14]  R. Lord,et al.  A meta-analysis of the relation between personality traits and leadership perceptions: an application of validity generalization procedures , 1986 .

[15]  R. Axelrod.  An Evolutionary Approach to Norms , 1986, American Political Science Review.

[16]  J. Komaki.  Toward effective supervision: An operant analysis and comparison of managers at work. , 1986 .

[17]  T. Yamagishi.  The structural goal/expectation theory of cooperation in social dilemmas , 1986 .

[18]  James E. Baker,et al.  Reducing Bias and Inefficienry in the Selection Algorithm , 1987, ICGA.

[19]  Toshio Yamagishi,et al.  Seriousness of Social Dilemmas and the Provision of a Sanctioning System , 1988 .

[20]  D. Heckathorn.  Collective Action and the Second-Order Free-Rider Problem , 1989 .

[21]  T. Tyler,et al.  A Relational Model of Authority in Groups , 1992 .

[22]  P. Richerson,et al.  Punishment allows the evolution of cooperation (or anything else) in sizable groups , 1992 .

[23]  B. Shamir.  Attribution of Influence and Charisma to the Leader: The Romance of Leadership Revisited1 , 1992 .

[24]  R. Lord,et al.  Contemporary views of leadership and individual differences , 1992 .

[25]  John J. Grefenstette,et al.  Proportional selection and sampling algorithms , 1997 .

[26]  E. Sober,et al.  Summary of: ‘Unto Others. The evolution and psychology of unselfish behavior' , 1998 .

[27]  D. Cremer,et al.  How do leaders promote cooperation? The effects of charisma and procedural fairness. , 2002 .

[28]  U. Fischbacher,et al.  The nature of human altruism , 2003, Nature.

[29]  N. Takahashi,et al.  [The emergence of indirect reciprocity: evolutionary foundation of altruistic behavior based on "strict discriminator"]. , 2005, Shinrigaku kenkyu : The Japanese journal of psychology.