Gene Duplication to Enable Genetic Programming to Concurrently Evolve Both the Architecture and Work-Performing Steps of a Computer Program

Susumu Ohno's provocative book Evolution by Gene Duplication proposed that the creation of new proteins in nature (and hence new structures and new behaviors in living things) begins with a gene duplication and that gene duplication is "the major force of evolution." This paper describes six new architecture-altering operations for genetic programming that are patterned after the naturally-occurring chromosomal operations of gene duplication and gene deletion. When these new operations are included in a run of genetic programming, genetic programming can dynamically change, during the run, the architecture of a multi-part program consisting of a main program and a set of hierarchically-called subprograms. These on-the-fly architectural changes occur while genetic programming is concurrently evolving the work-performing steps of the main program and the hierarchically-called subprograms. The new operations can be interpreted as an automated way to change the representation of a problem while solving the problem. Equivalently, these operations can be viewed as an automated way to decompose a problem into an non-pre-specified number of subproblems of non-pre-specified dimensionality; solve the subproblems; and assemble the solutions of the subproblems into a solution of the overall problem. These operations can also be interpreted as providing an automated way to specialize and generalize.

[1]  S. Wright,et al.  Isolation by Distance. , 1943, Genetics.

[2]  Arthur L. Samuel,et al.  Some Studies in Machine Learning Using the Game of Checkers , 1967, IBM J. Res. Dev..

[3]  D. J. Cavicchio,et al.  Adaptive search using simulated evolution , 1970 .

[4]  Dr. Susumu Ohno.  Evolution by Gene Duplication , 1970, Springer Berlin Heidelberg.

[5]  John H. Holland,et al.  Adaptation in Natural and Artificial Systems: An Introductory Analysis with Applications to Biology, Control, and Artificial Intelligence , 1992 .

[6]  John H. Holland,et al.  Distributed genetic algorithms for function optimization , 1989 .

[7]  Kalyanmoy Deb,et al.  Messy Genetic Algorithms: Motivation, Analysis, and First Results , 1989, Complex Syst..

[8]  John R. Koza,et al.  Hierarchical Genetic Algorithms Operating on Populations of Computer Programs , 1989, IJCAI.

[9]  M. Sarrafzadeh.  Department of electrical engineering and computer science , 1990, SIGD.

[10]  John R. Koza,et al.  Genetic Programming: The Movie , 1992 .

[11]  Kristian Lindgren,et al.  Evolutionary phenomena in simple dynamics , 1992 .

[12]  John R. Koza,et al.  Genetic programming (videotape): the movie , 1992 .

[13]  John H. Holland,et al.  Adaptation in Natural and Artificial Systems: An Introductory Analysis with Applications to Biology, Control, and Artificial Intelligence , 1992 .

[14]  John R. Koza,et al.  Genetic programming - on the programming of computers by means of natural selection , 1993, Complex adaptive systems.

[15]  J. Pollack,et al.  Coevolving High-Level Representations , 1993 .

[16]  Una-May O'Reilly,et al.  Genetic Programming II: Automatic Discovery of Reusable Programs. , 1994, Artificial Life.

[17]  John R. Koza,et al.  Genetic programming II (videotape): the next generation , 1994 .

[18]  John R. Koza,et al.  Architecture-Altering Operations for Evolving the Architecture of a Multi-Part Program in Genetic Programming , 1994 .

[19]  Frédéric Gruau,et al.  Genetic micro programming of neural networks , 1994 .

[20]  J. K. Kinnear,et al.  Advances in Genetic Programming , 1994 .

[21]  John R. Koza,et al.  Parallel Genetic Programming on a Network of Transputers , 1995 .