Possible Neural Substrates for Orientation Analysis and Perception

Recent research into the response properties of extrastriate visual cortical mechanisms has revealed single-cell functional organisation which closely parallels certain global and apparently emergent properties of psychophysical observation. An attempt is made to relate previous data on orientation illusions and aftereffects to these extrastriate mechanisms and new data which cannot be explained adequately by V1 (striate) orientation channels are discussed. Conversely, properties of cells in areas such as V3, V4, MT, and others seem to provide an obvious neural substrate for global interactions. It is suggested that psychological ‘explanations’ couched in terms of ‘hypotheses’ or ‘cognitive problem solving’ lack heuristic value, and that, in contrast, the properties of extrastriate cells can suggest novel experimental psychophysical paradigms which are designed to probe these higher-order global mechanisms more or less selectively.

[1]  T. Albright.  Direction and orientation selectivity of neurons in visual area MT of the macaque. , 1984, Journal of neurophysiology.

[2]  S. Ebenholtz,et al.  Peripheral circular contours inhibit the visual orientation control system. , 1983, Aviation, space, and environmental medicine.

[3]  J. Gibson,et al.  Adaptation, after-effect and contrast in the perception of tilted lines. I. Quantitative studies , 1937 .

[4]  B Julesz,et al.  Inability of Humans to Discriminate between Visual Textures That Agree in Second-Order Statistics—Revisited , 1973, Perception.

[5]  H. A. Witkin,et al.  Studies in space orientation; further experiments on perception of the upright with displaced visual fields. , 1948, Journal of experimental psychology.

[6]  G. K. Wallace.  The critical distance of interaction in the Zöllner illusion , 1969 .

[7]  L A Riggs,et al.  Visual aftereffects derived from inspection of orthogonally moving patterns. , 1980, Science.

[8]  N Weisstein,et al.  Flicker induces depth: Spatial and temporal factors in the perceptual segregation of flickering and nonflickering regions in depth , 1984, Perception & psychophysics.

[9]  Peter Wenderoth,et al.  Theangular function of arod-and-frame illusion , 1971 .

[10]  G. Shepherd,et al.  Logic operations are properties of computer-simulated interactions between excitable dendritic spines , 1987, Neuroscience.

[11]  P. Wenderoth,et al.  The different mechanisms of the direct and indirect tilt illusions , 1988, Vision Research.

[12]  I. Curthoys,et al.  On the Non-Additivity of Visual Tilt Illusions , 1974, The Quarterly journal of experimental psychology.

[13]  What is the Appropriate Control for the Tilt Illusion? , 1985, Perception.

[14]  I Rock,et al.  The rod-and-frame effect as a function of the righting of the frame. , 1982, Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance.

[15]  M C Morrone,et al.  Inhibitory interactions in the human vision system revealed in pattern‐evoked potentials. , 1987, The Journal of physiology.

[16]  R. Desimone,et al.  Visual properties of neurons in area V4 of the macaque: sensitivity to stimulus form. , 1987, Journal of neurophysiology.

[17]  M. Georgeson,et al.  Spatial Frequency Selectivity of a Visual Tilt Illusion , 1973, Nature.

[18]  R H Day,et al.  Induced movement as nonveridical resolution of displacement ambiguity: Effect of enclosure and number of field elements , 1979, Perception & psychophysics.

[19]  P. Wenderoth,et al.  The Differential Effects of Brief Exposures and Surrounding Contours on Direct and Indirect Tilt Illusions , 1988, Perception.

[20]  S. Zeki.  Uniformity and diversity of structure and function in rhesus monkey prestriate visual cortex. , 1978, The Journal of physiology.

[21]  A. Hartley,et al.  The roles of axes of symmetry in orientation illusions , 1982, Perception & psychophysics.

[22]  P Wenderoth,et al.  Component Analysis of Orientation Illusions , 1977, Perception.

[23]  D. Mitchell,et al.  The spatial selectivity of the tilt aftereffect. , 1974, Vision research.

[24]  J. Lund,et al.  Intrinsic laminar lattice connections in primate visual cortex , 1983, The Journal of comparative neurology.

[25]  M. Cynader,et al.  Anatomical properties and physiological correlates of the intrinsic connections in cat area 18 , 1987, The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience.

[26]  C. Blakemore,et al.  Lateral Inhibition between Orientation Detectors in the Human Visual System , 1970, Nature.

[27]  D. J. Felleman,et al.  Receptive field properties of neurons in area V3 of macaque monkey extrastriate cortex. , 1987, Journal of neurophysiology.

[28]  P. Wenderoth,et al.  The tilt illusion as a function of the relative and absolute lengths of test and inducing lines , 1986, Perception & psychophysics.

[29]  E. Iwai.  Neuropsychological basis of pattern vision in macaque monkeys , 1985, Vision Research.

[30]  E. Adelson,et al.  The analysis of moving visual patterns , 1985 .

[31]  S. Zeki.  The functional organization of projections from striate to prestriate visual cortex in the rhesus monkey. , 1976, Cold Spring Harbor symposia on quantitative biology.

[32]  John H. R. Maunsell,et al.  Visual processing in monkey extrastriate cortex. , 1987, Annual review of neuroscience.

[33]  Guy A. Orban,et al.  Illusory contour orientation discrimination , 1987, Vision Research.

[34]  R Over,et al.  Orientation illusion and masking in central and peripheral vision. , 1972, Journal of experimental psychology.

[35]  H. Wallach,et al.  Figural aftereffects; an investigation of visual processes. , 1944 .

[36]  Peter Wenderoth,et al.  The tilt illusion: Repulsion and attraction effects in the oblique meridian , 1977, Vision Research.

[37]  Ebenholtz Sm,et al.  Peripheral circular contours inhibit the visual orientation control system. , 1983 .

[38]  J Allman,et al.  Direction- and Velocity-Specific Responses from beyond the Classical Receptive Field in the Middle Temporal Visual Area (MT) , 1985, Perception.

[39]  R Over,et al.  Tilt aftereffects in central and peripheral vision. , 1970, Journal of experimental psychology.

[40]  R. Sekuler,et al.  Selectivities of human visual mechanisms for direction of movement and contour orientation. , 1968, Journal of the Optical Society of America.

[41]  D. Mitchell,et al.  Does the tilt after-effect occur in the oblique meridian? , 1976, Vision Research.

[42]  T. Wiesel,et al.  Relationships between horizontal interactions and functional architecture in cat striate cortex as revealed by cross-correlation analysis , 1986, The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience.

[43]  N. Weisstein,et al.  The effects of flicker on the perception of figure and ground , 1987, Perception & psychophysics.

[44]  J. Allman,et al.  Stimulus specific responses from beyond the classical receptive field: neurophysiological mechanisms for local-global comparisons in visual neurons. , 1985, Annual review of neuroscience.

[45]  W. Newsome,et al.  Motion selectivity in macaque visual cortex. II. Spatiotemporal range of directional interactions in MT and V1. , 1986, Journal of neurophysiology.

[46]  C. Gross,et al.  Visual topography of striate projection zone (MT) in posterior superior temporal sulcus of the macaque. , 1981, Journal of neurophysiology.

[47]  Svein Magnussen,et al.  Linear summation of tilt illusion and tilt aftereffect , 1980, Vision Research.

[48]  D. Tolhurst,et al.  Orientation illusions and after-effects: Inhibition between channels , 1975, Vision Research.

[49]  J. Nelson,et al.  Orientation-selective inhibition from beyond the classic visual receptive field , 1978, Brain Research.

[50]  R. von der Heydt,et al.  Illusory contours and cortical neuron responses. , 1984, Science.

[51]  D. Burr,et al.  Functional implications of cross-orientation inhibition of cortical visual cells. I. Neurophysiological evidence , 1982, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B. Biological Sciences.

[52]  W. Newsome,et al.  Motion selectivity in macaque visual cortex. I. Mechanisms of direction and speed selectivity in extrastriate area MT. , 1986, Journal of neurophysiology.

[53]  M. Georgeson.  The Graph-Paper Effect: Subjective Stereoscopic Patterns Induced by Moving Gratings , 1980, Perception.

[54]  J. R. Harris,et al.  TWO DIFFERENT AFTER-EFFECTS OF EXPOSURE TO VISUAL TILTS. , 1965, The American journal of psychology.

[55]  S. Magnussen,et al.  Temporal aspects of spatial adaptation. A study of the tilt aftereffect , 1986, Vision Research.

[56]  K. Duncker,et al.  Über induzierte Bewegung , 1929 .

[57]  P. Wenderoth.  The effects of tilted outline frames and Intersecting line patterns on judgments of vertical , 1973 .

[58]  D. Hubel,et al.  Anatomy and physiology of a color system in the primate visual cortex , 1984, The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience.

[59]  Leslie G. Ungerleider,et al.  Contour, color and shape analysis beyond the striate cortex , 1985, Vision Research.

[60]  J. Mcilwain.  RECEPTIVE FIELDS OF OPTIC TRACT AXONS AND LATERAL GENICULATE CELLS: PERIPHERAL EXTENT AND BARBITURATE SENSITIVITY. , 1964, Journal of neurophysiology.

[61]  P Tynan,et al.  Moving visual phantoms: a new contour completion effect. , 1975, Science.