Optical Fiber Sensors Based on Nanoparticle-Embedded Coatings

The use of nanoparticles (NPs) in scientific applications has attracted the attention of many researchers in the last few years. The use of NPs can help researchers to tune the physical characteristics of the sensing coating (thickness, roughness, specific area, refractive index, etc.) leading to enhanced sensors with response time or sensitivity better than traditional sensing coatings. Additionally, NPs also offer other special properties that depend on their nanometric size, and this is also a source of new sensing applications. This review focuses on the current status of research in the use of NPs within coatings in optical fiber sensing. Most used sensing principles in fiber optics are briefly described and classified into several groups: absorbance-based sensors, interferometric sensors, fluorescence-based sensors, fiber grating sensors, and resonance-based sensors, among others. For each sensor group, specific examples of the utilization of NP-embedded coatings in their sensing structure are reported.

[1]  Alain Trouillet,et al.  Fibre gratings for hydrogen sensing , 2005, International Conference on Optical Fibre Sensors.

[2]  Ralph P. Tatam,et al.  Sensitive protein detection using an optical fibre long period grating sensor anchored with silica core gold shell nanoparticles , 2014, Other Conferences.

[3]  Jaebum Choo,et al.  A portable surface-enhanced Raman scattering sensor integrated with a lab-on-a-chip for field analysis. , 2008, Lab on a chip.

[4]  A temperature-insensitive strain sensor using a fiber Bragg grating , 2009 .

[5]  Jacques Albert,et al.  Temperature-independent tilted fiber grating vibration sensor based on cladding-core recoupling. , 2008, Optics letters.

[6]  H. Tam,et al.  Pressure sensor realized with polarization-maintaining photonic crystal fiber-based Sagnac interferometer. , 2008, Applied optics.

[7]  Byoungho Lee,et al.  Temperature-independent strain sensor system using a tilted fiber Bragg grating demodulator , 1998 .

[8]  S. Gambhir,et al.  Quantum Dots for Live Cells, in Vivo Imaging, and Diagnostics , 2005, Science.

[9]  S. James,et al.  Fabrication of highly efficient fibre-optic gas sensors using SiO2/polymer nanoporous thin films , 2008, 2008 3rd International Conference on Sensing Technology.

[10]  Banshi D. Gupta,et al.  Surface plasmon resonance based fiber optic hydrogen peroxide sensor using polymer embedded nanoparticles , 2013 .

[11]  V. Stadler,et al.  Optically responsive nanoparticle layers for the label-free analysis of biospecific interactions in array formats. , 2007, Biosensors & bioelectronics.

[12]  P. Poopalan,et al.  High Sensitivity Fiber Bragg Grating Pressure Sensor Using Thin Metal Diaphragm , 2009, IEEE Sensors Journal.

[13]  Chao Zhang,et al.  High-refractive-index transparent coatings enhance the optical fiber cladding modes refractometric sensitivity. , 2013, Optics express.

[14]  David R Walt,et al.  Optical fiber-based sensors: application to chemical biology. , 2005, Current opinion in chemical biology.

[15]  D. Raj,et al.  Ammonia sensing properties of tapered plastic optical fiber coated with silver nanoparticles/PVP/PVA hybrid , 2015 .

[16]  A. Mignani,et al.  Evanescent Wave Absorption Spectroscopy by Means of Bi-Tapered Multimode Optical Fibers , 1998 .

[17]  Lalitkumar Bansal,et al.  Fiber Optic Sensors for Detection of Toxic and Biological Threats , 2007, Sensors.

[18]  Q. Jia,et al.  A surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS)-active optical fiber sensor based on a three-dimensional sensing layer , 2014 .

[19]  Francisco J. Arregui,et al.  Optical fiber humidity sensors based on Localized Surface Plasmon Resonance (LSPR) and Lossy-mode resonance (LMR) in overlays loaded with silver nanoparticles , 2012 .

[20]  D. Paladino,et al.  Spectral Behavior in Nano-Coated Tilted Fiber Bragg Gratings: Effect of Thickness and External Refractive Index , 2007, IEEE Photonics Technology Letters.

[21]  S. Campopiano,et al.  Mode transition in high refractive index coated long period gratings. , 2006, Optics express.

[22]  Silver-embedded zeolite thin film-based fiber optic sensor for in situ, real-time monitoring Hg2+ ions in aqueous media with high sensitivity and selectivity , 2010 .

[23]  G. Ódor,et al.  Understanding surface patterning by lattice gas models , 2012 .

[24]  Philippe Rostaing,et al.  Diffusion Dynamics of Glycine Receptors Revealed by Single-Quantum Dot Tracking , 2003, Science.

[25]  Chang-Qing Xu,et al.  Enhancing sensitivity and selectivity of long-period grating sensors using structure-switching aptamers bound to gold-doped macroporous silica coatings. , 2011, Analytical chemistry.

[26]  M.S. Demokan,et al.  Simultaneous temperature and refractive index measurements using a 3/spl deg/ slanted multimode fiber Bragg grating , 2006, Journal of Lightwave Technology.

[27]  R Aneesh,et al.  Zinc oxide nanoparticle based optical fiber humidity sensor having linear response throughout a large dynamic range. , 2011, Applied optics.

[28]  O. Wolfbeis.  Fiber-optic chemical sensors and biosensors. , 2002, Analytical chemistry.

[29]  Hai-ge Chen,et al.  SERS detection of expired tetracycline hydrochloride with an optical fiber nano-probe , 2015 .

[30]  I.R. Matias,et al.  Quantum Dots-Based Optical Fiber Temperature Sensors Fabricated by Layer-by-Layer , 2006, IEEE Sensors Journal.

[31]  G. Gobi,et al.  Gas sensing properties of a clad modified fiber optic sensor with Ce, Li and Al doped nanocrystalline zinc oxides , 2011 .

[32]  Ping Miao,et al.  Sensitivity characteristics of long-period fiber gratings , 2005, SPIE/OSA/IEEE Asia Communications and Photonics.

[33]  Hwa-Yaw Tam,et al.  Salinity sensor based on polyimide-coated photonic crystal fiber. , 2011, Optics express.

[34]  John E. Sipe,et al.  Long-period fiber gratings as band-rejection filters , 1995 .

[35]  Ralph P. Tatam,et al.  Pronounced aromatic carboxylic acid detection using a layer-by-layer mesoporous coating on optical fibre long period grating , 2012 .

[36]  Lidong Li,et al.  pH- and glucose-responsive core-shell hybrid nanoparticles with controllable metal-enhanced fluorescence effects. , 2012, ACS applied materials & interfaces.

[37]  A. Vijayan,et al.  Optical fibre based humidity sensor using Co-polyaniline clad , 2008 .

[38]  Brendan C. O'Kelly,et al.  Fibre optic oxygen sensor based on fluorescence quenching of evanescent-wave excited ruthenium complexes in sol–gel derived porous coatings , 1993 .

[39]  Andrea Cusano,et al.  SWCNT nano-composite optical sensors for VOC and gas trace detection , 2009 .

[40]  R. W. Sabnis.  Handbook of Fluorescent Dyes and Probes , 2015 .

[41]  Jaw-Luen Tang,et al.  Novel U-shape gold nanoparticles-modified optical fiber for localized plasmon resonance chemical sensing , 2010, DTIP 2010.

[42]  Yutaka Yamashita,et al.  Label-free imaging of the dynamics of cell-to-cell string-like structure bridging in the free-space by low-coherent quantitative phase microscopy , 2013, Photonics West - Biomedical Optics.

[43]  Ralph P. Tatam,et al.  Temperature and strain discrimination using a single tilted fibre Bragg grating , 2007 .

[44]  J. Bravo,et al.  Optical Fiber Humidity Sensors Using Nanostructured Coatings of SiO$_{2}$ Nanoparticles , 2008, IEEE Sensors Journal.

[45]  J. L. Santos,et al.  Simultaneous Measurement of Humidity and Temperature Based on an SiO$_{2}$ -Nanospheres Film Deposited on a Long-Period Grating In-Line With a Fiber Bragg Grating , 2011, IEEE Sensors Journal.

[46]  Shiquan Tao,et al.  High dynamic range fiber optic relative humidity sensor , 2002 .

[47]  P. Shankar,et al.  A review of fiber-optic biosensors , 2007 .

[48]  J. John,et al.  Theoretical modeling of lossy mode resonance based refractive index sensors with ITO/TiO₂ bilayers. , 2014, Applied optics.

[49]  T. Erdogan.  Fiber grating spectra , 1997 .

[50]  Francisco J. Arregui,et al.  Sensitivity Improvement of a Humidity Sensor Based on Silica Nanospheres on a Long-Period Fiber Grating , 2009, Sensors.

[51]  D. Littlejohn,et al.  Bent Silica Fiber Evanescent Absorption Sensors for Near-Infrared Spectroscopy , 1999 .

[52]  Jie Lin,et al.  Recent development and applications of optical and fiber-optic pH sensors , 2000 .

[53]  Jun Zhang,et al.  Optical fiber with nanostructured cladding of TiO2 nanoparticles self-assembled onto a side polished fiber and its temperature sensing. , 2014, Optics express.

[54]  Ignacio Del Villar,et al.  Optical fiber refractometers based on lossy mode resonances supported by TiO2 coatings. , 2010, Applied optics.

[55]  Gero Decher,et al.  Fuzzy Nanoassemblies: Toward Layered Polymeric Multicomposites , 1997 .

[56]  Soumyo Mukherji,et al.  Gold nanoparticle coated U-bend fibre optic probe for localized surface plasmon resonance based detection of explosive vapours , 2014 .

[57]  Zhihai Liu,et al.  Optical fiber modulator derivates from hollow optical fiber with suspended core. , 2012, Optics letters.

[58]  P. Sigmund.  Elements of Sputtering Theory , 2013 .

[59]  S. James,et al.  A long period grating-based chemical sensor insensitive to the influence of interfering parameters. , 2014, Optics express.

[60]  Monica Focsan,et al.  Gold Nanorods Performing as Dual-Modal Nanoprobes via Metal-Enhanced Fluorescence (MEF) and Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS) , 2012 .

[61]  Byoungho Lee,et al.  Characteristics of short-period blazed fiber Bragg gratings for use as macro-bending sensors. , 2002, Applied optics.

[62]  Banshi D. Gupta,et al.  Localized Surface Plasmon Resonance-Based Fiber Optic U-Shaped Biosensor for the Detection of Blood Glucose , 2012, Plasmonics.

[63]  H. Latifi,et al.  Nonadiabatic tapered optical fiber sensor for measurement of antimicrobial activity of silver nanoparticles against Escherichia coli. , 2014, Journal of photochemistry and photobiology. B, Biology.

[64]  F. Tseng,et al.  A gold-nanoparticle-enhanced immune sensor based on fiber optic interferometry , 2008, Nanotechnology.

[65]  F. Arregui,et al.  Optical fiber humidity sensor based on a tapered fiber coated with agarose gel , 2000 .

[66]  D. Sastikumar,et al.  On the enhancement of ethanol sensing by CuO modified SnO2 nanoparticles using fiber-optic sensor , 2012 .

[67]  권서원,et al.  Temperature-independent strain sensor system using a tilted fiber Bragg grating demodulator , 1998 .

[68]  Ralph P. Tatam,et al.  Refractive index sensitivity of fibre-optic long period gratings coated with SiO2 nanoparticle mesoporous thin films , 2011 .

[69]  Jian-feng Wang,et al.  A Temperature‐Insensitive Relative Humidity Sensor by using Polarization Maintaining Fiber‐Based Sagnac Interferometer , 2013 .

[70]  Youcef Ouerdane,et al.  Investigation of the writing mechanism of electric-arc-induced long-period fiber gratings. , 2003, Applied optics.

[71]  Sunil K. Khijwania,et al.  An evanescent-wave optical fiber relative humidity sensor with enhanced sensitivity , 2005 .

[72]  Jian-Neng Wang,et al.  Measurement of chloride-ion concentration with long-period grating technology , 2007 .

[73]  Kenneth T. V. Grattan,et al.  Cross-Comparison of Surface Plasmon Resonance-Based Optical Fiber Sensors With Different Coating Structures , 2012, IEEE Sensors Journal.

[74]  Michael A. Davis,et al.  Fiber grating sensors , 1997 .

[75]  Jacques Albert,et al.  Improved detection limits of protein optical fiber biosensors coated with gold nanoparticles. , 2014, Biosensors & bioelectronics.

[76]  I. Bennion,et al.  In-Fiber Twist Sensor Based on a Fiber Bragg Grating With 81$^{\circ}$ Tilted Structure , 2006, IEEE Photonics Technology Letters.

[77]  Byeong Ha Lee,et al.  Interferometric Fiber Optic Sensors , 2012, Sensors.

[78]  Sunil K. Khijwania,et al.  Maximum achievable sensitivity of the fiber optic evanescent field absorption sensor based on the U-shaped probe , 2000 .

[79]  K. Hill,et al.  Fiber Bragg grating technology fundamentals and overview , 1997 .

[80]  E. Lewis,et al.  U-bend fibre optic pH sensors using layer-by-layer electrostatic self-assembly technique , 2009 .

[81]  Y. Rao,et al.  Novel fiber-optic sensors based on long-period fiber gratings written by high-frequency CO/sub 2/ laser pulses , 2003 .

[82]  Ralph P. Tatam,et al.  Optical fibre long period grating with a nanoporous coating formed from silica nanoparticles for ammonia sensing in water , 2012 .

[83]  T. Bhave,et al.  A Novel Optical Fiber Humidity Sensor Coated with Superhydrophilic Silica Nanoparticles , 2011 .

[84]  S. Mukherji,et al.  Novel U-bent fiber optic probe for localized surface plasmon resonance based biosensor. , 2009, Biosensors & bioelectronics.

[85]  Shiquan Tao,et al.  Silver nanoparticles doped silica nanocomposites coated on an optical fiber for ammonia sensing , 2007 .

[86]  Alain Trouillet,et al.  Fibre gratings for hydrogen sensing , 2006 .

[87]  Anbo Wang,et al.  Micro-air-gap based intrinsic Fabry-Perot interferometric fiber-optic sensor. , 2006, Applied optics.

[88]  Ignacio R. Matias,et al.  A fibre optic humidity sensor based on a long-period fibre grating coated with a thin film of SiO2 nanospheres , 2009 .

[89]  Stavros Pissadakis,et al.  Label-free DNA biosensor based on a peptide nucleic acid-functionalized microstructured optical fiber-Bragg grating , 2013, Journal of biomedical optics.

[90]  Stavros Pissadakis,et al.  An ethanol vapor detection probe based on a ZnO nanorod coated optical fiber long period grating. , 2012, Optics express.

[91]  B. Liu,et al.  Conjugated Polyelectrolyte–Metal Nanoparticle Platforms for Optically Amplified DNA Detection , 2010, Advanced materials.

[92]  Anbo Wang,et al.  Self-calibrated interferometric-intensity-based optical fiber sensors , 2001 .

[93]  Christy L. Haynes,et al.  Plasmon-Sampled Surface-Enhanced Raman Excitation Spectroscopy † , 2003 .

[94]  Lei Jia,et al.  TiO2 nanoparticle thin film-coated optical fiber Fabry-Perot sensor. , 2013, Optics express.

[95]  Gonçal Badenes,et al.  Microstructured optical fiber coated with thin films for gas and chemical sensing. , 2006, Optics express.

[96]  F. Pang,et al.  Gold Nanoparticles-Modified Tapered Fiber Nanoprobe for Remote SERS Detection , 2014, IEEE Photonics Technology Letters.

[97]  D. Walt,et al.  Optical fiber-based biosensors , 2004, Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry.

[98]  I. del Villar,et al.  Two-Layer Nanocoatings in Long-Period Fiber Gratings for Improved Sensitivity of Humidity Sensors , 2008, IEEE Transactions on Nanotechnology.

[99]  Sailing He,et al.  Highly sensitive and fast responsive fiber-optic modal interferometric pH sensor based on polyelectrolyte complex and polyelectrolyte self-assembled nanocoating , 2011, Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry.

[100]  L. Dick,et al.  Metal film over nanosphere (MFON) electrodes for surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS): Improvements in surface nanostructure stability and suppression of irreversible loss , 2002 .

[101]  I. Del Villar,et al.  Optical Fiber Humidity Sensor Based on Lossy Mode Resonances , 2009 .

[102]  Zhongjun Zhao,et al.  A low cost fiber-optic humidity sensor based on silica sol–gel film , 2011 .

[103]  V. Bhatia.  Applications of long-period gratings to single and multi-parameter sensing. , 1999, Optics express.

[104]  J A Kiernan,et al.  Classification and naming of dyes, stains and fluorochromes , 2001, Biotechnic & histochemistry : official publication of the Biological Stain Commission.

[105]  Fardad Azarmi,et al.  Steel bar corrosion monitoring with long-period fiber grating sensors coated with nano iron/silica particles and polyurethane , 2015 .

[106]  Tanya M. Monro,et al.  Fluorescence-based aluminum ion sensing using a surface-functionalized microstructured optical fiber. , 2011, Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids.

[107]  X. D. Hoa,et al.  Towards integrated and sensitive surface plasmon resonance biosensors: a review of recent progress. , 2007, Biosensors & bioelectronics.

[108]  Hao Zhang,et al.  Relative Humidity Sensor Based on Tilted Fiber Bragg Grating With Polyvinyl Alcohol Coating , 2009 .

[109]  Marc Douay,et al.  Study of in fiber Mach–Zehnder interferometer based on two spaced 3-dB long period gratings surrounded by a refractive index higher than that of silica , 2000 .

[110]  Richard O. Claus,et al.  Simultaneous measurement of humidity and temperature by combining a reflective intensity-based optical fiber sensor and a fiber Bragg grating , 2002 .

[111]  Vlastimil Matejec,et al.  Optical fibre sensor coated with porous silica layers for gas and chemical vapour detection , 1997 .

[112]  P. Kryukov,et al.  Inscription of fiber Bragg gratings by ultraviolet femtosecond radiation. , 2003, Optics letters.

[113]  A. B. Socorro,et al.  Sensitivity enhancement in a multimode interference-based SMS fibre structure coated with a thin-film: Theoretical and experimental study , 2014 .

[114]  M. Koshiba,et al.  Numerical Modeling of Cryogenic Temperature Sensors Based on Plasmonic Oscillations in Metallic Nanoparticles Embedded Into Photonic Crystal Fibers , 2007, IEEE Photonics Technology Letters.

[115]  Igor L. Medintz,et al.  Fluorescence resonance energy transfer between quantum dot donors and dye-labeled protein acceptors. , 2003, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[116]  Wen-Tso Liu,et al.  Quantum Dots as a Novel Immunofluorescent Detection System for Cryptosporidium parvum and Giardia lamblia , 2004, Applied and Environmental Microbiology.

[117]  Joel Villatoro,et al.  Optical microfibers decorated with PdAu nanoparticles for fast hydrogen sensing , 2010 .

[118]  I-Cherng Chen,et al.  Detection of Hydrofluoric Acid by a SiO2 Sol-Gel Coating Fiber-Optic Probe Based on Reflection-Based Localized Surface Plasmon Resonance , 2011, Sensors.

[119]  Hao Zhang,et al.  Tilted fiber Bragg gratings: Principle and sensing applications , 2011 .

[120]  Francisco J Arregui,et al.  Fiber-optic pH-sensors in long-period fiber gratings using electrostatic self-assembly. , 2007, Optics letters.

[121]  B. Renganathan,et al.  Fiber optic gas sensors with vanadium oxide and tungsten oxide nanoparticle coated claddings , 2014 .

[122]  Francisco J. Arregui,et al.  A Lossy Mode Resonance optical sensor using silver nanoparticles-loaded films for monitoring human breathing , 2013 .

[123]  M. Mahdi,et al.  Silver/graphene nanocomposite-modified optical fiber sensor platform for ethanol detection in water medium , 2015 .

[124]  T. Batchman,et al.  Mode Coupling Between Dielectric and Semiconductor Planar Waveguides , 1982 .

[125]  Sumei Wang,et al.  Ultra-Abrupt Tapered Fiber Mach-Zehnder Interferometer Sensors , 2011, Sensors.

[126]  Lidong Li,et al.  Tunable metal-enhanced fluorescence by stimuli-responsive polyelectrolyte interlayer films. , 2011, Macromolecular rapid communications.

[127]  Nerea De Acha,et al.  Fiber-optic lossy mode resonance sensors , 2014 .

[128]  Hong-Bo Sun,et al.  Nanoporous TiO2/polyion thin-film-coated long-period grating sensors for the direct measurement of low-molecular-weight analytes. , 2012, Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids.

[129]  Ignacio Del Villar,et al.  Deposition of overlays by electrostatic self-assembly in long-period fiber gratings. , 2005, Optics letters.

[130]  R. Claus,et al.  Optical fiber humidity sensor using a nano Fabry–Perot cavity formed by the ionic self-assembly method , 1999 .

[131]  S. James,et al.  Optical fibre long-period grating sensors: characteristics and application , 2003 .

[132]  L. Lechuga,et al.  LSPR-based nanobiosensors , 2009 .

[133]  Francisco J. Arregui,et al.  Optical fiber refractometers based on localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) and lossy mode resonance (LMR) , 2014, Other Conferences.

[134]  Qida Zhao,et al.  Relative Humidity Sensor Based on Tilted Fiber Bragg Grating With Polyvinyl Alcohol Coating , 2009, IEEE Photonics Technology Letters.

[135]  L. R. Shobin,et al.  Glycerol mediated synthesis of silver nanowires for room temperature ammonia vapor sensing , 2014 .

[136]  Francisco J. Arregui,et al.  Volatile organic compounds optical fiber sensor based on lossy mode resonances , 2012 .

[137]  John A Rogers,et al.  Nanostructured plasmonic sensors. , 2008, Chemical reviews.

[138]  Rao Yunjiang,et al.  Simultaneous Static Strain, Temperature and Vibration Measurement Using an Integrated FBG/EFPI Sensor , 2001 .

[139]  Patrice Mégret,et al.  Highly sensitive detection of molecular interactions with plasmonic optical fiber grating sensors. , 2014, Biosensors & bioelectronics.

[140]  B. Culshaw,et al.  Optical fiber sensor technologies: opportunities and-perhaps-pitfalls , 2004, Journal of Lightwave Technology.

[141]  Francisco J. Arregui,et al.  Photonic Crystal Fiber Temperature Sensor Based on Quantum Dot Nanocoatings , 2009, J. Sensors.

[142]  Lei Jia,et al.  Optical Response of Fiber-Optic Fabry-Perot Refractive-Index Tip Sensor Coated With Polyelectrolyte Multilayer Ultra-Thin Films , 2013, Journal of Lightwave Technology.

[143]  Jie Cao,et al.  One-pot hydrothermal synthesis of silver nanoplates on optical fiber tip for surface-enhanced Raman scattering , 2014 .

[144]  K. Hirao,et al.  Fabrication of long-period fiber gratings by focused irradiation of infrared femtosecond laser pulses. , 1999, Optics letters.

[145]  Shuping Xu,et al.  Preparation of surface-enhanced Raman scattering(SERS)-active optical fiber sensor by laser-induced Ag deposition and its application in bioidentification of biotin/avidin , 2015, Chemical Research in Chinese Universities.

[146]  Puneet Misra,et al.  Nano-like magnesium oxide films and its significance in optical fiber humidity sensor , 2004 .

[147]  Ignacio Del Villar,et al.  Generation of Lossy Mode Resonances With Absorbing Thin-Films , 2010, Journal of Lightwave Technology.

[148]  H. Tsai,et al.  High sensitivity of taper-based Mach-Zehnder interferometer embedded in a thinned optical fiber for refractive index sensing. , 2011, Applied optics.

[149]  Hao Zhang,et al.  Temperature tunability of photonic crystal fiber filled with Fe3O4 nanoparticle fluid , 2011 .

[150]  G. Town,et al.  Fabricating Nanoporous Silica Structure on D-Fibres through Room Temperature Self-Assembly , 2014, Materials.

[151]  M. Hernáez,et al.  Lossy mode resonances supported by TiO2 -coated optical fibers , 2010 .

[152]  Ignacio Del Villar,et al.  Enhancement of sensitivity in long-period fiber gratings with deposition of low-refractive-index materials. , 2005, Optics letters.

[153]  Hai Xiao,et al.  Long period fiber grating sensors coated with nano iron/silica particles for corrosion monitoring , 2013 .

[154]  A. Cusano,et al.  Coated long-period fiber gratings as high-sensitivity optochemical sensors , 2006, Journal of Lightwave Technology.

[155]  Byoungho Lee,et al.  Review of the present status of optical fiber sensors , 2003 .

[156]  Larry L Hench,et al.  Effect of taper geometries and launch angle on evanescent wave penetration depth in optical fibers. , 2005, Biosensors & bioelectronics.

[157]  Tao Wei,et al.  Nano-structured Pd-long period fiber gratings integrated optical sensor for hydrogen detection , 2008 .

[158]  N S Kim,et al.  Fiber Bragg grating temperature sensor with controllable sensitivity. , 1999, Applied optics.

[159]  Banshi D. Gupta,et al.  Surface Plasmon Resonance-Based Fiber Optic Sensors: Principle, Probe Designs, and Some Applications , 2009, J. Sensors.

[160]  Christina M Gasbarro,et al.  Bioconjugation of quantum dot luminescent probes for Western blot analysis. , 2005, BioTechniques.

[161]  Jürgen Popp,et al.  Towards a fast, high specific and reliable discrimination of bacteria on strain level by means of SERS in a microfluidic device. , 2011, Lab on a chip.

[162]  Sacharia Albin,et al.  Transmission property and evanescent wave absorption of cladded multimode fiber tapers. , 2003, Optics express.

[163]  Agostino Iadicicco,et al.  High-sensitivity optical chemosensor based on coated long-period gratings for sub-ppm chemical detection in water , 2005 .

[164]  Gang Bao,et al.  Quantum dot-fluorescent protein FRET probes for sensing intracellular pH. , 2012, ACS nano.

[165]  Hongyu Zhang,et al.  Layer-by-layer assembly: from conventional to unconventional methods. , 2007, Chemical communications.

[166]  Ralph P. Tatam,et al.  Response of fiber-optic long-period gratings operating near the phase-matching turning point to the deposition of nanostructured coatings , 2008 .

[167]  Sailing He,et al.  Localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) of polyelectrolyte-functionalized gold-nanoparticles for bio-sensing , 2009 .

[168]  M. Marciniak,et al.  Analysis of lossy mode cut-off conditions in planar waveguides with semiconductor guiding layer , 1993 .

[169]  Ralph P. Tatam,et al.  Optical fibre long period grating based selective vapour sensing of volatile organic compounds , 2010 .

[170]  A. Cusano,et al.  Optical chemo-sensor based on long period gratings coated with /spl delta/ form syndiotactic polystyrene , 2005, IEEE Photonics Technology Letters.

[171]  J. Albert,et al.  Plasmon-enhanced refractometry using silver nanowire coatings on tilted fibre Bragg gratings , 2012, Nanotechnology.

[172]  J. M. Costa-Fernández,et al.  Optical sensors based on luminescent quantum dots , 2006, Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry.

[173]  J. Goicoechea,et al.  Quantum Dots for Sensing , 2009 .

[174]  Francisco J. Arregui,et al.  Generation of lossy mode resonances by deposition of high-refractive-index coatings on uncladded multimode optical fibers , 2010 .

[175]  Peng Zu,et al.  Chitosan-Coated Polarization Maintaining Fiber-Based Sagnac Interferometer for Relative Humidity Measurement , 2012, IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics.

[176]  Zhivko Zhelev,et al.  Quantum dot-based western blot technology for ultrasensitive detection of tracer proteins. , 2005, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[177]  S. Yee,et al.  A fiber-optic chemical sensor based on surface plasmon resonance , 1993 .

[178]  Jaw-Luen Tang,et al.  Chemical Sensing Sensitivity of Long-Period Grating Sensor Enhanced by Colloidal Gold Nanoparticles , 2008, Sensors.

[179]  Humidity sensor based on silver nanoparticles embedded in a polymeric coating , 2011, 2011 Fifth International Conference on Sensing Technology.