Similarity Scaling and Cognitive Process Models

INTRODUCTION 25 DETERMINISTIC MULTIDIMENSIONAL SCALING APPROACHES ... . . .. ... ....... . 27 Universal Laws of Generalization and Similarity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........ . 27 Identification, Categorization, and Recognition 30 Same-Different Judgments and Reaction Time 37 Cognitive Processes and the Metric Axioms. . . . . ....... . . .. . . . . . . ...... . . . . . .. . . . . . ...... . . . 38 Summary....... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....... . . . . .. . . ....... . . . . . . . .. ........ . . .. .. . . . . . ...... . . . 40 PROBABILISTIC MULTIDIMENSIONAL SCALING APPROACHES . .. . . . . . . . . .. .... . . 41 Probabilistic Scaling of Distance Judgments .. . .. ........ . . . . . ... ..... 41 General Recognition Theory . . . . . . 43 Multivariate Discrimination Methods ..... ... . ....... . . . . . . ......... . . 47 FUTURE DIRECTIONS 49

[1]  R. Shepard.  Stimulus and response generalization: A stochastic model relating generalization to distance in psychological space , 1957 .

[2]  R. Shepard.  Stimulus and response generalization: tests of a model relating generalization to distance in psychological space. , 1958, Journal of experimental psychology.

[3]  R. Shepard.  Stimulus and response generalization: deduction of the generalization gradient from a trace model. , 1958, Psychological review.

[4]  R. Shepard,et al.  Learning and memorization of classifications. , 1961 .

[5]  R. Shepard,et al.  Stimulus generalization in the learning of classifications. , 1963, Journal of experimental psychology.

[6]  R. Shepard.  Attention and the metric structure of the stimulus space. , 1964 .

[7]  N. Henley.  A psychological study of the semantics of animal terms , 1969 .

[8]  J. Townsend.  Theoretical analysis of an alphabetic confusion matrix , 1971 .

[9]  Stephen K. Reed,et al.  Pattern recognition and categorization , 1972 .

[10]  R. Shepard,et al.  The internal representation of numbers , 1975, Cognitive Psychology.

[11]  J. Carroll,et al.  Spatial, non-spatial and hybrid models for scaling , 1976 .

[12]  J. W. Hutchinson,et al.  Similarity as distance: A structural principle for semantic memory. , 1977 .

[13]  Gregory R. Lockhead,et al.  Identification of Integral Stimuli. , 1977 .

[14]  A. Tversky.  Features of Similarity , 1977 .

[15]  Douglas L. Medin,et al.  Context theory of classification learning. , 1978 .

[16]  W. R. Garner,et al.  Reaction time as a measure of inter- and intraobject visual similarity: Letters of the alphabet , 1979 .

[17]  E. Holman.  Monotonic models for asymmetric proximities , 1979 .

[18]  D. M. Green,et al.  On the prediction of confusion matrices from similarity judgments , 1979 .

[19]  A. Tversky,et al.  Similarity, separability, and the triangle inequality. , 1982, Psychological review.

[20]  J E Smith,et al.  Recognition models evaluated: A commentary on Keren and Baggen , 1982, Perception & psychophysics.

[21]  A. Tversky,et al.  Representations of qualitative and quantitative dimensions. , 1982, Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance.

[22]  Marilyn L Shaw,et al.  Attending to multiple sources of information: I. The integration of information in decision making , 1982, Cognitive Psychology.

[23]  James T. Townsend,et al.  An experimental and theoretical investigation of the constant-ratio rule and other models of visual letter confusion , 1982 .

[24]  Joseph L. Zinnes,et al.  Probabilistic multidimensional scaling: Complete and incomplete data , 1983 .

[25]  James T. Townsend,et al.  Mathematical models of recognition and confusion in psychology , 1983 .

[26]  R. Nosofsky.  American Psychological Association, Inc. Choice, Similarity, and the Context Theory of Classification , 2022 .

[27]  R. Shiffrin,et al.  A retrieval model for both recognition and recall. , 1984, Psychological review.

[28]  R. Nosofsky.  Overall similarity and the identification of separable-dimension stimuli: A choice model analysis , 1985, Perception & psychophysics.

[29]  R M Nosofsky,et al.  Luce’s choice model and Thurstone’s categorical judgment model compared: Kornbrot’s data revisited , 1985, Perception & psychophysics.

[30]  N. Perrin,et al.  Varieties of perceptual independence. , 1986, Psychological review.

[31]  R. Shepard.  Discrimination and generalization in identification and classification: Comment on Nosofsky. , 1986 .

[32]  Douglas L. Hintzman,et al.  "Schema Abstraction" in a Multiple-Trace Memory Model , 1986 .

[33]  J. W. Hutchinson,et al.  Nearest neighbor analysis of psychological spaces. , 1986 .

[34]  R. Nosofsky.  Attention, similarity, and the identification-categorization relationship. , 1986, Journal of experimental psychology. General.

[35]  R. Shepard,et al.  Toward a universal law of generalization for psychological science. , 1987, Science.

[36]  Kenneth Mullen,et al.  Mathematical formulation of multivariate euclidean models for discrimination methods , 1987 .

[37]  J. Corter.  Similarity, confusability, and the density hypothesis. , 1987, Journal of experimental psychology. General.

[38]  R. Nosofsky.  Attention and learning processes in the identification and categorization of integral stimuli. , 1987, Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition.

[39]  Yoshio Takane,et al.  Structures in two-choice reaction-time data. , 1987 .

[40]  Gregory Ashby,et al.  Decision rules in the perception and categorization of multidimensional stimuli. , 1988, Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition.

[41]  G. Bower,et al.  Evaluating an adaptive network model of human learning , 1988 .

[42]  Robert M. Nosofsky,et al.  On Exemplar-Based Exemplar Representations: Reply to Ennis (1988) , 1988 .

[43]  R. Nosofsky.  Exemplar-Based Accounts of Relations Between Classification, Recognition, and Typicality , 1988 .

[44]  D. Ennis.  Confusable and discriminable stimuli: Comment on Nosofsky (1986) and Shepard (1986). , 1988 .

[45]  W. Heiser.  Selecting a stimulus set with prescribed structure from empirical confusion frequencies , 1988 .

[46]  D S Blough,et al.  Quantitative relations between visual search speed and target-distractor similarity , 1988, Perception & psychophysics.

[47]  William B Estes,et al.  Similarity , Frequency , and Category Representations , 1988 .

[48]  Kenneth Mullen,et al.  A multidimensional stochastic theory of similiarity , 1988 .

[49]  Roger N. Shepard.  Time and distance in generalization and discrimination: Reply to Ennis (1988). , 1988 .

[50]  F G Ashby,et al.  Estimating the parameters of multidimensional signal detection theory from simultaneous ratings on separate stimulus components , 1988, Perception & psychophysics.

[51]  T. Wickens,et al.  The statistical analysis of concurrent detection ratings , 1989, Perception & psychophysics.

[52]  R. Nosofsky.  Further tests of an exemplar-similarity approach to relating identification and categorization , 1989, Perception & psychophysics.

[53]  R. Nosofsky,et al.  Rules and exemplars in categorization, identification, and recognition. , 1989, Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition.

[54]  R N Shepard.  Neural nets for generalization and classification: comment on Staddon and Reid (1990) , 1990, Psychological review.

[55]  D. Massaro,et al.  Models of integration given multiple sources of information. , 1990, Psychological review.

[56]  J E Staddon,et al.  On the dynamics of generalization. , 1990, Psychological review.

[57]  Roger N. Shepard,et al.  Connectionist Implementation of a Theory of Generalization , 1990, NIPS.

[58]  R. Nosofsky.  Relations between exemplar-similarity and likelihood models of classification , 1990 .

[59]  R. Nosofsky.  Stimulus bias, asymmetric similarity, and classification , 1991, Cognitive Psychology.

[60]  M. Gluck.  Stimulus Generalization and Representation in Adaptive Network Models of Category Learning , 1991 .

[61]  R. Nosofsky.  Tests of an exemplar model for relating perceptual classification and recognition memory. , 1991, Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance.

[62]  R. Nosofsky,et al.  Predicting similarity and categorization from identification. , 1991, Journal of experimental psychology. General.

[63]  R. Nosofsky.  Exemplars, prototypes, and similarity rules. , 1992 .

[64]  L. Thurstone.  A law of comparative judgment. , 1994 .