Relaxation labelling algorithms - a review

Abstract An important research topic in image processing and image interpretation methodology is the development of methods to incorporate contextual information into the interpretation of objects. Over the last decade, relaxation labelling has been a useful and much studied approach to this problem. It is an attractive technique because it is highly parallel, involving the propagation of local information via iterative processing. The paper. surveys the literature pertaining to relaxation labelling and highlights the important theoretical advances and the interesting applications for which it has proven useful.

[1]  S. Ganapathy,et al.  A Systematic Approach to Continuous Graph Labeling With Application to Computer Vision , 1982, AAAI.

[2]  R M Haralick,et al.  The consistent labeling problem: part I. , 1979, IEEE transactions on pattern analysis and machine intelligence.

[3]  Steven W. Zucker,et al.  Continuous Relaxation and Local Maxima Selection: Conditions for Equivalence , 1979, IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence.

[4]  Robert M. Haralick,et al.  Decision Making in Context , 1983, IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence.

[5]  Andrew Blake,et al.  The least-disturbance principle and weak constraints , 1983, Pattern Recognit. Lett..

[6]  Ugo Montanari,et al.  Networks of constraints: Fundamental properties and applications to picture processing , 1974, Inf. Sci..

[7]  Shimon Ullman,et al.  Relaxation and constrained optimization by local processes , 1979 .

[8]  Jan-Olof Eklundh,et al.  Some properties of stochastic labeling procedures , 1982, Comput. Graph. Image Process..

[9]  Theodosios Pavlidis,et al.  Structural pattern recognition , 1977 .

[10]  Robert M. Haralick,et al.  Structural pattern recognition, homomorphisms, and arrangements , 1978, Pattern Recognit..

[11]  Josef Kittler,et al.  On compatibility and support functions in probabilistic relaxation , 1986, Comput. Vis. Graph. Image Process..

[12]  Olivier D. Faugeras,et al.  Semantic Description of Aerial Images Using Stochastic Labeling , 1981, IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence.

[13]  Allen R. Hanson,et al.  Studies in Global and Local Histogram-Guided Relaxation Algorithms , 1982, IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence.

[14]  K. E. Price.  Relaxation Matching Applied To Aerial Images , 1981, Other Conferences.

[15]  Bernard Nudel,et al.  Consistent-Labeling Problems and Their Algorithms: Expected-Complexities and Theory-Based Heuristics , 1983, Artif. Intell..

[16]  J M Tenenbaum,et al.  MSYS: A System for Reasoning About Scenes. , 1975 .

[17]  Azriel Rosenfeld,et al.  Breaking substitution ciphers using a relaxation algorithm , 1979, CACM.

[18]  S. A. Lloyd.  An optimization approach to relaxation labelling algorithms , 1983, Image Vis. Comput..

[19]  Azriel Rosenfeld,et al.  Multi-resolution relaxation , 1983, Pattern Recognit..

[20]  Azriel Rosenfeld,et al.  Cooperating Processes for Low-Level Vision: A Survey , 1981, Artif. Intell..

[21]  Robert A. Hummel.  A Design Method for Relaxation Labeling Applications , 1983, AAAI.

[22]  Shmuel Peleg.  Ambiguity reduction in handwriting with ambiguous segmentation and uncertain interpretation , 1979 .

[23]  D Marr,et al.  Cooperative computation of stereo disparity. , 1976, Science.

[24]  WALLACES. RUTKOWSKI.  Recognition of occluded shapes using relaxation , 1982, Comput. Graph. Image Process..

[25]  David L. Waltz,et al.  Understanding Line drawings of Scenes with Shadows , 1975 .

[26]  Azriel Rosenfeld,et al.  Scene Labeling by Relaxation Operations , 1976, IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics.

[27]  David B. Cooper,et al.  Simple Parallel Hierarchical and Relaxation Algorithms for Segmenting Noncausal Markovian Random Fields , 1987, IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence.

[28]  Julian R. Ullmann,et al.  A Use of Continuity in Character Recognition , 1974, IEEE Trans. Syst. Man Cybern..

[29]  Robert M. Haralick,et al.  Arrangements, Homomorphisms, and Discrete Relaxation , 1978, IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics.

[30]  Katsushi Ikeuchi,et al.  Numerical Shape from Shading and Occluding Boundaries , 1981, Artif. Intell..

[31]  R. Kirby.  A product rule relaxation method , 1980 .

[32]  Josef Kittler,et al.  Contextual classification of multispectral pixel data , 1984, Image Vis. Comput..

[33]  Olivier D. Faugeras,et al.  Segmentation of Images Having Unimodal Distributions , 1982, IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence.

[34]  K. A Narayanan.  A remark on the paper, “A method of deriving compatibility coefficients for relaxation operators,” by H. Yamamoto , 1980 .

[35]  Larry S. Davis,et al.  An experiment in multispectral, multitemporal crop classification using relaxation techniques , 1983, Comput. Vis. Graph. Image Process..

[36]  Keith E. Price,et al.  Relaxation Matching Techniques-A Comparison , 1985, IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence.

[37]  Julian R. Ullmann.  A consistency technique for pattern association , 1962, IRE Trans. Inf. Theory.

[38]  Steven W. Zucker,et al.  Cooperation and Visual Information Processing , 1981 .

[39]  P. Wambacq,et al.  A Relaxation Based Adaptive Filtering Algorithm , 1984, Optics & Photonics.

[40]  Steven W. Zucker,et al.  On the Foundations of Relaxation Labeling Processes , 1983, IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence.

[41]  Donald Geman,et al.  Stochastic Relaxation, Gibbs Distributions, and the Bayesian Restoration of Images , 1984, IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence.

[42]  Azriel Rosenfeld,et al.  An Application of Relaxation Labeling to Line and Curve Enhancement , 1977, IEEE Transactions on Computers.

[43]  Olivier D. Faugeras,et al.  Improving Consistency and Reducing Ambiguity in Stochastic Labeling: An Optimization Approach , 1981, IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence.

[44]  L. Kitchen.  Discrete Relaxation for Matching Relational Structures , 1978 .

[45]  Shmuel Peleg,et al.  Classification and tracking using local optimization , 1983, IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics.

[46]  Azriel Rosenfeld,et al.  The Application of Relaxation to Waveforms with Ambiguous Segmentations , 1979, IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics.

[47]  Steven W. Zucker,et al.  A Gradient Projection Algorithm for Relaxation Methods , 1983, IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence.

[48]  Shmuel Peleg.  Iterative histogram modification. II , 1977 .

[49]  Berthold K. P. Horn,et al.  Determining Optical Flow , 1981, Other Conferences.

[50]  John L. Mohammed,et al.  Compatibilities and the fixed points of arithmetic relaxation processes , 1980 .

[51]  Thomas C. Henderson,et al.  A note on discrete relaxation , 1984, Comput. Vis. Graph. Image Process..

[52]  Les Kitchen,et al.  Relaxation Applied to Matching Quantitative Relational Structures , 1978 .

[53]  J. A. Richards,et al.  Pixel Labeling by Supervised Probabilistic Relaxation , 1981, IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence.

[54]  David A. Landgrebe,et al.  Adaptive Relaxation Labeling , 1984, IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence.

[55]  Hiromichi Yamamoto.  Some experiments on LANDSAT pixel classification using relaxation operators , 1980 .

[56]  Bir Bhanu,et al.  Segmentation of natural scenes , 1987, Pattern Recognit..

[57]  Azriel Rosenfeld,et al.  Curve Segmentation by Relaxation Labeling , 1977, IEEE Transactions on Computers.

[58]  Bernard Nudel,et al.  Solving the General Consistent Labeling (or Constraint Satisfaction) Problem: Two Algorithms and Their Expected Complexities , 1983, AAAI.

[59]  M. B. Clowes,et al.  On Seeing Things , 1971, Artif. Intell..

[60]  Larry S. Davis,et al.  Shape Matching Using Relaxation Techniques , 1979, IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence.

[61]  Shmuel Peleg,et al.  A New Probabilistic Relaxation Scheme , 1980, IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence.

[62]  Olivier D. Faugeras,et al.  Using Context in the Global Recognition of a Set of Objects: An Optimization Approach , 1980, IFIP Congress.

[63]  Olivier D. Faugeras.  Decomposition and decentralization techniques in relaxation labeling , 1981 .

[64]  Dana H. Ballard,et al.  Computer Vision , 1982 .

[65]  Robert M. Haralick,et al.  Computer Architecture for Solving Consistent Labelling Problems , 1985, Comput. J..

[66]  Azriel Rosenfeld,et al.  Blob Detection by Relaxation , 1981, IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence.

[67]  Shmuel Peleg,et al.  Determining Compatibility Coefficients for Curve Enhancement Relaxation Processes , 1978 .

[68]  Azriel Rosenfeld,et al.  Some experiments in relaxation image matching using corner features , 1983, Pattern Recognit..

[69]  Andrew Blake,et al.  Relaxation labelling - the principle of 'least disturbance' , 1983, Pattern Recognit. Lett..

[70]  Robert B Eberlein,et al.  An iterative gradient edge detection algorithm , 1976 .

[71]  Azriel Rosenfeld,et al.  A Relaxation Method for Multispectral Pixel Classification , 1980, IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence.

[72]  Dianne P. O'Leary,et al.  Analysis of relaxation processes: The two-node two-label case , 1983, IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics.

[73]  Hiromichi Yamamoto.  A method of deriving compatibility coefficients for relaxation operators , 1979 .

[74]  S. A. Lloyd.  A dynamic programming algorithm for binocular stereo vision , 1985 .

[75]  Glenn Shafer,et al.  A Mathematical Theory of Evidence , 2020, A Mathematical Theory of Evidence.

[76]  Azriel Rosenfeld,et al.  Relaxation: Evaluation and Applications , 1981, IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence.

[77]  Bernard Nudel,et al.  Consistent-Labeling Problems and Their Algorithms , 1982, AAAI.

[78]  R. Hummel,et al.  Toward a low-level description of dot clusters: Labeling edge, interior, and noise points , 1979 .

[79]  Allen R. Hanson,et al.  Variations in relaxation labeling techniques , 1981 .

[80]  F. Glazer.  Multilevel Relaxation in Low-Level Computer Vision , 1984 .

[81]  Robert M. Haralick,et al.  An interpretation for probabilistic relaxation , 1983, Computer Vision Graphics and Image Processing.

[82]  Carl V. Page,et al.  Augmented Relaxation Labeling and Dynamic Relaxation Labeling , 1982, IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence.

[83]  P. Swain,et al.  On the accuracy of pixel relaxation labeling , 1981 .

[84]  Azriel Rosenfeld,et al.  Strip detection using relaxation , 1980, Pattern Recognit..

[85]  Alan K. Mackworth.  Consistency in Networks of Relations , 1977, Artif. Intell..

[86]  Azriel Rosenfeld,et al.  Point pattern matching by relaxation , 1980, Pattern Recognit..

[87]  E. V Krshnamurthy,et al.  Relaxation: Application to the matrix reconstruction problem , 1981 .

[88]  Shmuel Peleg,et al.  Classification by discrete optimization , 1984, Comput. Vis. Graph. Image Process..