Neuronal variability: noise or part of the signal?

Sensory, motor and cortical neurons fire impulses or spikes at a regular, but slowly declining, rate in response to a constant current stimulus. Yet, the intervals between spikes often vary randomly during behaviour. Is this variation an unavoidable effect of generating spikes by sensory or synaptic processes ('neural noise') or is it an important part of the 'signal' that is transmitted to other neurons? Here, we mainly discuss this question in relation to sensory and motor processes, as the signals are best identified in such systems, although we also touch on central processes.

[1]  PV.,et al.  Contributions to the Analysis of the Sensations , 1897, Nature.

[2]  W. Smith.  The Integrative Action of the Nervous System , 1907, Nature.

[3]  E. Adrian,et al.  The impulses produced by sensory nerve‐endings , 1926 .

[4]  I. Pavlov,et al.  Conditioned reflexes: An investigation of the physiological activity of the cerebral cortex. , 1929, Annals of neurosciences.

[5]  E. Adrian,et al.  The discharge of impulses in motor nerve fibres , 1929, The Journal of physiology.

[6]  E. Adrian,et al.  The discharge of impulses in motor nerve fibres , 1928, The Journal of physiology.

[7]  C. Jacobsen,et al.  Studies of cerebral function in primates. IV. The effects of frontal lobe lesions on the delayed alternation habit in monkeys. , 1937 .

[8]  E. Rowland.  Theory of Games and Economic Behavior , 1946, Nature.

[9]  W. McCulloch,et al.  The limiting information capacity of a neuronal link , 1952 .

[10]  G. A. Miller.  THE PSYCHOLOGICAL REVIEW THE MAGICAL NUMBER SEVEN, PLUS OR MINUS TWO: SOME LIMITS ON OUR CAPACITY FOR PROCESSING INFORMATION 1 , 1956 .

[11]  E. Henneman.  Relation between size of neurons and their susceptibility to discharge. , 1957, Science.

[12]  P. H. Nowell-Smith.  Choosing, Deciding and Doing , 1958 .

[13]  M. Pirenne,et al.  SOME ASPECTS OF THE SENSITIVITY OF THE EYE , 1958, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences.

[14]  Anatol Rapoport,et al.  The Theoretical Channel Capacity of a Single Neuron as Determined by Various Coding Systems , 1960, Inf. Control..

[15]  D. Hubel,et al.  Receptive fields, binocular interaction and functional architecture in the cat's visual cortex , 1962, The Journal of physiology.

[16]  R. B. Heisch.  How, what and why. , 1963, East African medical journal.

[17]  B. Milner.  Effects of Different Brain Lesions on Card Sorting: The Role of the Frontal Lobes , 1963 .

[18]  V. Mountcastle,et al.  NEURAL ACTIVITY IN MECHANORECEPTIVE CUTANEOUS AFFERENTS: STIMULUS-RESPONSE RELATIONS, WEBER FUNCTIONS, AND INFORMATION TRANSMISSION. , 1965, Journal of neurophysiology.

[19]  H. D. Miller,et al.  The Theory Of Stochastic Processes , 1977, The Mathematical Gazette.

[20]  R. Stein.  A THEORETICAL ANALYSIS OF NEURONAL VARIABILITY. , 1965, Biophysical journal.

[21]  I. Whitfield.  Discharge Patterns of Single Fibers in the Cat's Auditory Nerve , 1966 .

[22]  文魚 長谷川.  D.R. Cox and H.D. Miller: The Theory of Stochastic Processes, Methuen. London, 1965, 398頁, 24×16cm, 4,200円. , 1966 .

[23]  R. Stein,et al.  The information capacity of nerve cells using a frequency code. , 1967, Biophysical journal.

[24]  Alexander Joseph.  Book reviewDischarge patterns of single fibers in the cat's auditory nerve: Nelson Yuan-Sheng Kiang, with the assistance of Takeshi Watanabe, Eleanor C. Thomas and Louise F. Clark: Research Monograph no. 35. Cambridge, Mass., The M.I.T. Press, 1965 , 1967 .

[25]  C. Stevens,et al.  Synaptic noise and other sources of randomness in motoneuron interspike intervals. , 1968, Journal of neurophysiology.

[26]  G. Harris,et al.  Brownian motion in the cochlear partition. , 1968, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America.

[27]  V. Mountcastle,et al.  The sense of flutter-vibration: comparison of the human capacity with response patterns of mechanoreceptive afferents from the monkey hand. , 1968, Journal of neurophysiology.

[28]  Robert Nozick,et al.  Newcomb’s Problem and Two Principles of Choice , 1969 .

[29]  J. Goldberg,et al.  Response of binaural neurons of dog superior olivary complex to dichotic tonal stimuli: some physiological mechanisms of sound localization. , 1969, Journal of neurophysiology.

[30]  A S French,et al.  A flexible neural analog using integrated circuits. , 1970, IEEE transactions on bio-medical engineering.

[31]  G. C. Quarton,et al.  The Neurosciences;: Second study program , 1970 .

[32]  H. Niki,et al.  Prefrontal cortical unit activity and delayed alternation performance in monkeys. , 1971, Journal of neurophysiology.

[33]  G. E. Alexander,et al.  Neuron Activity Related to Short-Term Memory , 1971, Science.

[34]  John N. Walton,et al.  The neurosciences: Second study program , 1971 .

[35]  Henk Spekreijse,et al.  Dynamic Characteristics of Retinal Ganglion Cell Responses in Goldfish , 1972, The Journal of general physiology.

[36]  R B Stein,et al.  The orderly recruitment of human motor units during voluntary isometric contractions , 1973, The Journal of physiology.

[37]  J M Fuster,et al.  Firing changes in cells of the nucleus medialis dorsalis associated with delayed response behavior. , 1973, Brain research.

[38]  Elizabeth C. Hirschman,et al.  Judgment under Uncertainty: Heuristics and Biases , 1974, Science.

[39]  A. Starr,et al.  Neurophysiological mechanisms of sound localization. , 1974, Federation proceedings.

[40]  Masataka Watanabe,et al.  Prefrontal unit activity and delayed response: Relation to cue location versus direction of response , 1976, Brain Research.

[41]  E. Godaux,et al.  Ballistic contractions in man: characteristic recruitment pattern of single motor units of the tibialis anterior muscle. , 1977, The Journal of physiology.

[42]  B. McNaughton,et al.  Synaptic enhancement in fascia dentata: Cooperativity among coactive afferents , 1978, Brain Research.

[43]  W. Levy,et al.  Synapses as associative memory elements in the hippocampal formation , 1979, Brain Research.

[44]  D. Davidson.  Actions, Reasons, And Causes , 1980 .

[45]  S. Ullman.  Against direct perception , 1980, Behavioral and Brain Sciences.

[46]  M. Posner,et al.  Orienting of Attention* , 1980, The Quarterly journal of experimental psychology.

[47]  J. Lund,et al.  Anatomical organization of primate visual cortex area VII , 1981, The Journal of comparative neurology.

[48]  R. Holub,et al.  Response of Visual Cortical Neurons of the cat to moving sinusoidal gratings: response-contrast functions and spatiotemporal interactions. , 1981, Journal of neurophysiology.

[49]  David Marr,et al.  VISION A Computational Investigation into the Human Representation and Processing of Visual Information , 2009 .

[50]  D. G. Albrecht,et al.  Striate cortex of monkey and cat: contrast response function. , 1982, Journal of neurophysiology.

[51]  A P Georgopoulos,et al.  On the relations between the direction of two-dimensional arm movements and cell discharge in primate motor cortex , 1982, The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience.

[52]  J J Hopfield,et al.  Neural networks and physical systems with emergent collective computational abilities. , 1982, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[53]  J. Movshon,et al.  The statistical reliability of signals in single neurons in cat and monkey visual cortex , 1983, Vision Research.

[54]  D P Corey,et al.  Kinetics of the receptor current in bullfrog saccular hair cells , 1983, The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience.

[55]  T. H. Brown,et al.  Associative long-term potentiation in hippocampal slices. , 1983, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[56]  John H. R. Maunsell,et al.  The connections of the middle temporal visual area (MT) and their relationship to a cortical hierarchy in the macaque monkey , 1983, The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience.

[57]  R. Wurtz,et al.  Visual and oculomotor functions of monkey substantia nigra pars reticulata. III. Memory-contingent visual and saccade responses. , 1983, Journal of neurophysiology.

[58]  M. Azuma,et al.  Properties and distribution of auditory neurons in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex of the alert monkey , 1984, Brain Research.

[59]  B. Gustafsson,et al.  On factors determining orderly recruitment of motor units: a role for intrinsic membrane properties , 1985, Trends in Neurosciences.

[60]  H. Barlow.  The Twelfth Bartlett Memorial Lecture: The Role of Single Neurons in the Psychology of Perception , 1985, The Quarterly journal of experimental psychology. A, Human experimental psychology.

[61]  R. Desimone,et al.  Selective attention gates visual processing in the extrastriate cortex. , 1985, Science.

[62]  E. Vaadia,et al.  Unit study of monkey frontal cortex: active localization of auditory and of visual stimuli. , 1986, Journal of neurophysiology.

[63]  Leslie G. Ungerleider,et al.  Cortical connections of visual area MT in the macaque , 1986, The Journal of comparative neurology.

[64]  Don C. Locke.  Elbow Room: The Varieties of Free Will Worth Wanting , 1986 .

[65]  H. Rodman,et al.  Coding of visual stimulus velocity in area MT of the macaque , 1987, Vision Research.

[66]  B. C. Motter,et al.  Common and differential effects of attentive fixation on the excitability of parietal and prestriate (V4) cortical visual neurons in the macaque monkey , 1987, The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience.

[67]  I. Ohzawa,et al.  The effects of contrast on visual orientation and spatial frequency discrimination: a comparison of single cells and behavior. , 1987, Journal of neurophysiology.

[68]  H. Spitzer,et al.  Increased attention enhances both behavioral and neuronal performance. , 1988, Science.

[69]  William Bialek,et al.  Real-time performance of a movement-sensitive neuron in the blowfly visual system: coding and information transfer in short spike sequences , 1988, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B. Biological Sciences.

[70]  E. Reed.  The Ecological Approach to Visual Perception , 1989 .

[71]  P. Goldman-Rakic,et al.  Mnemonic coding of visual space in the monkey's dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. , 1989, Journal of neurophysiology.

[72]  O. Hikosaka,et al.  Functional properties of monkey caudate neurons. III. Activities related to expectation of target and reward. , 1989, Journal of neurophysiology.

[73]  Judea Pearl,et al.  Probabilistic reasoning in intelligent systems - networks of plausible inference , 1991, Morgan Kaufmann series in representation and reasoning.

[74]  W. Geisler.  Sequential ideal-observer analysis of visual discriminations. , 1989, Psychological review.

[75]  H. Heckhausen,et al.  Readiness potentials preceding spontaneous motor acts: voluntary vs. involuntary control. , 1990, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[76]  H. Heckhausen,et al.  Intentional action and action slips. , 1990 .

[77]  R. Wurtz,et al.  The role of disparity-sensitive cortical neurons in signalling the direction of self-motion , 1990, Nature.

[78]  R. Douglas,et al.  A functional microcircuit for cat visual cortex. , 1991, The Journal of physiology.

[79]  C. Stevens,et al.  Excitatory and inhibitory autaptic currents in isolated hippocampal neurons maintained in cell culture. , 1991, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[80]  P. Goldman-Rakic,et al.  D1 dopamine receptors in prefrontal cortex: involvement in working memory , 1991, Science.

[81]  D. J. Felleman,et al.  Distributed hierarchical processing in the primate cerebral cortex. , 1991, Cerebral cortex.

[82]  G. Ainslie.  Picoeconomics: The Strategic Interaction of Successive Motivational States within the Person , 1992 .

[83]  Paul A. Braren,et al.  Wayfinding on foot from information in retinal, not optical, flow. , 1992, Journal of experimental psychology. General.

[84]  Sohee Park,et al.  Schizophrenics show spatial working memory deficits. , 1992, Archives of general psychiatry.

[85]  J. Fuster,et al.  Mnemonic and predictive functions of cortical neurons in a memory task , 1992, Neuroreport.

[86]  David L. Sparks,et al.  Movement selection in advance of action in the superior colliculus , 1992, Nature.

[87]  M. Goldberg,et al.  Ventral intraparietal area of the macaque: anatomic location and visual response properties. , 1993, Journal of neurophysiology.

[88]  P. Goldman-Rakic,et al.  Dissociation of object and spatial processing domains in primate prefrontal cortex. , 1993, Science.

[89]  P. Goldman-Rakic,et al.  Dorsolateral prefrontal lesions and oculomotor delayed-response performance: evidence for mnemonic "scotomas" , 1993, The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience.

[90]  David J. Field,et al.  Contour integration by the human visual system: Evidence for a local “association field” , 1993, Vision Research.

[91]  R. Johansson,et al.  Predictive feed-forward sensory control during grasping and manipulation in man , 1993 .

[92]  J. B. Levitt,et al.  Topography of pyramidal neuron intrinsic connections in macaque monkey prefrontal cortex (areas 9 and 46) , 1993, The Journal of comparative neurology.

[93]  D. Winter,et al.  Models of recruitment and rate coding organization in motor-unit pools. , 1993, Journal of neurophysiology.

[94]  P. Goldman-Rakic,et al.  Prefrontal neuronal activity in rhesus monkeys performing a delayed anti-saccade task , 1993, Nature.

[95]  J. O’Keefe,et al.  Phase relationship between hippocampal place units and the EEG theta rhythm , 1993, Hippocampus.

[96]  Edward E. Smith,et al.  Spatial working memory in humans as revealed by PET , 1993, Nature.

[97]  R. Knight,et al.  Factors of the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test as measures of frontal-lobe function in schizophrenia and in chronic alcoholism , 1993, Psychiatry Research.

[98]  S. Wise,et al.  Visuospatial versus visuomotor activity in the premotor and prefrontal cortex of a primate , 1993, The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience.

[99]  S. Wise,et al.  Effects of attention on visuomotor activity in the premotor and prefrontal cortex of a primate. , 1993, Somatosensory & motor research.

[100]  A B Schwartz,et al.  Direct cortical representation of drawing. , 1994, Science.

[101]  J. Maunsell,et al.  Responses of neurons in the parietal and temporal visual pathways during a motion task , 1994, The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience.

[102]  P. Goldman-Rakic,et al.  The role of D1-dopamine receptor in working memory: local injections of dopamine antagonists into the prefrontal cortex of rhesus monkeys performing an oculomotor delayed-response task. , 1994, Journal of neurophysiology.

[103]  Y. Tsal,et al.  Perceptual load as a major determinant of the locus of selection in visual attention , 1994, Perception & psychophysics.

[104]  I. Forsythe,et al.  Direct patch recording from identified presynaptic terminals mediating glutamatergic EPSCs in the rat CNS, in vitro. , 1994, The Journal of physiology.

[105]  P S Goldman-Rakic,et al.  Functional synergism between putative gamma-aminobutyrate-containing neurons and pyramidal neurons in prefrontal cortex. , 1994, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[106]  G. Orban,et al.  Activity of inferior temporal neurons during orientation discrimination with successively presented gratings. , 1994, Journal of neurophysiology.

[107]  B. C. Motter,et al.  Neural correlates of feature selective memory and pop-out in extrastriate area V4 , 1994, The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience.

[108]  P. Goldman-Rakic.  Working memory dysfunction in schizophrenia. , 1994, The Journal of neuropsychiatry and clinical neurosciences.

[109]  H. Sompolinsky,et al.  Theory of orientation tuning in visual cortex. , 1995, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[110]  T. Sejnowski,et al.  Reliability of spike timing in neocortical neurons. , 1995, Science.

[111]  Kurt Wiesenfeld,et al.  Stochastic resonance and the benefits of noise: from ice ages to crayfish and SQUIDs , 1995, Nature.

[112]  P. Goldman-Rakic,et al.  Modulation of memory fields by dopamine Dl receptors in prefrontal cortex , 1995, Nature.

[113]  H. Spitzer,et al.  Attentional effort modulated by task difficulty , 1995, Vision Research.

[114]  P. Goldman-Rakic,et al.  Intrinsic circuit organization of the major layers and sublayers of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in the rhesus monkey , 1995, The Journal of comparative neurology.

[115]  R. Nicoll,et al.  Contrasting properties of two forms of long-term potentiation in the hippocampus , 1995, Nature.

[116]  C. Koch,et al.  Recurrent excitation in neocortical circuits , 1995, Science.

[117]  P S Goldman-Rakic,et al.  Spatial working memory deficits in the relatives of schizophrenic patients. , 1995, Archives of general psychiatry.

[118]  David C. Knill,et al.  Object classification for human and ideal observers , 1995, Vision Research.

[119]  James A. Crowell,et al.  Ideal observer for heading judgments , 1996, Vision Research.

[120]  L. Abbott,et al.  A model of multiplicative neural responses in parietal cortex. , 1996, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[121]  R. Andersen,et al.  Spatially tuned auditory responses in area LIP of macaques performing delayed memory saccades to acoustic targets. , 1996, Journal of neurophysiology.

[122]  G. S. Russo,et al.  Neurons in the supplementary eye field of rhesus monkeys code visual targets and saccadic eye movements in an oculocentric coordinate system. , 1996, Journal of neurophysiology.

[123]  M. A. Steinmetz,et al.  Neuronal activity in posterior parietal area 7a during the delay periods of a spatial memory task. , 1996, Journal of neurophysiology.

[124]  A. Sirigu,et al.  The Mental Representation of Hand Movements After Parietal Cortex Damage , 1996, Science.

[125]  Frank Moss,et al.  Noise in human muscle spindles , 1996, Nature.

[126]  B. McNaughton,et al.  Theta phase precession in hippocampal neuronal populations and the compression of temporal sequences , 1996, Hippocampus.

[127]  William Bialek,et al.  Spikes: Exploring the Neural Code , 1996 .

[128]  M. Bear,et al.  Metaplasticity: the plasticity of synaptic plasticity , 1996, Trends in Neurosciences.

[129]  W. Singer,et al.  Integrator or coincidence detector? The role of the cortical neuron revisited , 1996, Trends in Neurosciences.

[130]  D. V. van Essen,et al.  Responses in area V4 depend on the spatial relationship between stimulus and attention. , 1996, Journal of neurophysiology.

[131]  J. B. Levitt,et al.  Patterns of intrinsic and associational circuitry in monkey prefrontal cortex , 1996, The Journal of comparative neurology.

[132]  T. Sanger,et al.  Probability density estimation for the interpretation of neural population codes. , 1996, Journal of neurophysiology.

[133]  J M Fuster,et al.  Auditory memory cells in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. , 1996, Neuroreport.

[134]  Peter Dayan,et al.  Combining Probabilistic Population Codes , 1997, IJCAI.

[135]  Leslie G. Ungerleider,et al.  Transient and sustained activity in a distributed neural system for human working memory , 1997, Nature.

[136]  D. V. van Essen,et al.  Spatial Attention Effects in Macaque Area V4 , 1997, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[137]  R. Desimone,et al.  Neural mechanisms of spatial selective attention in areas V1, V2, and V4 of macaque visual cortex. , 1997, Journal of neurophysiology.

[138]  R. Desimone,et al.  Object and place memory in the macaque entorhinal cortex. , 1997, Journal of neurophysiology.

[139]  S C Rao,et al.  Integration of what and where in the primate prefrontal cortex. , 1997, Science.

[140]  D. G. Albrecht,et al.  Visual cortex neurons in monkeys and cats: Detection, discrimination, and identification , 1997, Visual Neuroscience.

[141]  Rajesh P. N. Rao,et al.  Embodiment is the foundation, not a level , 1996, Behavioral and Brain Sciences.

[142]  J. Duysens,et al.  Responses in ventral intraparietal area of awake macaque monkey to optic flow patterns corresponding to rotation of planes in depth can be explained by translation and expansion effects , 1997, Visual Neuroscience.

[143]  J. Maunsell,et al.  Shape selectivity in primate lateral intraparietal cortex , 1998, Nature.

[144]  Kurt Wiesenfeld,et al.  Mechanoelectrical transduction assisted by Brownian motion: a role for noise in the auditory system , 1998, Nature Neuroscience.

[145]  Leslie G. Ungerleider,et al.  A neural system for human visual working memory. , 1998, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[146]  Daniel M. Wolpert,et al.  Signal-dependent noise determines motor planning , 1998, Nature.

[147]  L. Paninski,et al.  Information about movement direction obtained from synchronous activity of motor cortical neurons. , 1998, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[148]  P. Maruff,et al.  Neuropsychological deficits in obsessive-compulsive disorder: a comparison with unipolar depression, panic disorder, and normal controls. , 1998, Archives of general psychiatry.

[149]  J. Fellous,et al.  A role for NMDA-receptor channels in working memory , 1998, Nature Neuroscience.

[150]  P. Goldman-Rakic,et al.  Matching patterns of activity in primate prefrontal area 8a and parietal area 7ip neurons during a spatial working memory task. , 1998, Journal of neurophysiology.

[151]  C. Stevens,et al.  Input synchrony and the irregular firing of cortical neurons , 1998, Nature Neuroscience.

[152]  W Singer,et al.  Consciousness and the structure of neuronal representations. , 1998, Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences.

[153]  A. Parker,et al.  Sense and the single neuron: probing the physiology of perception. , 1998, Annual review of neuroscience.

[154]  H. Spitzer,et al.  The effects of attentional spread and attentional effort on orientation discrimination. , 1998, Spatial vision.

[155]  M. Petrides,et al.  Functional organization of spatial and nonspatial working memory processing within the human lateral frontal cortex. , 1998, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[156]  E. Miller,et al.  Neural Activity in the Primate Prefrontal Cortex during Associative Learning , 1998, Neuron.

[157]  Earl K. Miller,et al.  Selective representation of relevant information by neurons in the primate prefrontal cortex , 1998, Nature.

[158]  M. Merzenich,et al.  Optimizing sound features for cortical neurons. , 1998, Science.

[159]  E. Miller,et al.  Memory fields of neurons in the primate prefrontal cortex. , 1998, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[160]  T. Sawaguchi,et al.  Properties of delay-period neuronal activity in the monkey dorsolateral prefrontal cortex during a spatial delayed matching-to-sample task. , 1999, Journal of neurophysiology.

[161]  M. Mishkin,et al.  Dual streams of auditory afferents target multiple domains in the primate prefrontal cortex , 1999, Nature Neuroscience.

[162]  R. J. van Beers,et al.  Integration of proprioceptive and visual position-information: An experimentally supported model. , 1999, Journal of neurophysiology.

[163]  Stefan Treue,et al.  Feature-based attention influences motion processing gain in macaque visual cortex , 1999, Nature.

[164]  M. Land,et al.  The Roles of Vision and Eye Movements in the Control of Activities of Daily Living , 1998, Perception.

[165]  M. Shadlen,et al.  Effect of Expected Reward Magnitude on the Response of Neurons in the Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex of the Macaque , 1999, Neuron.

[166]  D. Hoffman,et al.  Muscle and movement representations in the primary motor cortex. , 1999, Science.

[167]  Carrie J. McAdams,et al.  Effects of Attention on Orientation-Tuning Functions of Single Neurons in Macaque Cortical Area V4 , 1999, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[168]  S. Wise,et al.  Rule-dependent neuronal activity in the prefrontal cortex , 1999, Experimental Brain Research.

[169]  Michael L. Platt,et al.  Neural correlates of decision variables in parietal cortex , 1999, Nature.

[170]  Alexander Borst,et al.  Information theory and neural coding , 1999, Nature Neuroscience.

[171]  A. Grinvald,et al.  Linking spontaneous activity of single cortical neurons and the underlying functional architecture. , 1999, Science.

[172]  T. Clutton‐Brock,et al.  Selfish sentinels in cooperative mammals. , 1999, Science.

[173]  X. Wang,et al.  Synaptic Basis of Cortical Persistent Activity: the Importance of NMDA Receptors to Working Memory , 1999, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[174]  P. Goldman-Rakic,et al.  Isodirectional tuning of adjacent interneurons and pyramidal cells during working memory: evidence for microcolumnar organization in PFC. , 1999, Journal of neurophysiology.

[175]  F. Bremmer,et al.  Perception of self-motion from visual flow , 1999, Trends in Cognitive Sciences.

[176]  Miguel A. L. Nicolelis,et al.  Real-time control of a robot arm using simultaneously recorded neurons in the motor cortex , 1999, Nature Neuroscience.

[177]  R. Jacobs,et al.  Optimal integration of texture and motion cues to depth , 1999, Vision Research.

[178]  M. Goldberg,et al.  Space and attention in parietal cortex. , 1999, Annual review of neuroscience.

[179]  E. Rolls.  Spatial view cells and the representation of place in the primate hippocampus , 1999, Hippocampus.

[180]  J. Maunsell,et al.  Effects of Attention on the Processing of Motion in Macaque Middle Temporal and Medial Superior Temporal Visual Cortical Areas , 1999, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[181]  R. Andersen,et al.  Responses to auditory stimuli in macaque lateral intraparietal area. I. Effects of training. , 1999, Journal of neurophysiology.

[182]  Richard Hans Robert Hahnloser,et al.  Digital selection and analogue amplification coexist in a cortex-inspired silicon circuit , 2000, Nature.

[183]  P. Goldman-Rakic,et al.  Destruction and Creation of Spatial Tuning by Disinhibition: GABAA Blockade of Prefrontal Cortical Neurons Engaged by Working Memory , 2000, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[184]  Thomas J. Anastasio,et al.  Using Bayes' Rule to Model Multisensory Enhancement in the Superior Colliculus , 2000, Neural Computation.

[185]  J. Movshon.  Reliability of Neuronal Responses , 2000, Neuron.

[186]  D. Henze,et al.  Dopamine increases excitability of pyramidal neurons in primate prefrontal cortex. , 2000, Journal of neurophysiology.

[187]  W. Norris Clarke,et al.  Dynamics in Action: Intentional Behavior as a Complex System , 2000 .

[188]  T. Sejnowski,et al.  Dopamine-mediated stabilization of delay-period activity in a network model of prefrontal cortex. , 2000, Journal of neurophysiology.

[189]  R. Selten,et al.  Bounded rationality: The adaptive toolbox , 2000 .

[190]  R. Reid,et al.  Low Response Variability in Simultaneously Recorded Retinal, Thalamic, and Cortical Neurons , 2000, Neuron.

[191]  H. Kennedy,et al.  Laminar Distribution of Neurons in Extrastriate Areas Projecting to Visual Areas V1 and V4 Correlates with the Hierarchical Rank and Indicates the Operation of a Distance Rule , 2000, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[192]  R. Andersen,et al.  Intention-related activity in the posterior parietal cortex: a review , 2000, Vision Research.

[193]  M. Goldberg,et al.  Response of neurons in the lateral intraparietal area to a distractor flashed during the delay period of a memory-guided saccade. , 2000, Journal of neurophysiology.

[194]  E. Niebur,et al.  Growth patterns in the developing brain detected by using continuum mechanical tensor maps , 2022 .

[195]  Daniel D. Lee,et al.  Stability of the Memory of Eye Position in a Recurrent Network of Conductance-Based Model Neurons , 2000, Neuron.

[196]  A. Damasio,et al.  Emotion, decision making and the orbitofrontal cortex. , 2000, Cerebral cortex.

[197]  C. Schroeder,et al.  Intermodal selective attention in monkeys. I: distribution and timing of effects across visual areas. , 2000, Cerebral cortex.

[198]  E. Miller,et al.  Task-specific neural activity in the primate prefrontal cortex. , 2000, Journal of neurophysiology.

[199]  C L Colby,et al.  Visual, saccade-related, and cognitive activation of single neurons in monkey extrastriate area V3A. , 2000, Journal of neurophysiology.

[200]  P. Goldman-Rakic,et al.  Synaptic mechanisms and network dynamics underlying spatial working memory in a cortical network model. , 2000, Cerebral cortex.

[201]  John Jonides,et al.  Order Information in Working Memory: fMRI Evidence for Parietal and Prefrontal Mechanisms , 2000, Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience.

[202]  J. Schall,et al.  Neural control of behavior: countermanding eye movements , 2000, Psychological research.

[203]  D. Wolpert,et al.  Abnormalities in the awareness and control of action. , 2000, Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences.

[204]  R. Desimone,et al.  Attention Increases Sensitivity of V4 Neurons , 2000, Neuron.

[205]  R. Aslin,et al.  PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE Research Article UNSUPERVISED STATISTICAL LEARNING OF HIGHER-ORDER SPATIAL STRUCTURES FROM VISUAL SCENES , 2022 .

[206]  Xiao-Jing Wang.  Synaptic reverberation underlying mnemonic persistent activity , 2001, Trends in Neurosciences.

[207]  M. A. Steinmetz,et al.  Neuronal responses in area 7a to multiple stimulus displays: II. responses are suppressed at the cued location. , 2001, Cerebral cortex.

[208]  William T. Freeman,et al.  Correctness of Belief Propagation in Gaussian Graphical Models of Arbitrary Topology , 1999, Neural Computation.

[209]  J. Saunders,et al.  Perception of 3D surface orientation from skew symmetry , 2001, Vision Research.

[210]  James B. Rowe,et al.  Working Memory for Location and Time: Activity in Prefrontal Area 46 Relates to Selection Rather than Maintenance in Memory , 2001, NeuroImage.

[211]  F. Mechler,et al.  Temporal coding of contrast in primary visual cortex: when, what, and why. , 2001, Journal of neurophysiology.

[212]  P. Goldman-Rakic,et al.  Presynaptic regulation of recurrent excitation by D1 receptors in prefrontal circuits. , 2001, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[213]  P. Goldman-Rakic,et al.  Coding Specificity in Cortical Microcircuits: A Multiple-Electrode Analysis of Primate Prefrontal Cortex , 2001, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[214]  H Barlow,et al.  Redundancy reduction revisited , 2001, Network.

[215]  Pascal Mamassian,et al.  Interaction of visual prior constraints , 2001, Vision Research.

[216]  C. Stern,et al.  Medial temporal and prefrontal contributions to working memory tasks with novel and familiar stimuli , 2001, Hippocampus.

[217]  Andrew W. Fitzgibbon,et al.  Fixation could simplify, not complicate, the interpretation of retinal flow , 2001, Vision Research.

[218]  S. Scott,et al.  Dissociation between hand motion and population vectors from neural activity in motor cortex , 2022 .

[219]  Zoubin Ghahramani,et al.  Perspectives and problems in motor learning , 2001, Trends in Cognitive Sciences.

[220]  Christos Constantinidis,et al.  The sensory nature of mnemonic representation in the primate prefrontal cortex , 2001, Nature Neuroscience.

[221]  R. Romo,et al.  Touch and go: decision-making mechanisms in somatosensation. , 2001, Annual review of neuroscience.

[222]  P. Glimcher.  Making choices: the neurophysiology of visual-saccadic decision making , 2001, Trends in Neurosciences.

[223]  J. Gold,et al.  Neural computations that underlie decisions about sensory stimuli , 2001, Trends in Cognitive Sciences.

[224]  M. Diamond,et al.  Population Coding of Stimulus Location in Rat Somatosensory Cortex , 2001, Neuron.

[225]  Takashi R Sato,et al.  Search Efficiency but Not Response Interference Affects Visual Selection in Frontal Eye Field , 2001, Neuron.

[226]  K. C. Anderson,et al.  Single neurons in prefrontal cortex encode abstract rules , 2001, Nature.

[227]  J. Desmond,et al.  Prefrontal regions involved in keeping information in and out of mind. , 2001, Brain : a journal of neurology.

[228]  G C DeAngelis,et al.  The physiology of stereopsis. , 2001, Annual review of neuroscience.

[229]  A Griffin,et al.  Cooperation, control, and concession in meerkat groups. , 2001, Science.

[230]  H. T. Blair,et al.  The anatomical and computational basis of the rat head-direction cell signal , 2001, Trends in Neurosciences.

[231]  Arnaud Delorme,et al.  Spike-based strategies for rapid processing , 2001, Neural Networks.

[232]  Jeffrey D. Schall,et al.  Neural basis of deciding, choosing and acting , 2001, Nature Reviews Neuroscience.

[233]  Michael Isard,et al.  Statistical models of visual shape and motion , 1998, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences.

[234]  R. Lestienne.  Spike timing, synchronization and information processing on the sensory side of the central nervous system , 2001, Progress in Neurobiology.

[235]  A. Pouget,et al.  Efficient computation and cue integration with noisy population codes , 2001, Nature Neuroscience.

[236]  G. Buzsáki,et al.  Spike train dynamics predicts theta-related phase precession in hippocampal pyramidal cells , 2002, Nature.

[237]  Richard N Aslin,et al.  Statistical learning of new visual feature combinations by infants , 2002, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[238]  Kelvin E. Jones,et al.  Sources of signal-dependent noise during isometric force production. , 2002, Journal of neurophysiology.

[239]  H. Jones,et al.  Spatial organization and magnitude of orientation contrast interactions in primate V1. , 2002, Journal of neurophysiology.

[240]  Shintaro Funahashi,et al.  Prefrontal task-related activity representing visual cue location or saccade direction in spatial working memory tasks. , 2002, Journal of neurophysiology.

[241]  Dawn M. Taylor,et al.  Direct Cortical Control of 3D Neuroprosthetic Devices , 2002, Science.

[242]  Jeffrey D Schall,et al.  The neural selection and control of saccades by the frontal eye field. , 2002, Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences.

[243]  G. Orban,et al.  The neural substrate of orientation short‐term memory and resistance to distractor items , 2002, The European journal of neuroscience.

[244]  R. Aslin,et al.  Statistical learning of higher-order temporal structure from visual shape sequences. , 2002, Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition.

[245]  M. Hasselmo,et al.  Graded persistent activity in entorhinal cortex neurons , 2002, Nature.

[246]  Edward H. Adelson,et al.  Motion illusions as optimal percepts , 2002, Nature Neuroscience.

[247]  R. Guillery,et al.  Thalamic Relay Functions and Their Role in Corticocortical Communication Generalizations from the Visual System , 2002, Neuron.

[248]  Jonathan D. Cohen,et al.  Computational perspectives on dopamine function in prefrontal cortex , 2002, Current Opinion in Neurobiology.

[249]  P. Goldman-Rakic,et al.  Correlated discharges among putative pyramidal neurons and interneurons in the primate prefrontal cortex. , 2002, Journal of neurophysiology.

[250]  Martha J. Farah,et al.  Emerging ethical issues in neuroscience , 2002, Nature Neuroscience.

[251]  Yun Wang,et al.  Synaptic connections and small circuits involving excitatory and inhibitory neurons in layers 2-5 of adult rat and cat neocortex: triple intracellular recordings and biocytin labelling in vitro. , 2002, Cerebral cortex.

[252]  Michael I. Jordan,et al.  Optimal feedback control as a theory of motor coordination , 2002, Nature Neuroscience.

[253]  M. Diamond,et al.  Population coding in somatosensory cortex , 2002, Current Opinion in Neurobiology.

[254]  Daniel M Wolpert,et al.  Role of uncertainty in sensorimotor control. , 2002, Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences.

[255]  J. Maunsell,et al.  Attentional Modulation of Behavioral Performance and Neuronal Responses in Middle Temporal and Ventral Intraparietal Areas of Macaque Monkey , 2002, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[256]  D. Wolpert,et al.  Controlling the statistics of action: obstacle avoidance. , 2002, Journal of neurophysiology.

[257]  L. T. Robertson.  Memory and the brain. , 2002, Journal of dental education.

[258]  P. Goldman-Rakic,et al.  A role for inhibition in shaping the temporal flow of information in prefrontal cortex , 2002, Nature Neuroscience.

[259]  Beng-Choon Ho,et al.  Longitudinal assessment of premorbid cognitive functioning in patients with schizophrenia through examination of standardized scholastic test performance. , 2002, The American journal of psychiatry.

[260]  Bijan Pesaran,et al.  Temporal structure in neuronal activity during working memory in macaque parietal cortex , 2000, Nature Neuroscience.

[261]  M. R. Mehta,et al.  Role of experience and oscillations in transforming a rate code into a temporal code , 2002, Nature.

[262]  M. Shadlen,et al.  Response of Neurons in the Lateral Intraparietal Area during a Combined Visual Discrimination Reaction Time Task , 2002, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[263]  Xiao-Jing Wang,et al.  The dynamical stability of reverberatory neural circuits , 2002, Biological Cybernetics.

[264]  J. Duncan,et al.  Filtering of neural signals by focused attention in the monkey prefrontal cortex , 2002, Nature Neuroscience.

[265]  R. Passingham,et al.  Active maintenance in prefrontal area 46 creates distractor-resistant memory , 2002, Nature Neuroscience.

[266]  Robert A Jacobs,et al.  Bayesian integration of visual and auditory signals for spatial localization. , 2003, Journal of the Optical Society of America. A, Optics, image science, and vision.

[267]  S Shipp,et al.  The functional logic of cortico-pulvinar connections. , 2003, Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences.

[268]  T. Robbins,et al.  Neuropsychological impairment in patients with major depressive disorder: the effects of feedback on task performance , 2003, Psychological Medicine.

[269]  J. Maunsell,et al.  Anterior inferotemporal neurons of monkeys engaged in object recognition can be highly sensitive to object retinal position. , 2003, Journal of neurophysiology.

[270]  P. Glimcher.  Decisions, Uncertainty, and the Brain: The Science of Neuroeconomics , 2003 .

[271]  Nicolas Brunel,et al.  Mean-field theory of recurrent cortical networks: Working memory circuits with irregularly spiking neurons , 2003 .

[272]  H. Sebastian Seung,et al.  Permitted and Forbidden Sets in Symmetric Threshold-Linear Networks , 2003, Neural Computation.

[273]  P. Haggard,et al.  Intentional action: Conscious experience and neural prediction , 2003, Consciousness and Cognition.

[274]  J. Saunders,et al.  Humans use continuous visual feedback from the hand to control fast reaching movements , 2003, Experimental Brain Research.

[275]  Tai Sing Lee,et al.  Hierarchical Bayesian inference in the visual cortex. , 2003, Journal of the Optical Society of America. A, Optics, image science, and vision.

[276]  Richard F Murray,et al.  Saccadic and perceptual performance in visual search tasks. II. Letter discrimination. , 2003, Journal of the Optical Society of America. A, Optics, image science, and vision.

[277]  C. Curtis,et al.  Persistent activity in the prefrontal cortex during working memory , 2003, Trends in Cognitive Sciences.

[278]  Xiao-Jing Wang,et al.  What determines the frequency of fast network oscillations with irregular neural discharges? I. Synaptic dynamics and excitation-inhibition balance. , 2003, Journal of neurophysiology.

[279]  Michael S Landy,et al.  Statistical decision theory and the selection of rapid, goal-directed movements. , 2003, Journal of the Optical Society of America. A, Optics, image science, and vision.

[280]  M. Landy,et al.  Statistical decision theory and trade-offs in the control of motor response. , 2003, Spatial vision.

[281]  Makoto Kato,et al.  Functional MRI of brain activation evoked by intentional eye blinking , 2003, NeuroImage.

[282]  M. Jung,et al.  Dynamics of Population Code for Working Memory in the Prefrontal Cortex , 2003, Neuron.

[283]  P. Goldman-Rakic,et al.  Dopamine Modulation of Perisomatic and Peridendritic Inhibition in Prefrontal Cortex , 2003, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[284]  D. Lewis,et al.  Selective alterations in prefrontal cortical GABA neurotransmission in schizophrenia: a novel target for the treatment of working memory dysfunction , 2004, Psychopharmacology.

[285]  Miguel P Eckstein,et al.  An ideal observer with channels versus feature-independent processing of spatial frequency and orientation in visual search performance. , 2003, Journal of the Optical Society of America. A, Optics, image science, and vision.

[286]  J. Saunders,et al.  Do humans optimally integrate stereo and texture information for judgments of surface slant? , 2003, Vision Research.

[287]  Miguel A. L. Nicolelis,et al.  Brain–machine interfaces to restore motor function and probe neural circuits , 2003, Nature Reviews Neuroscience.

[288]  Andrew B Schwartz,et al.  Eye-hand coupling during closed-loop drawing: evidence of shared motor planning? , 2003, Human movement science.

[289]  Wilson S. Geisler,et al.  A Bayesian approach to the evolution of perceptual and cognitive systems , 2003, Cogn. Sci..

[290]  C. Pantelis,et al.  Spatial working memory ability is a marker of risk-for-psychosis , 2003, Psychological Medicine.

[291]  Joshua W. Brown,et al.  Performance Monitoring by the Anterior Cingulate Cortex During Saccade Countermanding , 2003, Science.

[292]  Roger M Enoka,et al.  Multiple features of motor-unit activity influence force fluctuations during isometric contractions. , 2003, Journal of neurophysiology.

[293]  John W. Clark,et al.  Neural Representation of Probabilistic Information , 2001, Neural Computation.

[294]  Wendy J Adams,et al.  Bayesian modeling of cue interaction: bistability in stereoscopic slant perception. , 2003, Journal of the Optical Society of America. A, Optics, image science, and vision.

[295]  Peter E. Latham,et al.  Optimal computation with attractor networks , 2003, Journal of Physiology-Paris.

[296]  Miguel P Eckstein,et al.  Saccadic and perceptual performance in visual search tasks. I. Contrast detection and discrimination. , 2003, Journal of the Optical Society of America. A, Optics, image science, and vision.

[297]  J. Seamans,et al.  The principal features and mechanisms of dopamine modulation in the prefrontal cortex , 2004, Progress in Neurobiology.

[298]  R. Douglas,et al.  Neuronal circuits of the neocortex. , 2004, Annual review of neuroscience.

[299]  J. Schall.  On building a bridge between brain and behavior. , 2004, Annual review of psychology.

[300]  D. Burr,et al.  The Ventriloquist Effect Results from Near-Optimal Bimodal Integration , 2004, Current Biology.

[301]  J. A. Movshon,et al.  The dependence of response amplitude and variance of cat visual cortical neurones on stimulus contrast , 1981, Experimental Brain Research.

[302]  C. Carr,et al.  Timing is everything: Organization of timing circuits in auditory and electrical sensory systems , 2004, The Journal of comparative neurology.

[303]  W. Newsome,et al.  Matching Behavior and the Representation of Value in the Parietal Cortex , 2004, Science.

[304]  James W Bisley,et al.  Activity of neurons in cortical area MT during a memory for motion task. , 2004, Journal of neurophysiology.

[305]  D. Knill,et al.  The Bayesian brain: the role of uncertainty in neural coding and computation , 2004, Trends in Neurosciences.

[306]  R. Freeman,et al.  Orientation selectivity in the cat's striate cortex is invariant with stimulus contrast , 2004, Experimental Brain Research.

[307]  Kelvin E. Jones,et al.  The scaling of motor noise with muscle strength and motor unit number in humans , 2004, Experimental Brain Research.

[308]  Moshe Abeles,et al.  Time Is Precious , 2004, Science.

[309]  David C Knill,et al.  Visual Feedback Control of Hand Movements , 2004, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[310]  R. Andersen,et al.  Memory related motor planning activity in posterior parietal cortex of macaque , 1988, Experimental Brain Research.

[311]  S. Scott.  Optimal feedback control and the neural basis of volitional motor control , 2004, Nature Reviews Neuroscience.

[312]  R. Douglas,et al.  A Quantitative Map of the Circuit of Cat Primary Visual Cortex , 2004, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[313]  W. Newsome,et al.  What electrical microstimulation has revealed about the neural basis of cognition , 2004, Current Opinion in Neurobiology.

[314]  Chris Eliasmith,et al.  Neural Engineering: Computation, Representation, and Dynamics in Neurobiological Systems , 2004, IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks.

[315]  Unitary giant synapses embracing a single neuron at the convergent site of time-coding pathways of an electric fish, Gymnarchus niloticus , 2004 .

[316]  P. Goldman-Rakic,et al.  Selective D2 Receptor Actions on the Functional Circuitry of Working Memory , 2004, Science.

[317]  William T. Freeman,et al.  Learning Low-Level Vision , 1999, Proceedings of the Seventh IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision.

[318]  K. R. Ridderinkhof,et al.  The Role of the Medial Frontal Cortex in Cognitive Control , 2004, Science.

[319]  Xiao-Jing Wang,et al.  Effects of Neuromodulation in a Cortical Network Model of Object Working Memory Dominated by Recurrent Inhibition , 2004, Journal of Computational Neuroscience.

[320]  Masashi Kawasaki,et al.  Unitary giant synapses embracing a single neuron at the convergent site of time‐coding pathways of an electric fish, Gymnarchus niloticus , 2004, The Journal of comparative neurology.

[321]  Michael Isard,et al.  CONDENSATION—Conditional Density Propagation for Visual Tracking , 1998, International Journal of Computer Vision.

[322]  D. Barraclough,et al.  Prefrontal cortex and decision making in a mixed-strategy game , 2004, Nature Neuroscience.

[323]  G. Buzsáki.  Large-scale recording of neuronal ensembles , 2004, Nature Neuroscience.

[324]  Rajesh P. N. Rao.  Bayesian Computation in Recurrent Neural Circuits , 2004, Neural Computation.

[325]  R. S. Johansson,et al.  Roles of glabrous skin receptors and sensorimotor memory in automatic control of precision grip when lifting rougher or more slippery objects , 2004, Experimental Brain Research.

[326]  Boris S. Gutkin,et al.  Turning On and Off with Excitation: The Role of Spike-Timing Asynchrony and Synchrony in Sustained Neural Activity , 2001, Journal of Computational Neuroscience.

[327]  D. Weber,et al.  Coding of position by simultaneously recorded sensory neurones in the cat dorsal root ganglion , 2004, The Journal of physiology.

[328]  Xiao-Jing Wang,et al.  A Model of Visuospatial Working Memory in Prefrontal Cortex: Recurrent Network and Cellular Bistability , 1998, Journal of Computational Neuroscience.

[329]  H. Spitzer,et al.  Task difficulty: ignoring, attending to, and discriminating a visual stimulus yield progressively more activity in inferior temporal neurons , 2004, Experimental Brain Research.

[330]  Seth Lloyd,et al.  Black hole computers. , 2004, Scientific American.

[331]  Paralysed man sends e-mail by thought , 2004 .

[332]  S. Petersen,et al.  Saccade-related and visual activities in the pulvinar nuclei of the behaving rhesus monkey , 1986, Experimental Brain Research.

[333]  M. Kimura,et al.  Activity of primate putamen neurons is selective to the mode of voluntary movement: visually guided, self-initiated or memory-guided , 2004, Experimental Brain Research.

[334]  A. Dean.  The variability of discharge of simple cells in the cat striate cortex , 2004, Experimental Brain Research.

[335]  Daniel M Wolpert,et al.  Bayesian integration in force estimation. , 2004, Journal of neurophysiology.

[336]  Konrad Paul Kording,et al.  Bayesian integration in sensorimotor learning , 2004, Nature.

[337]  R. Johansson,et al.  First spikes in ensembles of human tactile afferents code complex spatial fingertip events , 2004, Nature Neuroscience.

[338]  M. Diamond,et al.  Neuronal Encoding of Texture in the Whisker Sensory Pathway , 2005, PLoS biology.

[339]  E. Callaway,et al.  Excitatory cortical neurons form fine-scale functional networks , 2005, Nature.

[340]  S. Thorpe,et al.  Spike times make sense , 2005, Trends in Neurosciences.

[341]  Maria Isabel Ribeiro.  Obstacle Avoidance , 2005 .

[342]  S. Treue,et al.  The response of neurons in areas V1 and MT of the alert rhesus monkey to moving random dot patterns , 2005, Experimental Brain Research.

[343]  S. Shipp.  The importance of being agranular: a comparative account of visual and motor cortex , 2005, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences.

[344]  Alex M Thomson,et al.  Layer 6 cortico-thalamic pyramidal cells preferentially innervate interneurons and generate facilitating EPSPs. , 2006, Cerebral cortex.

[345]  Sang Joon Kim,et al.  A Mathematical Theory of Communication , 2006 .

[346]  Kevan A C Martin,et al.  Synaptic connection from cortical area V4 to V2 in macaque monkey , 2006, The Journal of comparative neurology.

[347]  A. Sillito,et al.  Always returning: feedback and sensory processing in visual cortex and thalamus , 2006, Trends in Neurosciences.

[348]  T. Clutton‐Brock,et al.  Helpers increase the reproductive potential of offspring in cooperative meerkats , 2007, Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences.

[349]  S. Shipp.  Structure and function of the cerebral cortex , 2007, Current Biology.

[350]  H. Sompolinsky,et al.  13 Modeling Feature Selectivity in Local Cortical Circuits , 2022 .