Reconstruction et alignement en vision 3D : points, droites, plans et caméras

Cette these concerne la reconstruction de modeles 3D de scenes a partir d'images prises par des cameras. Il est courant de reconstruire a partir de sous-ensembles d'images puis de fusionner les modeles partiels ainsi obtenus par une phase d'alignement 3D. Les algorithmes de reconstruction et d'alignement s'appuient sur des correspondances de points ou de droites entre les images. La localisation de ces points ou droites dans les images est affectee par un bruit de mesure, influencant la qualite des modeles 3D reconstruits. Cette these est centree sur l'obtention de resultats optimaux et sur les problemes de representation qui en decoulent. La premiere partie de cette these aborde le probleme de la reconstruction de modeles 3D. Les cas des cameras calibrees et non calibrees sont traites. Nous developpons des methodes de reconstruction de points, de droites et de cameras. L'incorporation de contraintes geometriques de coplanarite permet la reconstruction conjointe de plans. Nos contributions principales sont le developpement et la comparaison de methodes permettant la reconstruction 3D optimale de points, droites, plans et cameras. La deuxieme partie de cette these aborde le probleme de l'alignement de modeles 3D, qui consiste a estimer la transformation geometrique liant deux modeles 3D. Les methodes existantes sont basees sur des correspondances de points. Nous etudions le cas des correspondances de droites. Les cas des cameras calibrees et non calibrees sont traites. Nos contributions majeures dans ce domaine sont, d'un point de vue theorique, une etude des transformations geometriques de droites 3D. Plus precisement, nous etendons la representation matricielle standard, adaptee aux points, en une representation adaptee aux droites. D'un point de vue pratique, nous developpons et comparons plusieurs methodes d'alignement lineaires et non-lineaires. Nous proposons finalement des methodes de reconstruction de modeles 3D lorsque la scene observee n'est pas rigide. Par ailleurs, nous developpons un methode de detection automatique de surfaces planes dans une modele 3D.

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