Security Challenges in Fog and IoT, Blockchain Technology and Cell Tree Solutions: A Review

As the IoT is moving out of its early stages, it is emerging as an area of future internet The evolving communication paradigm among cloud servers, Fog nodes and IoT devices are establishing a multilevel communication infrastructure Fog provides a platform for IoT along with other services like networking, storage and computing With the tremendous expansion of IoT, security threats also arise These security hazards cannot be addressed by mere dependence on cloud model In this paper we present an overview of security landscape of Fog computing, challenges, and, existing solutions We outline major authentication issues in IoT, map their existing solutions and further tabulate Fog and IoT security loopholes Furthermore this paper presents Blockchain, a decentralized distributed technology as one of the solutions for authentication issues in IoT We tried to discuss the strength of Blockchain technology, work done in this field, its adoption in COVID-19 fight and tabulate various challenges in Blockchain technology At last we present the Cell Tree architecture as another solution to address some of the security issues in IoT, outlined its advantages over Blockchain technology and tabulated some future course to stir some attempts in this area

[1]  P. Balamuralidhar,et al.  Secure MQTT for Internet of Things (IoT) , 2015, 2015 Fifth International Conference on Communication Systems and Network Technologies.

[2]  Matthias Mettler,et al.  Blockchain technology in healthcare: The revolution starts here , 2016, 2016 IEEE 18th International Conference on e-Health Networking, Applications and Services (Healthcom).

[3]  Utz Roedig,et al.  Demo abstract: Securing communication in 6LoWPAN with compressed IPsec , 2011, 2011 International Conference on Distributed Computing in Sensor Systems and Workshops (DCOSS).

[4]  Peng Jiang,et al.  A Survey on the Security of Blockchain Systems , 2017, Future Gener. Comput. Syst..

[5]  Victor I. Chang,et al.  A cybersecurity framework to identify malicious edge device in fog computing and cloud-of-things environments , 2018, Comput. Secur..

[6]  Biplab Sikdar,et al.  Lightweight and Privacy-Preserving Two-Factor Authentication Scheme for IoT Devices , 2019, IEEE Internet of Things Journal.

[7]  Klaus Wehrle,et al.  A Quantitative Analysis of the Impact of Arbitrary Blockchain Content on Bitcoin , 2018, Financial Cryptography.

[8]  Andrei V. Gurtov,et al.  PAuthKey: A Pervasive Authentication Protocol and Key Establishment Scheme for Wireless Sensor Networks in Distributed IoT Applications , 2014, Int. J. Distributed Sens. Networks.

[9]  Prasad Calyam,et al.  End-to-End IoT Security Middleware for Cloud-Fog Communication , 2017, 2017 IEEE 4th International Conference on Cyber Security and Cloud Computing (CSCloud).

[10]  Biplab Sikdar,et al.  A Light-Weight Mutual Authentication Protocol for IoT Systems , 2017, GLOBECOM 2017 - 2017 IEEE Global Communications Conference.

[11]  Arshdeep Bahga,et al.  Blockchain Platform for Industrial Internet of Things , 2016 .

[12]  Oscar Novo,et al.  Blockchain Meets IoT: An Architecture for Scalable Access Management in IoT , 2018, IEEE Internet of Things Journal.

[13]  Nallapaneni Manoj Kumar,et al.  Blockchain technology for security issues and challenges in IoT , 2018 .

[14]  Andrew Lippman,et al.  MedRec: Using Blockchain for Medical Data Access and Permission Management , 2016, 2016 2nd International Conference on Open and Big Data (OBD).

[15]  Eui-nam Huh,et al.  Fog Computing and Smart Gateway Based Communication for Cloud of Things , 2014, 2014 International Conference on Future Internet of Things and Cloud.

[16]  Alex Pentland,et al.  Decentralizing Privacy: Using Blockchain to Protect Personal Data , 2015, 2015 IEEE Security and Privacy Workshops.

[17]  Xiaolei Dong,et al.  Security and Privacy for Cloud-Based IoT: Challenges , 2017, IEEE Communications Magazine.

[18]  Cong Pu,et al.  Mitigating Forwarding misbehaviors in RPL-based low power and lossy networks , 2018, 2018 15th IEEE Annual Consumer Communications & Networking Conference (CCNC).

[19]  Farookh Khadeer Hussain,et al.  A Centralized Trust Management Mechanism for the Internet of Things (CTM-IoT) , 2017, BWCCA.

[20]  Elisa Bertino,et al.  Robust Multi-Factor Authentication for Fragile Communications , 2014, IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing.

[21]  Georg Carle,et al.  A DTLS based end-to-end security architecture for the Internet of Things with two-way authentication , 2012, 37th Annual IEEE Conference on Local Computer Networks - Workshops.

[22]  Pieter Wuille,et al.  Enabling Blockchain Innovations with Pegged Sidechains , 2014 .

[23]  Ramjee Prasad,et al.  Identity Authentication and Capability Based Access Control (IACAC) for the Internet of Things , 2012, J. Cyber Secur. Mobil..

[24]  Victor I. Chang,et al.  From Intrusion Detection to an Intrusion Response System: Fundamentals, Requirements, and Future Directions , 2017, Algorithms.

[25]  Yuguang Fang,et al.  EPIC: A Differential Privacy Framework to Defend Smart Homes Against Internet Traffic Analysis , 2018, IEEE Internet of Things Journal.

[26]  Ahmet M. Kondoz,et al.  Privacy-preserving blockchain based IoT ecosystem using attribute-based encryption , 2017, 2017 IEEE International Conference on Advanced Networks and Telecommunications Systems (ANTS).

[27]  Rongxing Lu,et al.  From Cloud to Fog Computing: A Review and a Conceptual Live VM Migration Framework , 2017, IEEE Access.

[28]  Maged Hamada Ibrahim,et al.  Octopus: An Edge-fog Mutual Authentication Scheme , 2016, Int. J. Netw. Secur..

[29]  Steven L. Kinney.  Trusted Platform Module Basics: Using TPM in Embedded Systems (Embedded Technology) , 2006 .

[30]  Abdellah Ait Ouahman,et al.  Towards a Novel Privacy-Preserving Access Control Model Based on Blockchain Technology in IoT , 2017 .

[31]  Thiemo Voigt,et al.  6LoWPAN Compressed DTLS for CoAP , 2012, 2012 IEEE 8th International Conference on Distributed Computing in Sensor Systems.

[32]  Panagiotis Papadimitratos,et al.  SecureSense: End-to-end secure communication architecture for the cloud-connected Internet of Things , 2017, Future Gener. Comput. Syst..

[33]  Mohamed Abid,et al.  A Privacy-Preserving Authentication Scheme in an Edge-Fog Environment , 2017, 2017 IEEE/ACS 14th International Conference on Computer Systems and Applications (AICCSA).

[34]  Khaled Salah,et al.  IoT security: Review, blockchain solutions, and open challenges , 2017, Future Gener. Comput. Syst..

[35]  Namje Park,et al.  Mutual Authentication Scheme in Secure Internet of Things Technology for Comfortable Lifestyle , 2015, Sensors.

[36]  Qusay H. Mahmoud,et al.  An efficient and secure scheme for smart home communication using identity-based signcryption , 2017, 2017 IEEE 36th International Performance Computing and Communications Conference (IPCCC).

[37]  Jiguo Yu,et al.  A Privacy Preserving Communication Protocol for IoT Applications in Smart Homes , 2016, 2016 International Conference on Identification, Information and Knowledge in the Internet of Things (IIKI).

[38]  Roy H. Campbell,et al.  World of Empowered IoT Users , 2016, 2016 IEEE First International Conference on Internet-of-Things Design and Implementation (IoTDI).

[39]  Klaus Wehrle,et al.  Distributed Configuration, Authorization and Management in the Cloud-Based Internet of Things , 2017, 2017 IEEE Trustcom/BigDataSE/ICESS.

[40]  Simon Parkinson,et al.  Fog computing security: a review of current applications and security solutions , 2017, Journal of Cloud Computing.

[41]  Ralph Deters,et al.  Blockchain as a Service for IoT , 2016, 2016 IEEE International Conference on Internet of Things (iThings) and IEEE Green Computing and Communications (GreenCom) and IEEE Cyber, Physical and Social Computing (CPSCom) and IEEE Smart Data (SmartData).

[42]  Arwa Alrawais,et al.  Fog Computing for the Internet of Things: Security and Privacy Issues , 2017, IEEE Internet Computing.

[43]  Fernando Boavida,et al.  Why is IPSec a viable option for wireless sensor networks , 2008, 2008 5th IEEE International Conference on Mobile Ad Hoc and Sensor Systems.

[44]  Marimuthu Palaniswami,et al.  WAKE: Key management scheme for wide-area measurement systems in smart grid , 2013, IEEE Communications Magazine.

[45]  Bo Yang,et al.  Efficient naming, addressing and profile services in Internet-of-Things sensory environments , 2014, Ad Hoc Networks.

[46]  HuWen,et al.  DTLS based security and two-way authentication for the Internet of Things , 2013, ADHOCNETS 2013.

[47]  Diego López-de-Ipiña,et al.  Otsopack: Lightweight semantic framework for interoperable ambient intelligence applications , 2014, Comput. Hum. Behav..

[48]  Maurizio A. Spirito,et al.  The VIRTUS Middleware: An XMPP Based Architecture for Secure IoT Communications , 2012, 2012 21st International Conference on Computer Communications and Networks (ICCCN).

[49]  Johan Pouwelse,et al.  TrustChain: A Sybil-resistant scalable blockchain , 2017, Future Gener. Comput. Syst..

[50]  Silvio Micali,et al.  Algorand: Scaling Byzantine Agreements for Cryptocurrencies , 2017, IACR Cryptol. ePrint Arch..

[51]  Aggelos Kiayias,et al.  Ouroboros: A Provably Secure Proof-of-Stake Blockchain Protocol , 2017, CRYPTO.

[52]  Youngseop Kim,et al.  An improved LEA block encryption algorithm to prevent side-channel attack in the IoT system , 2016, 2016 Asia-Pacific Signal and Information Processing Association Annual Summit and Conference (APSIPA).

[53]  Shahriar Mirabbasi,et al.  Wireless Energy Harvesting for Internet of Things , 2014 .

[54]  Soohyung Kim,et al.  Managing IoT devices using blockchain platform , 2017, 2017 19th International Conference on Advanced Communication Technology (ICACT).

[55]  Ingo Friese,et al.  Challenges from the Identities of Things: Introduction of the Identities of Things discussion group within Kantara initiative , 2014, 2014 IEEE World Forum on Internet of Things (WF-IoT).

[56]  Ujjwal Guin,et al.  A Secure Low-Cost Edge Device Authentication Scheme for the Internet of Things , 2018, 2018 31st International Conference on VLSI Design and 2018 17th International Conference on Embedded Systems (VLSID).

[57]  Jorge Sá Silva,et al.  Network‐layer security for the Internet of Things using TinyOS and BLIP , 2014, Int. J. Commun. Syst..

[58]  Jorge Sá Silva,et al.  End-to-end transport-layer security for Internet-integrated sensing applications with mutual and delegated ECC public-key authentication , 2013, 2013 IFIP Networking Conference.

[59]  Xavier Masip-Bruin,et al.  Do we all really know what a fog node is? Current trends towards an open definition , 2017, Comput. Commun..

[60]  Antonio F. Gómez-Skarmeta,et al.  SMARTIE project: Secure IoT data management for smart cities , 2015, 2015 International Conference on Recent Advances in Internet of Things (RIoT).

[61]  Abderrezak Rachedi,et al.  A Secure Routing Protocol Based on RPL for Internet of Things , 2016, 2016 IEEE Global Communications Conference (GLOBECOM).

[62]  Syed Rameem Zahra,et al.  Assesing the Services, Security Threaths, Challenges and Solutions in the Internet of Things , 2019, Scalable Comput. Pract. Exp..

[63]  Xiaohui Liang,et al.  GRS: The green, reliability, and security of emerging machine to machine communications , 2011, IEEE Communications Magazine.

[64]  Qinglan Zhao,et al.  Efficient and Privacy-Preserving Medical Data Sharing in Internet of Things With Limited Computing Power , 2018, IEEE Access.

[65]  Satoshi Nakamoto.  Bitcoin : A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System , 2009 .

[66]  Madhusudan Singh,et al.  Blockchain: A game changer for securing IoT data , 2018, 2018 IEEE 4th World Forum on Internet of Things (WF-IoT).

[67]  Utz Roedig,et al.  Securing Internet of Things with Lightweight IPsec , 2010 .

[68]  Pál Varga,et al.  Security threats and issues in automation IoT , 2017, 2017 IEEE 13th International Workshop on Factory Communication Systems (WFCS).

[69]  Tie Qiu,et al.  Survey on fog computing: architecture, key technologies, applications and open issues , 2017, J. Netw. Comput. Appl..

[70]  Keke Gai,et al.  Privacy-Preserving Content-Oriented Wireless Communication in Internet-of-Things , 2018, IEEE Internet of Things Journal.

[71]  Michele Nogueira Lima,et al.  Detection of sinkhole attacks for supporting secure routing on 6LoWPAN for Internet of Things , 2015, 2015 IFIP/IEEE International Symposium on Integrated Network Management (IM).

[72]  Nabil Rifi,et al.  Towards using blockchain technology for IoT data access protection , 2017, 2017 IEEE 17th International Conference on Ubiquitous Wireless Broadband (ICUWB).

[73]  Michele Zorzi.  An End-to-End Security Framework for the Internet of Things , 2015 .

[74]  Ivan Stojmenovic,et al.  The Fog computing paradigm: Scenarios and security issues , 2014, 2014 Federated Conference on Computer Science and Information Systems.

[75]  Jorge Sá Silva,et al.  Enabling Network-Layer Security on IPv6 Wireless Sensor Networks , 2010, 2010 IEEE Global Telecommunications Conference GLOBECOM 2010.

[76]  Sushmita Ruj,et al.  A Comprehensive Survey on Attacks, Security Issues and Blockchain Solutions for IoT and IIoT , 2020, J. Netw. Comput. Appl..

[77]  Xin Huang,et al.  A Secure System For Pervasive Social Network-Based Healthcare , 2016, IEEE Access.

[78]  Sushmita Ruj,et al.  End to end secure anonymous communication for secure directed diffusion in IoT , 2019, ICDCN.

[79]  Y. Kim,et al.  Applications of elliptic curve cryptography: a light introduction to elliptic curves and a survey of their applications , 2017, CISRC.

[80]  D. Bastos,et al.  Internet of Things: A survey of technologies and security risks in smart home and city environments , 2018, IoT 2018.

[81]  Michele Zorzi,et al.  BlinkToSCoAP: An end-to-end security framework for the Internet of Things , 2015, 2015 7th International Conference on Communication Systems and Networks (COMSNETS).

[82]  Antônio Augusto Fröhlich,et al.  IoT Data Integrity Verification for Cyber-Physical Systems Using Blockchain , 2018, 2018 IEEE 21st International Symposium on Real-Time Distributed Computing (ISORC).