Carbon Emissions Pinch Analysis for emissions reductions in the New Zealand transport sector through to 2050

The CEPA (Carbon Emissions Pinch Analysis) method for energy planning has been modified for improved application to large transport systems. The modified method is applied to investigate the feasibility of NZ (New Zealand) reaching a 1990 emission levels for transport by 2050. The transportation sector has been traditionally a difficult area to transition to high levels of renewable energy because of the strong dependency on fossil fuels. For New Zealand, possible steps for low carbon emissions from transport are: (1) electrification of all rail, (2) wide-spread adoption of energy efficient vehicle technologies, (3) partial electrification of light passenger vehicles through plug-in hybrid and electric vehicle technologies, and (4), introduction of liquid fuels from biomass as an alternative to liquid fuels from petroleum.

[1]  Charles A. S. Hall,et al.  What is the Minimum EROI that a Sustainable Society Must Have , 2009 .

[2]  Stacy Cagle Davis,et al.  Transportation energy data book , 2008 .

[3]  Dominic A. Notter,et al.  Contribution of Li-ion batteries to the environmental impact of electric vehicles. , 2010, Environmental science & technology.

[4]  Martin John Atkins,et al.  CARBON EMISSIONS PINCH ANALYSIS (CEPA) FOR EMISSIONS REDUCTION IN THE NEW ZEALAND ELECTRICITY SECTOR , 2010 .

[5]  Raymond R. Tan,et al.  Power system planning with emission constraints: Effects of CCS retrofitting , 2014 .

[6]  Denny K. S. Ng,et al.  Carbon Constrained Energy Planning (CCEP) for Sustainable Power Generation Sector with Automated Targeting Model , 2013 .

[7]  Dominic C.Y. Foo,et al.  Pinch analysis approach to carbon-constrained energy sector planning , 2007 .

[8]  Troy R. Hawkins,et al.  Comparative Environmental Life Cycle Assessment of Conventional and Electric Vehicles , 2013 .

[9]  Raymond R. Tan,et al.  Targeting for carbon sequestration retrofit planning in the power generation sector for multi-period problems , 2014 .

[10]  Anders Hammer Strømman,et al.  Life cycle environmental assessment of lithium-ion and nickel metal hydride batteries for plug-in hybrid and battery electric vehicles. , 2011, Environmental science & technology.

[11]  Toshko Zhelev,et al.  Emissions targeting and planning: An application of CO2 emissions pinch analysis (CEPA) to the Irish electricity generation sector , 2008 .

[12]  B. Möller,et al.  The design of Smart Energy Systems for 100% renewable energy and transport solutions , 2013 .

[13]  Cheng-Liang Chen,et al.  A unified model for the deployment of carbon capture and storage , 2014 .

[14]  Martin John Atkins,et al.  Minimising carbon emissions and energy expended for electricity generation in New Zealand through to 2050 , 2014 .

[15]  Santanu Bandyopadhyay,et al.  Emission constrained power system planning: a pinch analysis based study of Indian electricity sector , 2013, Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy.

[16]  Michael Taylor.  Alternative Liquid Fuels : Global Availability , Economics and Environmental Impacts March 2007 , 2007 .