Optical performance monitoring based on asynchronous amplitude histograms

This chapter illustrates that by using simple analysis techniques, such as the average Q-factor, one may employ asynchronous histograms to derive information that would otherwise require a complete optical receiver as well as a BER counter to estimate. More complex techniques, such as the decomposition of asynchronous histograms, allow handling signals that suffer from distortion to the point where the original signal format is unrecognizable. In addition, it has been shown that histogram comparison techniques either using theoretical histograms or reference histograms can be used to extract information on the signal under analysis. Some practical aspects on the design of asynchronous sampling systems for the acquisition of asynchronous histograms have been considered. In particular, the most demanding aspect has been shown to be the sampling aperture time. It has been shown that the aperture time of the sampling system conditions the performed measurement by restricting the noise or distorting the signal under analysis. As a consequence, compensation methods have to be used either by adjusting the performed measurement or by using reference histograms. The analysis of asynchronous histograms has survived the evolution of optical communications systems as an effective proposal for advanced optical performance monitoring, thanks to its remarkable flexibility. Asynchronous histogram acquisition systems can be easily designed for very wide ranges of bit rates and arbitrary signal formats. An extensive set of simple and robust methods to analyze asynchronous histograms has been developed over the years, and application to novel modulation formats can be carried out with relatively little effort.

[1]  H. Takara,et al.  Quality monitoring of optical signals influenced by chromatic dispersion in a transmission fiber using averaged Q-factor evaluation , 2001, IEEE Photonics Technology Letters.

[2]  Daniel C. Kilper,et al.  Monitoring optical network performance degradation due to amplifier noise , 2003 .

[3]  L. Noirie,et al.  New Transparent Optical Monitoring of the Eye and Ber Using Asynchronous Under-Sampling of the Signal , 2002, 2002 28TH European Conference on Optical Communication.

[4]  Wen-De Zhong,et al.  New bit-error-rate monitoring technique based on histograms and curve fitting. , 2004, Optics express.

[5]  A. Lopes,et al.  Experimental verification of an eye diagram reconstruction technique based on asynchronous undersampling , 2005, SBMO/IEEE MTT-S International Conference on Microwave and Optoelectronics, 2005..

[6]  Adolfo V. T. Cartaxo,et al.  Correction to "Power penalty assessment in optically preamplified receivers with arbitrary optical f , 2002 .

[7]  A. Teixeira,et al.  Optical Signal-to-Noise Ratio Estimation Using Reference Asynchronous Histograms , 2009, Journal of Lightwave Technology.

[8]  C. Schmidt,et al.  Application of asynchronous amplitude histograms for performance monitoring of RZ signals , 2001, OFC 2001. Optical Fiber Communication Conference and Exhibit. Technical Digest Postconference Edition (IEEE Cat. 01CH37171).

[9]  Walter R. Leeb,et al.  Bit error probability estimation algorithm for signal supervision in all-optical networks , 1999 .

[10]  Hidehiko Takara,et al.  Averaged Q-factor method using amplitude histogram evaluation for transparent monitoring of optical signal-to-noise ratio degradation in optical transmission system , 2002 .

[11]  M. Kahrs,et al.  50 years of RF and microwave sampling , 2003 .

[12]  H. Takara,et al.  Simple Q factor monitoring for BER estimation using opened eye diagrams captured by high-speed asynchronous electrooptical sampling , 2003, IEEE Photonics Technology Letters.

[13]  Hui Chen,et al.  Transparent monitoring of rise time using asynchronous amplitude histograms in optical transmission systems , 2004, Journal of Lightwave Technology.

[14]  A.E. Willner,et al.  Optical performance monitoring , 2004, Journal of Lightwave Technology.

[15]  A. Teixeira,et al.  Performance monitoring in optical networks using asynchronously acquired samples with nonideal sampling systems and intersymbol interference , 2004, Journal of Lightwave Technology.

[16]  C. M. Weinert.  Gaussian deconvolution method for identification of impairments in optical signaltransmission , 2004 .

[17]  Hidehiko Takara,et al.  Bit rate flexible quality monitoring of 10 to 160 Gbit/s optical signals based on optical sampling technique , 2000 .

[18]  Weiguo Yang.  Sensitivity issues of optical performance monitoring , 2002 .

[19]  Wen-De Zhong,et al.  Improved BER monitoring based on amplitude histogram and multi-Gaussian curve fitting , 2007 .

[20]  Ippei Shake,et al.  Optical signal quality monitoring method based on optical sampling , 1998 .

[21]  M. Rohde,et al.  Histogram method for identification and evaluation of crosstalk , 2000 .

[22]  N. Hanik,et al.  Application of amplitude histograms to monitor performance of optical channels , 1999 .

[23]  A. Teixeira,et al.  Characterization of high bit rate optical signals by low rate asynchronous sampling , 2002, The 15th Annual Meeting of the IEEE Lasers and Electro-Optics Society.

[24]  Xi-Ren Cao,et al.  Amplitude histogram-based method for infine pulse rise time monitoring without eye-diagram , 2003, Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics, 2003. CLEO '03..

[25]  Guifang Li,et al.  Chromatic dispersion and polarization-mode dispersion monitoring for RZ-DPSK signals based on asynchronous amplitude-histogram evaluation , 2006 .

[26]  J.L. Pinto,et al.  Bit error rate assessment in DWDM transparent networks using optical performance monitor based in asynchronous sampling , 2002, Optical Fiber Communication Conference and Exhibit.

[27]  N. S. Bergano,et al.  Margin measurements in optical amplifier system , 1993, IEEE Photonics Technology Letters.

[28]  Polina Bayvel,et al.  Identification of sources of degradation in optical channels using deconvolution technique , 2003, OFC 2003 Optical Fiber Communications Conference, 2003..

[29]  Hidehiko Takara,et al.  Chromatic dispersion dependence of asynchronous amplitude histogram evaluation of NRZ signal , 2003 .

[30]  H. Takara,et al.  Determination of the origin of BER degradation utilizing asynchronous amplitude histograms , 2001, Technical Digest. CLEO/Pacific Rim 2001. 4th Pacific Rim Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics (Cat. No.01TH8557).

[31]  Ph. André,et al.  Optical-signal-quality monitor for bit-error-ratio assessment in transparent DWDMnetworks based on asynchronously sampled amplitude histograms , 2002 .