The Democratic Peace and Territorial Con?ict in the Twentieth Century

1. Another study of democracy and international conflict? 2. Pathways to conflict escalation and resolution in international disputes 3. The international strategic context 4. Domestic institutions and the political accountability model 5. Domestic institutions and the political norms model 6. Domestic institutions and the political affinity model 7. Empirical results for decisions to challenge the status quo 8. Empirical results for decisions to offer concessions in negotiations 9. Empirical results for decisions to escalate with military force 10. What have we learned about the democratic peace?

[1]  Zeev Maoz,et al.  Alliance, contiguity, wealth, and political stability: Is the lack of conflict among democracies a statistical artifact? 1 , 1992 .

[2]  D. Simon.  Strategic Territory and Territorial Strategy: The Geopolitics of Walvis Bay's Reintegration Into Namibia , 1996 .

[3]  J. Gibson.  A Sober Second Thought: An Experiment in Persuading Russians to Tolerate , 1998 .

[4]  Nils Petter Gleditsch,et al.  Democracy and Peace , 1992 .

[5]  Dennis F. Thompson,et al.  Democracy and Disagreement , 1996 .

[6]  J. Mercer.  Anarchy and identity , 1995, International Organization.

[7]  B. Beeley.  The Greek-Turkish boundary: conflict at the interface , 1978 .

[8]  John D. Huber.  The Vote of Confidence in Parliamentary Democracies , 1996, American Political Science Review.

[9]  B. Geddes,et al.  New Theoretical Perspectives on Democratization@@@Economic Reforms in New Democracies: A Social-Democratic Approach@@@Politician's Dilemma: Building State Capacity in Latin America@@@Elites and Democratic Consolidation in Latin America and Southern Europe@@@Capitalist Development and Democracy , 1995 .

[10]  Henry S. Farber,et al.  Building Bridges Abroad , 1997 .

[11]  King Vidor,et al.  War and peace = 戦争と平和 , 1865 .

[12]  Fareed Zakaria,et al.  The Rise of Illiberal Democracy , 1997 .

[13]  William J. Dixon,et al.  Democracy and the Peaceful Settlement of International Conflict , 1994, American Political Science Review.

[14]  D. McFadden,et al.  Specification tests for the multinomial logit model , 1984 .

[15]  Zeev Maoz,et al.  Regime Types and International Conflict, 1816-1976 , 1989 .

[16]  K. Gaubatz.  Election Cycles and War , 1991 .

[17]  J. D. Morrow.  Modeling the forms of international cooperation: distribution versus information , 1994, International Organization.

[18]  Scott Gates,et al.  Democracy and Peace: A More Skeptical View , 1996 .

[19]  E. Muller,et al.  Theories of Rebellion , 1994 .

[20]  Randolph M. Siverson,et al.  War and the Survival of Political Leaders: A Comparative Study of Regime Types and Political Accountability , 1995, American Political Science Review.

[21]  P. Tetlock.  The Impact of Accountability on Judgment and Choice: Toward A Social Contingency Model , 1992 .

[22]  A. Lamborn.  Theory and the Politics in World Politics , 1997 .

[23]  N. D. Harris.  Italy's foreign and colonial policy , 1915, American Journal of International Law.

[24]  G. Palma.  Legitimation from the Top to Civil Society: Politico-Cultural Change in Eastern Europe , 1991, World Politics.

[25]  H. Tajfel,et al.  Social categorization and intergroup behaviour , 1971 .

[26]  Ted Robert Gurr,et al.  Forecasting Internal Conflict , 1986 .

[27]  H. Lee,et al.  From Revolutionary Cadres to Party Technocrats in Socialist China , 1990, The Journal of Asian Studies.

[28]  Paul V. Warwick.  Government Survival in Parliamentary Democracies , 1994 .

[29]  A. Lupia,et al.  Coalition Termination and the Strategic Timing of Parliamentary Elections , 1995, American Political Science Review.

[30]  Gregory A. Raymond.  Democracies, Disputes, and Third-Party Intermediaries , 1994 .

[31]  Micheal Clodfelter.  Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Reference to Casualty and Other Figures, 1618-1991 , 1992 .

[32]  John M. Owen.  How Liberalism Produces Democratic Peace , 1994 .

[33]  W. Hamilton,et al.  The Evolution of Cooperation , 1984 .

[34]  Robert O. Keohane,et al.  Power and interdependence : world politics in transition , 1978 .

[35]  M. Barnett,et al.  Domestic sources of alliances and alignments: the case of Egypt, 1962–73 , 1991, International Organization.

[36]  C. Gray.  Arms races and other pathetic fallacies: a case for deconstruction , 1996, Review of International Studies.

[37]  G. King,et al.  Transfers of Governmental Power , 1994 .

[38]  E. Henderson,et al.  Culture or Contiguity , 1997 .

[39]  J. Kugler,et al.  Power Parity, Democracy, and the Severity of Internal Violence , 1998 .

[40]  Daniel Tretiak.  The Sino-Japanese Treaty of 1978: The Senkaku Incident Prelude , 1978 .

[41]  M. Lewis-Beck.  Economics and Elections: The Major Western Democracies , 1988 .

[42]  J. Pakulski,et al.  The Persistence of Postcommunist Elites , 1996 .

[43]  K. Holsti,et al.  The state, war, and the state of war: Frontmatter , 1996 .

[44]  Arie M. Kacowicz,et al.  Zones of Peace in the Third World: South America and West Africa in Comparative Perspective , 1998 .

[45]  Nehemia Geva,et al.  Why Don't Democracies Fight Each Other? , 1993 .

[46]  Steve Chan,et al.  In Search of Democratic Peace: Problems and Promise , 1997 .

[47]  F. Kratochwil.  Rules, Norms, and Decisions: Conclusion: The international legal order, international systems, and the comparative analysis of the practice of states , 1989 .

[48]  Erich Weede,et al.  Cross-National Variation in Political Violence , 1990 .

[49]  Jeffrey S. Peake,et al.  The Dynamics of Foreign Policy Agenda Setting , 1998, American Political Science Review.

[50]  Ross A. Miller,et al.  Group Rebellion in the 1980s , 1998 .

[51]  J. Merrills.  International dispute settlement , 1984 .

[52]  A. Stam,et al.  Democracy and Battlefield Military Effectiveness , 1998 .

[53]  Margaret G. Hermann,et al.  Rethinking Democracy and International Peace: Perspectives from Political Psychology , 1995 .

[54]  Benjamin I. Page,et al.  The Rational Public: Fifty Years of Trends in Americans' Policy Preferences , 1992 .

[55]  Robert Powell,et al.  Absolute and Relative Gains in International Relations Theory , 1991, American Political Science Review.

[56]  C. Hsiao,et al.  Multinomial Logit Specification Tests , 1985 .

[57]  S. Werner.  Absolute and limited war: The possibility of foreign‐imposed regime change , 1996 .

[58]  M. Freedman,et al.  The Functions of Social Conflict , 1959 .

[59]  James H. Cox,et al.  Echoes from the Past: The Relationship between Satisfaction with Economic Reforms and Voting Behavior in Poland , 1997, American Political Science Review.

[60]  Jack Snyder,et al.  Nationalism and the Marketplace of Ideas , 1996, International Security.

[61]  Reinhard Wolf,et al.  Democratization and the Danger of War , 1995 .

[62]  H. Tajfel.  Social Psychology of Intergroup Relations , 1982 .

[63]  James D. Fearon,et al.  Signaling Versus the Balance of Power and Interests , 1994 .

[64]  A. Enterline.  Regime Changes and Interstate Conflict, 1816-1992 , 1998 .

[65]  J. Gibson.  A Mile Wide But an Inch Deep(?): The Structure of Democratic Commitments in the Former USSR , 1996 .

[66]  Jack Snyder,et al.  Chain gangs and passed bucks: predicting alliance patterns in multipolarity , 1990, International Organization.

[67]  J. O'neal,et al.  The Classical Liberals Were Right: Democracy, Interdependence, and Conflict, 1950–1985 , 1997 .

[68]  D. Kahneman.  Reference points, anchors, norms, and mixed feelings. , 1992 .

[69]  A. Stam,et al.  Democracy, War Initiation, and Victory , 1998, American Political Science Review.

[70]  Thomas Risse-Kappen.  Cooperation Among Democracies: The European Influence on U , 1995 .

[71]  Stuart A. Bremer,et al.  Democracy and militarized interstate conflict, 1816–1965 , 1993 .

[72]  Joanne Gowa,et al.  Power Politics and International Trade , 1993, American Political Science Review.

[73]  Nathaniel Beck,et al.  Taking Time Seriously: Time-Series-Cross-Section Analysis with a Binary Dependent Variable , 1998 .

[74]  James D. Morrow,et al.  Capabilities, Uncertainty, and Resolve: A Limited Information Model of Crisis Bargaining , 1989 .

[75]  Morris P. Fiorina,et al.  Retrospective voting in American national elections , 1981 .

[76]  Alec M. Gallup,et al.  The Gallup poll : public opinion , 1972 .

[77]  M. Burton,et al.  The Elite Variable in Democratic Transitions and Breakdowns , 1989 .

[78]  M. Mousseau.  Democracy and Militarized Interstate Collaboration , 1997 .

[79]  R. Cialdini,et al.  Social influence: Social norms, conformity and compliance. , 1998 .

[80]  K. Benoit.  Democracies Really Are More Pacific (in General) , 1996 .

[81]  D. Druckman,et al.  Alternative Models of Responsiveness in International Negotiation , 1990 .

[82]  Z. Maoz.  The Controversy over the Democratic Peace: Rearguard Action or Cracks in the Wall? , 1997, International Security.

[83]  Eric V. Larson.  Casualties and Consensus: The Historical Role of Casualties in Domestic Support for U , 1996 .

[84]  Michael W. Doyle,et al.  Liberalism and World Politics , 1986, American Political Science Review.

[85]  I. Ajzen,et al.  Belief, Attitude, Intention, and Behavior: An Introduction to Theory and Research , 1977 .

[86]  John A. Vasquez.  Why Do Neighbors Fight? Proximity, Interaction, or Territoriality , 1995 .

[87]  Richard A. Brody,et al.  Assessing the President: The Media, Elite Opinion, and Public Support , 1991 .

[88]  Ekkart Zimmermann.  Political Violence, Crises and Revolutions : Theories and Research , 1983 .

[89]  J. Heckman.  Sample selection bias as a specification error , 1979 .

[90]  M. Fiorina.  An Era of Divided Government , 1992 .

[91]  Peter Wallensteen,et al.  The End of International War? Armed Conflict 1989-95 , 1996 .

[92]  E. Lieberman.  The Rational Deterrence Theory Debate: Is the Dependent Variable Elusive? , 1994 .

[93]  R. Jackman.  Power Without Force: The Political Capacity of Nation-States , 1993 .

[94]  Johnson Jh.  THE GALLUP POLL. , 1965 .

[95]  William R. Thompson,et al.  A Tale of Two Democratic Peace Critiques , 1997 .

[96]  M. Finnemore,et al.  International Norm Dynamics and Political Change , 1998, International Organization.

[97]  A. Hurrell.  Security Communities: An emerging security community in South America? , 1998 .

[98]  Daniel Druckman,et al.  Stages, Turning Points, and Crises , 1986 .

[99]  Randolph M. Siverson,et al.  The Political Determinants of International Trade: The Major Powers, 1907–1990 , 1998, American Political Science Review.

[100]  M. Kaw.  Choosing Sides: Testing a Political Proximity Model , 1990 .

[101]  J. S. Long,et al.  Regression Models for Categorical and Limited Dependent Variables , 1997 .

[102]  Richard Stoll,et al.  Negotiating Strategic Arms Control, 1969-1979 , 1986 .

[103]  Randall L. Schweller.  Deadly Imbalances: Tripolarity and Hitler's Strategy of World Conquest , 1998 .

[104]  D. V. Belle.  Press Freedom and the Democratic Peace , 1997 .

[105]  Ann M. Florini,et al.  The Evolution of International Norms , 1996 .

[106]  Alastair Smith.  Alliance Formation and War , 1995 .

[107]  Danny Unger,et al.  Burden-sharing in the Persian Gulf War , 1994 .

[108]  E. Hyer.  The South China Sea Disputes: Implications of China's Earlier Territorial Settlements , 1995 .

[109]  M. Nincic.  Democracy and Foreign Policy: The Fallacy of Political Realism , 1992 .

[110]  S. David.  Choosing Sides: Alignment and Realignment in the Third World , 1991 .

[111]  R. Rummel,et al.  Democracies are Less Warlike Than Other Regimes , 1995 .

[112]  R. Rummel,et al.  Libertarian Propositions on Violence within and between Nations , 1985 .

[113]  T. Clifton Morgan,et al.  Domestic Structure, Decisional Constraints, and War , 1991 .

[114]  Erik Gartzke,et al.  Kant We All Just get Along? Opportunity, Willingness, and the Origins of the Democratic Peace , 1998 .

[115]  D. Sutter.  Settling Old Scores , 1995 .

[116]  P. Senese.  Between Dispute and War: The Effect of Joint Democracy on Interstate Conflict Escalation , 1997, The Journal of Politics.

[117]  Bruce Russett,et al.  Raymond Cohen on pacific unions: a response and a reply , 1995 .

[118]  J. Fearon.  Signaling Foreign Policy Interests , 1997 .

[119]  S. Lohmann,et al.  Divided government and U.S. trade policy: theory and evidence , 1994, International Organization.

[120]  Gary Goertz,et al.  Toward a Theory of International Norms , 1992 .

[121]  J. Ray.  DOES DEMOCRACY CAUSE PEACE , 1998 .

[122]  J. Knopf.  How Rational Is “The Rational Public”? , 1998 .

[123]  Gerald L. Sorokin.  Arms, Alliances, and Security Tradeoffs in Enduring Rivalries , 1994 .

[124]  A. Stepan,et al.  Constitutional Frameworks and Democratic Consolidation: Parliamentarianism versus Presidentialism , 1993, World Politics.

[125]  M. Shugart,et al.  Presidentialism and Democracy in Latin America: Acknowledgments , 1997 .

[126]  R. Rummel,et al.  Democracy, Power, Genocide, and Mass Murder , 1995 .

[127]  Lowell Dittmer.  Patterns of Elite Strife and Succession in Chinese Politics , 1990, The China Quarterly.

[128]  R. Putnam.  Diplomacy and domestic politics: the logic of two-level games , 1988, International Organization.

[129]  P. Peterson.  The President's Dominance in Foreign Policy Making , 1994 .

[130]  George C. Edwards,et al.  The Legislative Impact of Divided Government , 1997 .

[131]  David E. Spiro.  The Insignificance of the Liberal Peace , 1994 .

[132]  M. Gasiorowski.  Economic Crisis and Political Regime Change: An Event History Analysis , 1995, American Political Science Review.

[133]  Margaret G. Hermann,et al.  Military intervention and the democratic peace , 1995 .

[134]  José Antonio Cheibub,et al.  Classifying political regimes , 1996 .

[135]  G. Garrett.  Global Markets and National Politics: Collision Course or Virtuous Circle? , 1998, International Organization.

[136]  Charles L. Glaser.  Realists as Optimists: Cooperation as Self-Help , 1994 .

[137]  Bruce Russett,et al.  What Makes Deterrence Work? Cases from 1900 to 1980 , 1984 .

[138]  Anne-Marie Slaughter.  International Law in a World of Liberal States , 1995 .

[139]  Zeev Maoz,et al.  The Liberal Peace: Interdependence, Democracy, and International Conflict, 1950-85 , 1996 .

[140]  Erich Weede,et al.  Democracy and War Involvement , 1984 .

[141]  Jonathan Wilkenfeld,et al.  Democracies in international crisis , 1996 .

[142]  R. Hart,et al.  An Empirical Test of The Audience Cost Proposition , 1996 .

[143]  Arie M. Kacowicz,et al.  Explaining Zones of Peace: Democracies as Satisfied Powers? , 1995 .

[144]  R. Michael Alvarez,et al.  When Politics and Models Collide: Estimating Models of Multiparty Elections , 1998 .

[145]  A. Przeworski,et al.  What Makes Democracies Endure? , 1996 .

[146]  Bruce Russett,et al.  Controlling the Sword: The Democratic Governance of National Security , 1990 .

[147]  E. T. Flood.  The 1940 Franco-Thai Border Dispute and Phibuun Sonkhraam's Commitment to Japan , 1969 .

[148]  John R. Freeman.  Systematic Sampling, Temporal Aggregation, and the Study of Political Relationships , 1989, Political Analysis.

[149]  A. Stam,et al.  The Declining Advantages of Democracy , 1998 .

[150]  D. McFadden.  Econometric Models of Probabilistic Choice , 1981 .

[151]  Steve Chan,et al.  Mirror, Mirror on the Wall... , 1984 .

[152]  J. Ray,et al.  New Tests of the Democratic Peace: Controlling for Economic Interdependence, 1950-85 , 1997 .

[153]  P. Kivisto,et al.  Ethnic Groups in Conflict. , 1986 .

[154]  T. Clifton Morgan,et al.  Take Two Democracies and Call Me in the Morning: A Prescription for Peace , 1992 .

[155]  D. Baldwin.  Power Analysis and World Politics: New Trends versus Old Tendencies , 1979, World Politics.

[156]  Lisa L. Martin.  Credibility, Costs, and Institutions: Cooperation on Economic Sanctions , 1993, World Politics.

[157]  J. Hausman.  Specification tests in econometrics , 1978 .

[158]  Guy D. Whitten,et al.  Heightening comparativists concern for model choice: voting behavior in Great Britain and the Netherlands , 1996 .

[159]  A. Przeworski,et al.  Democracy and the Market: Political and Economic Reforms in Eastern Europe and Latin America , 1991 .

[160]  Bruce W. Jentleson,et al.  Still Pretty Prudent , 1998 .

[161]  Bruce Russett,et al.  Deterrence Failure and Crisis Escalation , 1988 .

[162]  Erik Gartzke,et al.  Political System Similarity And The Choice of Allies , 1996 .

[163]  Paul F. Diehl,et al.  Enduring Rivalries: Theoretical Constructs and Empirical Patterns , 1993 .

[164]  Dan Reiter.  Exploding the Powder Keg Myth: Preemptive Wars Almost Never Happen , 1995 .

[165]  Errol A. Henderson.  The Democratic Peace Through the Lens of Culture, 1820–1989 , 1998 .

[166]  Jonathan Shimshoni.  Israel and Conventional Deterrence: Border Warfare from 1953 to 1970 , 1988 .

[167]  J. Auvinen.  Political Conflict in Less Developed Countries 1981-89 , 1997 .

[168]  Ronald L. Rogowski,et al.  Internationalization and Domestic Politics: The Impact of the International Economy on National Policies: An Analytical Overview , 1996 .

[169]  J. Fearon.  DOMESTIC POLITICS, FOREIGN POLICY, AND THEORIES OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS , 1998 .

[170]  M. Mousseau.  Democracy and Compromise in Militarized Interstate Conflicts, 1816-1992 , 1998 .

[171]  G. E. Mitchell,et al.  Targets of covert pressure: The hidden victims of the democratic peace , 1995 .

[172]  J. Fearon.  Bargaining, Enforcement, and International Cooperation , 1998, International Organization.

[173]  Barry R. Weingast.  The Political Foundations of Democracy and the Rule of the Law , 1997, American Political Science Review.

[174]  Alastair Smith.  Diversionary Foreign Policy in Democratic Systems , 1996 .

[175]  Matthew Soberg Shugart,et al.  Presidents and Assemblies: Index , 1992 .

[176]  J. Mearsheimer.  Back to the Future: Instability in Europe After the Cold War , 1990 .

[177]  Kenneth A. Schultz.  Domestic Opposition and Signaling in International Crises , 1998, American Political Science Review.

[178]  D. Byman,et al.  Why they fight: Hypotheses on the causes of contemporary deadly conflict , 1998 .

[179]  Paul K. Huth.  Reputations and deterrence: A theoretical and empirical assessment , 1997 .

[180]  William J. Dixon,et al.  Democracy and the Management of International Conflict , 1993 .

[181]  Michael A. Hogg,et al.  The Social Psychology of Group Cohesiveness: From Attraction to Social Identity , 1992 .

[182]  J. Fearon.  Rationalist explanations for war , 1995, International Organization.

[183]  Erich Weede,et al.  Some Simple Calculations on Democracy and War Involvement , 1992 .

[184]  Kurt Taylor Gaubatz,et al.  Intervention and Intransitivity: Public Opinion, Social Choice, and the Use of Military Force Abroad , 1995, World Politics.

[185]  Robert O. Keohane,et al.  Reciprocity in international relations , 1986, International Organization.

[186]  M. Infante,et al.  THE BEAGLE CHANNEL DISPUTE: CONFRONTATION AND NEGOTIATION IN THE SOUTHERN CONE , 1985 .

[187]  H. Hegre,et al.  The Hazard of War: Reassessing the Evidence for the Democratic Peace , 1997 .

[188]  Harvey Starr,et al.  Democratic Dominoes , 1991 .

[189]  Ted Robert Gurr,et al.  Transitions to Democracy: Tracking Democracy''s Third Wave with the Polity III Data , 1996 .

[190]  T. Liao.  Interpreting Probability Models: Logit, Probit, and Other Generalized Linear Models , 1994 .

[191]  John C. Turner,et al.  Social comparison and group interest in ingroup favouritism , 1979 .

[192]  Christopher Gelpi,et al.  Crime and Punishment: The Role of Norms in Crisis Bargaining , 1997, American Political Science Review.

[193]  W. Thompson.  Democracy and peace: putting the cart before the horse? , 1996, International Organization.

[194]  M. Ross.  The Limits to Social Structure: Social Structural and Psychocultural Explanations for Political Conflict and Violence , 1986 .

[195]  Kevin Ka-Wang Wang,et al.  Beginners and Winners: The Fate of Initiators of Interstate Wars Involving Great Powers Since 1495 , 1994 .

[196]  J. Ruggie.  What Makes the World Hang Together? Neo-utilitarianism and the Social Constructivist Challenge , 1998, International Organization.

[197]  Ian Gorvin.  Elections since 1945 : a worldwide reference compendium , 1994 .

[198]  Matthew Krain,et al.  State-Sponsored Mass Murder , 1997 .

[199]  Stephen A. Kocs.  Territorial Disputes and Interstate War, 1945-1987 , 1995, The Journal of Politics.

[200]  R. Powell.  Anarchy in international relations theory: the neorealist-neoliberal debate , 1994, International Organization.

[201]  M. Grieco,et al.  Anarchy and the limits of cooperation: a realist critique of the newest liberal institutionalism , 1988, International Organization.

[202]  Miles Hewstone,et al.  The ‘ultimate attribution error’? A review of the literature on intergroup causal attribution , 1990 .

[203]  R. Axelrod.  An Evolutionary Approach to Norms , 1986, American Political Science Review.

[204]  Matthew Krain,et al.  Democracy and civil war: A note on the democratic peace proposition , 1997 .

[205]  Randolph M. Siverson,et al.  War and the Fate of Regimes: A Comparative Analysis , 1992, American Political Science Review.

[206]  D. Forsythe.  Democracy, War, and Covert Action , 1992 .

[207]  Bear F. Braumoeller.  Deadly Doves: Liberal Nationalism and the Democratic Peace in the Soviet Successor States , 1997 .

[208]  Randolph M. Siverson,et al.  War Expansion and War Outcome , 1996 .

[209]  Paul V. Warwick.  Economic Trends and Government Survival in West European Parliamentary Democracies , 1992, American Political Science Review.

[210]  John A. Vasquez.  Distinguishing Rivals That Go to War from Those That Do Not: A Quantitative Comparative Case Study of the Two Paths to War , 1996 .

[211]  Randall L. Schweller.  Domestic Structure and Preventive War: Are Democracies More Pacific? , 1992, World Politics.

[212]  S. Bremer.  Dangerous Dyads , 1992 .

[213]  Daniel McFadden,et al.  Modelling the Choice of Residential Location , 1977 .

[214]  Paul R. Hensel,et al.  Charting A Course To Conflict: Territorial Issues and Interstate Conflict, 1816-1992 , 1996 .

[215]  S. Werner,et al.  Opposites Do Not Attract: The Impact of Domestic Institutions, Power, and Prior Commitments on Alignment Choices , 1997 .

[216]  N. P. Gleditsch,et al.  Peace and Democracy , 1997 .

[217]  A. Hadenius.  Democracy and Development , 1992 .

[218]  W. Moore,et al.  Ethnicity Matters: Transnational Ethnic Alliances and Foreign Policy Behavior , 1997 .

[219]  J. D. Morrow.  Arms versus allies: trade-offs in the search for security , 1993, International Organization.

[220]  Paul D. Senese,et al.  Geographical Proximity and Issue Salience: Their Effects on the Escalation of Militarized Interstate Conflict , 1996 .

[221]  David A. Lake.  Powerful Pacifists: Democratic States and War , 1992, American Political Science Review.

[222]  B. Hinckley,et al.  Foreign Policy and the Evaluation of Presidential Candidates , 1991 .

[223]  P. Sellers.  Strategy and Background in Congressional Campaigns , 1998, American Political Science Review.

[224]  Bruce Bueno de Mesquita,et al.  Capabilities, Perception, and Escalation , 1997, American Political Science Review.

[225]  J. Mercer.  Reputation and rational deterrence theory , 1997 .

[226]  Christopher Layne,et al.  Kant or Cant: The Myth of the Democratic Peace , 1994 .

[227]  T. Clifton Morgan,et al.  Domestic Discontent and the External Use of Force , 1992 .

[228]  D. S. Bennett,et al.  Security, Bargaining, and the End of Interstate Rivalry , 1996 .

[229]  M. Doyle,et al.  The Democratic Peace , 1995 .

[230]  Ted Robert Gurr,et al.  Toward Empirical Theory of Genocides and Politicides: Identification and Measurement of Cases since 1945 , 1988 .

[231]  M. Gasiorowski,et al.  An Overview of the Political Regime Change Dataset , 1996 .

[232]  Randolph M. Siverson,et al.  Birds of a Feather , 1991 .

[233]  Kenneth A. Schultz.  The Politics of the Political Business Cycle , 1995, British Journal of Political Science.

[234]  G. Maddala.  Limited-dependent and qualitative variables in econometrics: Introduction , 1983 .

[235]  J. D. Morrow.  Alliances and Asymmetry: An Alternative to the Capability Aggregation Model of Alliances , 1991 .

[236]  Z. Maoz,et al.  Realist and Cultural Critiques of the Democratic Peace: A Theoretical and Empirical Reassessment , 1998 .

[237]  Paul K. Huth.  Major Power Intervention in International Crises, 1918-1988 , 1998 .

[238]  Ido Oren,et al.  The Subjectivity of the "Democratic" Peace: Changing U.S. Perceptions of Imperial Germany , 1995 .

[239]  John R. Oneal,et al.  Presidents, the Use of Military Force, and Public Opinion , 1993 .

[240]  T. Gurr,et al.  The Conflict Process , 1981 .

[241]  William Reed,et al.  Regime types and status quo evaluations: Power transition theory and the democratic peace , 1996 .

[242]  Peter J. Partell.  Executive Constraints and Success in International Crises , 1997 .

[243]  J. Kugler,et al.  Parity and War: Evaluations and Extensions of The War Ledger , 1996 .

[244]  K. T. Poole,et al.  Poverty, the Coup Trap, and the Seizure of Executive Power , 1990, World Politics.

[245]  Robert Powell,et al.  Guns, Butter, and Anarchy , 1993, American Political Science Review.

[246]  L. Preuss.  The Dispute Between Denmark and Norway Over the Sovereignty of East Greenland , 1932, American Journal of International Law.

[247]  J. D. Morrow.  Alliances, Credibility, and Peacetime Costs , 1994 .

[248]  G. Gallup.  The Gallup international public opinion polls : Great Britain, 1937-1975 , 1976 .

[249]  D. S. Bennett.  Measuring Rivalry Termination, 1816-1992 , 1997 .

[250]  John A. Vasquez.  The War Puzzle: PRELIMINARIES , 1993 .

[251]  C. Neal Tate,et al.  Repression of Human Rights to Personal Integrity in the 1980s: A Global Analysis , 1994, American Political Science Review.

[252]  H. Milner,et al.  Democratic Politics and International Trade Negotiations , 1997 .

[253]  Dan Reiter,et al.  Assessing the Dyadic Nature of the Democratic Peace, 1918–88 , 1996, American Political Science Review.

[254]  Raymond Cohen,et al.  Pacific unions: a reappraisal of the theory that ‘democracies do not go to war with each other’ , 1994, Review of International Studies.

[255]  Alastair Smith,et al.  International Crises and Domestic Politics , 1998, American Political Science Review.

[256]  Charles L. Glaser.  The Security Dilemma Revisited , 1997, World Politics.

[257]  J. Duffield,et al.  International regimes and alliance behavior: explaining NATO conventional force levels , 1992, International Organization.

[258]  Rudolph Rummel,et al.  Libertarianism and International Violence , 1983 .

[259]  Common Interests or Common Polities? Reinterpreting the Democratic Peace , 1995 .

[260]  J. Fearon.  Domestic Political Audiences and the Escalation of International Disputes , 1994, American Political Science Review.

[261]  John H. Aldrich,et al.  Foreign Affairs and Issue Voting: Do Presidential Candidates “Waltz Before a Blind Audience?” , 1989, American Political Science Review.

[262]  M. Hermann,et al.  Putting Military Intervention into the Democratic Peace , 1997 .

[263]  Zeev Maoz,et al.  Normative and Structural Causes of Democratic Peace, 1946–1986 , 1993, American Political Science Review.

[264]  David M. Rocke,et al.  Is the good news about compliance good news about cooperation , 1996 .

[265]  D. S. Bennett,et al.  The Duration of Interstate Wars, 1816–1985 , 1996, American Political Science Review.

[266]  Michael D. Ward,et al.  Democratizing for Peace , 1998, American Political Science Review.

[267]  Henry S. Farber,et al.  Polities and Peace , 1995 .

[268]  Randolph M. Siverson,et al.  Nasty or Nice? , 1997 .

[269]  T. Power,et al.  Institutional Design and Democratic Consolidation in the Third World , 1997 .

[270]  E. Lieberman.  What Makes Deterrence Work?: Lessons from the Egyptian-Israeli Enduring Rivalry , 1995 .

[271]  E. Hobsbawm.  Nations and Nationalism since 1780: Programme, Myth, Reality , 1990, American Political Science Review.

[272]  D. S. Bennett.  Integrating and Testing Models of Rivalry Duration , 1998 .

[273]  M. Yoon,et al.  Explaining U.S. Intervention in Third World Internal Wars, 1945-1989 , 1997 .

[274]  L. P. Ribuffo,et al.  How to Win Votes and Influence Congress@@@Presidential Power and the Modern Presidents: The Politics of Leadership from Roosevelt to Reagan. , 1960 .