Emerging flexible sensors based on nanomaterials: recent status and applications

Flexible sensors have received tremendous attention over the last several decades due to their outstanding properties, such as high stretchability, excellent biocompatibility, great conformability, and low cost. The main fatal aspect of flexible sensors is that the flexible material has poor conductivity, resulting in obtained flexible sensors possessing poor sensitivity. Many kinds of nanomaterials with excellent conductivity have been integrated with flexible materials to improve the conductivity of flexible sensors, such as carbon nanomaterials and metal nanomaterials. In terms of molding, 3D printing serves as an ideal technology for producing flexible sensors because it can generate previously unattainable geometric structures compared with traditional fabrications. Understanding the features of flexible materials, nanomaterials, and 3D printing technology, and assessing the possibility of their fabrication are therefore critical for the development and application of flexible sensors. Herein, we review the recent literature on flexible materials and nanomaterials, and the fabrication strategy of flexible sensors, with a particular focus on stretchable and self-healing properties. Then, we discuss the application of flexible sensors, such as biomedical devices, wearable devices, and soft robots. Finally, we provide key challenges and opportunities that lie ahead for flexible sensors.

[1]  S. Ko,et al.  Highly Stretchable and Transparent Metal Nanowire Heater for Wearable Electronics Applications , 2015, Advanced materials.

[2]  Zhaoqun Du,et al.  Preparation of High Sensitive and Stretchable Strain Sensor of MXene/Silver Nanocomposite-based Yarn and Wearable Applications. , 2019, ACS applied materials & interfaces.

[3]  Takao Someya,et al.  Self‐Adhesive and Ultra‐Conformable, Sub‐300 nm Dry Thin‐Film Electrodes for Surface Monitoring of Biopotentials , 2018, Advanced Functional Materials.

[4]  Malcolm Xing,et al.  Skin‐Inspired Multifunctional Autonomic‐Intrinsic Conductive Self‐Healing Hydrogels with Pressure Sensitivity, Stretchability, and 3D Printability , 2017, Advanced materials.

[5]  J. Lewis,et al.  Conformal Printing of Electrically Small Antennas on Three‐Dimensional Surfaces , 2011, Advanced materials.

[6]  Thomas J. Wallin,et al.  Highly Elastic, Transparent, and Conductive 3D‐Printed Ionic Composite Hydrogels , 2017 .

[7]  Qiang Fu,et al.  Fabrication of highly stretchable conductors via morphological control of carbon nanotube network. , 2013, Small.

[8]  Carter S. Haines,et al.  Hierarchically buckled sheath-core fibers for superelastic electronics, sensors, and muscles , 2015, Science.

[9]  John A Rogers,et al.  Bio-Integrated Wearable Systems: A Comprehensive Review. , 2019, Chemical reviews.

[10]  Shlomo Magdassi,et al.  Additive Manufacturing of 3D Structures Composed of Wood Materials , 2019, Advanced Materials Technologies.

[11]  Dawei Zhang,et al.  Self-healing mechanisms in smart protective coatings: A review , 2018, Corrosion Science.

[12]  Pingping Wang,et al.  A compliant, self-adhesive and self-healing wearable hydrogel as epidermal strain sensor , 2018 .

[13]  Jun Liu,et al.  Bio-inspired, Micro-structured Silk Fibroin Adhesives for Flexible Skin Sensors. , 2020, ACS applied materials & interfaces.

[14]  A. Santamaría,et al.  How Is Rheology Involved in 3D Printing of Phase-Separated PVC-Acrylate Copolymers Obtained by Free Radical Polymerization , 2020, Polymers.

[15]  Ted Rosen,et al.  Medical Adhesives and Patient Safety: State of the Science Consensus Statements for the Assessment, Prevention, and Treatment of Adhesive-Related Skin Injuries , 2013, Journal of wound, ostomy, and continence nursing : official publication of The Wound, Ostomy and Continence Nurses Society.

[16]  Guofa Cai,et al.  Extremely Stretchable Strain Sensors Based on Conductive Self‐Healing Dynamic Cross‐Links Hydrogels for Human‐Motion Detection , 2016, Advanced science.

[17]  Yong He,et al.  Multi-Material 3D Printing of Highly Stretchable Silicone Elastomer. , 2019, ACS applied materials & interfaces.

[18]  Zhong Lin Wang,et al.  Fiber/Fabric‐Based Piezoelectric and Triboelectric Nanogenerators for Flexible/Stretchable and Wearable Electronics and Artificial Intelligence , 2019, Advanced materials.

[19]  Zhanhu Guo,et al.  An overview of stretchable strain sensors from conductive polymer nanocomposites , 2019, Journal of Materials Chemistry C.

[20]  Georgette B. Salieb-Beugelaar,et al.  PDMS with designer functionalities—Properties, modifications strategies, and applications , 2018, Progress in Polymer Science.

[21]  Zhe Yin,et al.  Flexible and Highly Sensitive Pressure Sensors Based on Bionic Hierarchical Structures , 2017 .

[22]  Ji Woong Yu,et al.  Highly conductive, stretchable and biocompatible Ag–Au core–sheath nanowire composite for wearable and implantable bioelectronics , 2018, Nature Nanotechnology.

[23]  Wei Gao,et al.  Flexible Electronics toward Wearable Sensing. , 2019, Accounts of chemical research.

[24]  Sung Young Park,et al.  Mineralized Soft and Elastic Polymer Dots-Hydrogel for Flexible Self-Powered Electronic Skin Sensor. , 2020, ACS applied materials & interfaces.

[25]  Yang Wang,et al.  Electrically controlled liquid crystal elastomer–based soft tubular actuator with multimodal actuation , 2019, Science Advances.

[26]  Jianting Fu,et al.  Flexible, Tunable, and Ultrasensitive Capacitive Pressure Sensor with Microconformal Graphene Electrodes. , 2019, ACS applied materials & interfaces.

[27]  Yinji Ma,et al.  Ultralow-Cost, Highly Sensitive, and Flexible Pressure Sensors Based on Carbon Black and Airlaid Paper for Wearable Electronics. , 2019, ACS applied materials & interfaces.

[28]  Gert Heinrich,et al.  Construction of an Interconnected Nanostructured Carbon Black Network: Development of Highly Stretchable and Robust Elastomeric Conductors , 2015 .

[29]  Oliver Brock,et al.  A novel type of compliant and underactuated robotic hand for dexterous grasping , 2016, Int. J. Robotics Res..

[30]  Elisabetta A. Matsumoto,et al.  Biomimetic 4D printing. , 2016, Nature materials.

[31]  Kuniharu Takei,et al.  Multifunctional Skin‐Inspired Flexible Sensor Systems for Wearable Electronics , 2019, Advanced Materials Technologies.

[32]  Jeong Sook Ha,et al.  Highly Stretchable and Sensitive Strain Sensors Using Fragmentized Graphene Foam , 2015 .

[33]  Antonio Facchetti,et al.  Mechanically Flexible Conductors for Stretchable and Wearable E‐Skin and E‐Textile Devices , 2019, Advanced materials.

[34]  G. Whitesides,et al.  Poly(dimethylsiloxane) as a material for fabricating microfluidic devices. , 2002, Accounts of chemical research.

[35]  E. Wang,et al.  Super-elastic graphene ripples for flexible strain sensors. , 2011, ACS nano.

[36]  Hossam Haick,et al.  Autonomous Flexible Sensors for Health Monitoring , 2018, Advanced materials.

[37]  Mohammad A. Saed,et al.  Welding of 3D-printed carbon nanotube–polymer composites by locally induced microwave heating , 2017, Science Advances.

[38]  Hui‐Ming Cheng,et al.  Three-dimensional flexible and conductive interconnected graphene networks grown by chemical vapour deposition. , 2011, Nature materials.

[39]  Ali Khademhosseini,et al.  Direct-write 3D printing and characterization of a GelMA-based biomaterial for intracorporeal tissue engineering , 2020, Biofabrication.

[40]  Feng Xu,et al.  A Smart Glove Integrated with Tunable MWNTs/PDMS Fibers Made of One-Step Extrusion Method for Finger Dexterity, Gesture and Temperature Recognition. , 2020, ACS applied materials & interfaces.

[41]  Andrew P. Dove,et al.  Terpene- and terpenoid-based polymeric resins for stereolithography 3D printing , 2019, Polymer Chemistry.

[42]  Hongqiang Li,et al.  Highly stretchable, transparent and room-temperature self-healable polydimethylsiloxane elastomer for bending sensor. , 2020, Journal of colloid and interface science.

[43]  Z. Suo,et al.  Highly stretchable and tough hydrogels , 2012, Nature.

[44]  Maxim Shusteff,et al.  Volumetric additive manufacturing via tomographic reconstruction , 2019, Science.

[45]  Seiji Akita,et al.  Multimodal Plant Healthcare Flexible Sensor System. , 2020, ACS nano.

[46]  Jang‐Ung Park,et al.  Highly Transparent and Stretchable Field‐Effect Transistor Sensors Using Graphene–Nanowire Hybrid Nanostructures , 2015, Advanced materials.

[47]  Daniel M. Vogt,et al.  Embedded 3D Printing of Strain Sensors within Highly Stretchable Elastomers , 2014, Advanced materials.

[48]  S. Yao,et al.  Wearable multifunctional sensors using printed stretchable conductors made of silver nanowires. , 2014, Nanoscale.

[49]  Zhenan Bao,et al.  Mechanically Durable and Highly Stretchable Transistors Employing Carbon Nanotube Semiconductor and Electrodes , 2016, Advanced materials.

[50]  Yong Lin,et al.  A highly stretchable strain sensor based on a graphene/silver nanoparticle synergic conductive network and a sandwich structure , 2016 .

[51]  C. Keplinger,et al.  A highly stretchable autonomous self-healing elastomer. , 2016, Nature chemistry.

[52]  Abbas S. Milani,et al.  3D-Printed Ultra-Robust Surface-Doped Porous Silicone Sensors for Wearable Biomonitoring. , 2020, ACS nano.

[53]  V. M. Pathak,et al.  2D-SnSe2 Nanosheet Functionalized Piezo-resistive Flexible Sensor for Pressure and Human Breath Monitoring , 2020 .

[54]  Benjamin C. K. Tee,et al.  An electrically and mechanically self-healing composite with pressure- and flexion-sensitive properties for electronic skin applications. , 2012, Nature nanotechnology.

[55]  Jong-Hyun Ahn,et al.  Graphene-based flexible and stretchable thin film transistors. , 2012, Nanoscale.

[56]  Miaofang Chi,et al.  Synthesis of oxidation-resistant cupronickel nanowires for transparent conducting nanowire networks. , 2012, Nano letters.

[57]  Nikolay N. Nedyalkov,et al.  Optical properties of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) during nanosecond laser processing , 2016 .

[58]  U. Chung,et al.  Highly Stretchable Resistive Pressure Sensors Using a Conductive Elastomeric Composite on a Micropyramid Array , 2014, Advanced materials.

[59]  T. Someya,et al.  A Rubberlike Stretchable Active Matrix Using Elastic Conductors , 2008, Science.

[60]  Kun-Ju Lin,et al.  Miniaturized Flexible Piezoresistive Pressure Sensors: Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):Poly(styrenesulfonate) Copolymers Blended with Graphene Oxide for Biomedical Applications. , 2019, ACS applied materials & interfaces.

[61]  Young Min Song,et al.  Dual-Mode Colorimetric Sensor Based on Ultrathin Resonating Facilitator Capable of Nanometer-Thick Virus Detection for Environment Monitoring , 2020, ACS Applied Nano Materials.

[62]  Liliang Ouyang,et al.  3D printing of photocurable poly(glycerol sebacate) elastomers , 2016, Biofabrication.

[63]  Takao Someya,et al.  Enhancing the Performance of Stretchable Conductors for E‐Textiles by Controlled Ink Permeation , 2017, Advanced materials.

[64]  Shogo Nakata,et al.  Wearable, Flexible, and Multifunctional Healthcare Device with an ISFET Chemical Sensor for Simultaneous Sweat pH and Skin Temperature Monitoring. , 2017, ACS sensors.

[65]  Cheng Yang,et al.  Stretchable Strain Vector Sensor Based on Parallelly Aligned Vertical Graphene. , 2018, ACS applied materials & interfaces.

[66]  David Beebe,et al.  Engineers are from PDMS-land, Biologists are from Polystyrenia. , 2012, Lab on a chip.

[67]  Benjamin C. K. Tee,et al.  Highly sensitive flexible pressure sensors with microstructured rubber dielectric layers. , 2010, Nature materials.

[68]  Hossam Haick,et al.  Advanced Materials for Use in Soft Self‐Healing Devices , 2017, Advanced materials.

[69]  Yanlin Song,et al.  Fabrication of Transparent Multilayer Circuits by Inkjet Printing , 2016, Advanced materials.

[70]  Yong He,et al.  Three-Dimensional Printed Wearable Sensors with Liquid Metals for Detecting the Pose of Snakelike Soft Robots. , 2018, ACS applied materials & interfaces.

[71]  T. Gurunathan,et al.  Polyurethane conductive blends and composites: synthesis and applications perspective , 2012, Journal of Materials Science.

[72]  Yong Zhu,et al.  Highly Conductive and Stretchable Silver Nanowire Conductors , 2012, Advanced materials.

[73]  M. C. Tracey,et al.  Mechanical characterization of bulk Sylgard 184 for microfluidics and microengineering , 2014 .

[74]  Jianshi Tang,et al.  Large-Area High-Performance Flexible Pressure Sensor with Carbon Nanotube Active Matrix for Electronic Skin. , 2018, Nano letters.

[75]  Robert M Sweet,et al.  Monolithic 3D printing of embeddable and highly stretchable strain sensors using conductive ionogels , 2019, Nanotechnology.

[76]  Yaping Zang,et al.  Advances of flexible pressure sensors toward artificial intelligence and health care applications , 2015 .

[77]  Yahong Zhou,et al.  A Tough and Self-Powered Hydrogel for Artificial Skin , 2019 .

[78]  Woo Jin Hyun,et al.  Highly stretchable and wearable graphene strain sensors with controllable sensitivity for human motion monitoring. , 2015, ACS applied materials & interfaces.

[79]  Yang Xu,et al.  3-D graphene aerogel sphere-based flexible sensors for healthcare applications , 2020 .

[80]  Mohammad F. Islam,et al.  Single‐Walled Carbon Nanotube Aerogel‐Based Elastic Conductors , 2011, Advanced materials.

[81]  H. Choi,et al.  Highly conductive, printable and stretchable composite films of carbon nanotubes and silver. , 2010, Nature nanotechnology.

[82]  Joanna Aizenberg,et al.  Extremely Stretchable and Fast Self‐Healing Hydrogels , 2016, Advanced materials.

[83]  Yu-Chan Kim,et al.  Highly Conformable, Transparent Electrodes for Epidermal Electronics. , 2018, Nano letters.

[84]  Qingsheng Zeng,et al.  Highly Transparent and Conductive Stretchable Conductors Based on Hierarchical Reticulate Single‐Walled Carbon Nanotube Architecture , 2012 .

[85]  P. Cordier,et al.  Self-healing and thermoreversible rubber from supramolecular assembly , 2008, Nature.

[86]  Wei Feng,et al.  Stress Controllability in Thermal and Electrical Conductivity of 3D Elastic Graphene‐Crosslinked Carbon Nanotube Sponge/Polyimide Nanocomposite , 2019, Advanced Functional Materials.

[87]  Xuewen Wang,et al.  Silk‐Molded Flexible, Ultrasensitive, and Highly Stable Electronic Skin for Monitoring Human Physiological Signals , 2014, Advanced materials.

[88]  John A. Rogers,et al.  Omnidirectional Printing of Flexible, Stretchable, and Spanning Silver Microelectrodes , 2009, Science.

[89]  Jae‐Woong Jeong,et al.  Advanced Soft Materials, Sensor Integrations, and Applications of Wearable Flexible Hybrid Electronics in Healthcare, Energy, and Environment , 2019, Advanced materials.

[90]  Wei Gao,et al.  Highly conductive and stretchable polymer composites based on graphene/MWCNT network. , 2013, Chemical communications.

[91]  John W Haycock,et al.  Additive manufactured biodegradable poly(glycerol sebacate methacrylate) nerve guidance conduits. , 2018, Acta biomaterialia.

[92]  Takuzo Aida,et al.  Mechanically robust, readily repairable polymers via tailored noncovalent cross-linking , 2018, Science.

[93]  Qiu Jiang,et al.  MXenes stretch hydrogel sensor performance to new limits , 2018, Science Advances.

[94]  Lei Ren,et al.  Textile Based Capacitive Sensor for Physical Rehabilitation via Surface Topological Modification. , 2020, ACS nano.

[95]  S. Hsu,et al.  Synthesis and 3D Printing of Biodegradable Polyurethane Elastomer by a Water‐Based Process for Cartilage Tissue Engineering Applications , 2014, Advanced healthcare materials.

[96]  Seulah Lee,et al.  Ag Nanowire Reinforced Highly Stretchable Conductive Fibers for Wearable Electronics , 2015 .

[97]  Kwok Hoe Chan,et al.  Direct-Ink-Write 3D Printing of Hydrogels into Biomimetic Soft Robots. , 2019, ACS nano.

[98]  Wei Zhao,et al.  Nanoalloy Printed and Pulse-Laser Sintered Flexible Sensor Devices with Enhanced Stability and Materials Compatibility. , 2015, ACS nano.

[99]  Guanghui Gao,et al.  Ultra-stretchable wearable strain sensors based on skin-inspired adhesive, tough and conductive hydrogels , 2019, Chemical Engineering Journal.

[100]  Zhen Jiang,et al.  Tough, Self‐Healing Hydrogels Capable of Ultrafast Shape Changing , 2019, Advanced materials.

[101]  H. Montazerian,et al.  Permeability and mechanical properties of gradient porous PDMS scaffolds fabricated by 3D-printed sacrificial templates designed with minimal surfaces. , 2019, Acta biomaterialia.

[102]  Hwa-Yaw Tam,et al.  Rapid 3D Patterning of Poly(acrylic acid) Ionic Hydrogel for Miniature pH Sensors , 2016, Advanced materials.

[103]  Albert G. Nasibulin,et al.  Recent Progress on Thermo-electrical Properties of Conductive Polymer Composites and Their Application in Temperature Sensors , 2020, Engineered Science.

[104]  Sang-Gook Kim,et al.  Extremely Elastic Wearable Carbon Nanotube Fiber Strain Sensor for Monitoring of Human Motion. , 2015, ACS nano.

[105]  Tingting Yang,et al.  Simultaneous High Sensitivity Sensing of Temperature and Humidity with Graphene Woven Fabrics. , 2017, ACS applied materials & interfaces.

[106]  Hyunjung Yi,et al.  Ultrasensitive and Highly Stable Resistive Pressure Sensors with Biomaterial-Incorporated Interfacial Layers for Wearable Health-Monitoring and Human-Machine Interfaces. , 2018, ACS applied materials & interfaces.

[107]  Shichao Niu,et al.  Superfast and high-sensitivity printable strain sensors with bioinspired micron-scale cracks. , 2017, Nanoscale.

[108]  György Buzsáki,et al.  High-Density Stretchable Electrode Grids for Chronic Neural Recording , 2018, Advanced materials.

[109]  Xuanhe Zhao,et al.  Multi-scale multi-mechanism design of tough hydrogels: building dissipation into stretchy networks. , 2014, Soft matter.

[110]  Tae Won Kang,et al.  Highly Sensitive Flexible Photodetectors Based on Self-Assembled Tin Monosulfide Nanoflakes with Graphene Electrodes. , 2017, ACS applied materials & interfaces.

[111]  Dong Choon Hyun,et al.  Ordered Zigzag Stripes of Polymer Gel/Metal Nanoparticle Composites for Highly Stretchable Conductive Electrodes , 2011, Advanced materials.

[112]  Ting Zhang,et al.  Reproducible layer-by-layer exfoliation for free-standing ultrathin films of single-walled carbon nanotubes , 2012 .

[113]  Zhengchun Peng,et al.  A Flexible Piezoresistive Sensor with Wide-Range Pressure Measurement based on a Graded Nest-Like Architecture. , 2020, ACS applied materials & interfaces.

[114]  Tuncay Alan,et al.  Detecting Subtle Vibrations Using Graphene-Based Cellular Elastomers. , 2017, ACS applied materials & interfaces.

[115]  Amir Hosein Sakhaei,et al.  Highly Stretchable and UV Curable Elastomers for Digital Light Processing Based 3D Printing , 2017, Advanced materials.

[116]  Wei Feng,et al.  High cross-plane thermally conductive hierarchical composite using graphene-coated vertically aligned carbon nanotubes/graphite , 2019, Carbon.

[117]  Marc Gaugler,et al.  Integrating softwood biorefinery lignin into polyhydroxybutyrate composites and application in 3D printing , 2019, Materials Today Communications.

[118]  Chun H. Wang,et al.  Strain Sensors with Adjustable Sensitivity by Tailoring the Microstructure of Graphene Aerogel/PDMS Nanocomposites. , 2016, ACS applied materials & interfaces.

[119]  Zhenan Bao,et al.  Self-healing soft electronics , 2019, Nature Electronics.

[120]  Kai Nordlund,et al.  Gas-Phase Synthesis of Trimetallic Nanoparticles , 2019, Chemistry of Materials.

[121]  Feng Zhou,et al.  3D Printing of Photocuring Elastomers with Excellent Mechanical Strength and Resilience. , 2019, Macromolecular rapid communications.

[122]  Jeremiah J Gassensmith,et al.  Biodegradable 3D printed polymer microneedles for transdermal drug delivery. , 2018, Lab on a chip.

[123]  Yongjin Li,et al.  Toward a Stretchable, Elastic, and Electrically Conductive Nanocomposite: Morphology and Properties of Poly[styrene-b-(ethylene-co-butylene)-b-styrene]/Multiwalled Carbon Nanotube Composites Fabricated by High-Shear Processing , 2009 .

[124]  Xiaodong Chen,et al.  Healable, Transparent, Room-Temperature Electronic Sensors Based on Carbon Nanotube Network-Coated Polyelectrolyte Multilayers. , 2015, Small.

[125]  Cunjiang Yu,et al.  Highly Sensitive and Very Stretchable Strain Sensor Based on a Rubbery Semiconductor. , 2018, ACS applied materials & interfaces.

[126]  Ja Hoon Koo,et al.  Highly Skin‐Conformal Microhairy Sensor for Pulse Signal Amplification , 2014, Advanced materials.

[127]  Howon Lee,et al.  Soft Robotic Manipulation and Locomotion with a 3D Printed Electroactive Hydrogel. , 2018, ACS applied materials & interfaces.

[128]  T. Trung,et al.  Flexible and Stretchable Physical Sensor Integrated Platforms for Wearable Human‐Activity Monitoringand Personal Healthcare , 2016, Advanced materials.

[129]  Jeongdai Jo,et al.  A photonic sintering derived Ag flake/nanoparticle-based highly sensitive stretchable strain sensor for human motion monitoring. , 2018, Nanoscale.

[130]  Yiyu Feng,et al.  Three-dimensional interconnected networks for thermally conductive polymer composites: Design, preparation, properties, and mechanisms , 2020, Materials Science and Engineering: R: Reports.

[131]  T. Kurokawa,et al.  Double‐Network Hydrogels with Extremely High Mechanical Strength , 2003 .

[132]  Zhenan Bao,et al.  Tough and Water‐Insensitive Self‐Healing Elastomer for Robust Electronic Skin , 2018, Advanced materials.

[133]  B. Sumerlin,et al.  Next-generation self-healing materials , 2018, Science.

[134]  Tobias Vossmeyer,et al.  Highly Responsive PEG/Gold Nanoparticle Thin-Film Humidity Sensor via Inkjet Printing Technology. , 2019, Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids.

[135]  Carmel Majidi,et al.  An autonomously electrically self-healing liquid metal–elastomer composite for robust soft-matter robotics and electronics , 2018, Nature Materials.

[136]  M. T. Fernández-Abedul,et al.  Disposable Sensors in Diagnostics, Food, and Environmental Monitoring , 2019, Advanced materials.

[137]  Shuhong Yu,et al.  A Flexible and Highly Pressure‐Sensitive Graphene–Polyurethane Sponge Based on Fractured Microstructure Design , 2013, Advanced materials.

[138]  N. Lee,et al.  Stretchable, Transparent, Ultrasensitive, and Patchable Strain Sensor for Human-Machine Interfaces Comprising a Nanohybrid of Carbon Nanotubes and Conductive Elastomers. , 2015, ACS nano.

[139]  Haidong Yu,et al.  All Paper-Based Flexible and Wearable Piezoresistive Pressure Sensor. , 2019, ACS applied materials & interfaces.

[140]  Zhenan Bao,et al.  An Ultrastretchable and Self-Healable Nanocomposite Conductor Enabled by Autonomously Percolative Electrical Pathways. , 2019, ACS nano.

[141]  T. Trung,et al.  Stretchable, Transparent, and Stretch-Unresponsive Capacitive Touch Sensor Array with Selectively Patterned Silver Nanowires/Reduced Graphene Oxide Electrodes. , 2017, ACS applied materials & interfaces.

[142]  Yang Yang,et al.  Flexible self-healing nanocomposites for recoverable motion sensor , 2015 .

[143]  S. Ko,et al.  Highly Stretchable and Highly Conductive Metal Electrode by Very Long Metal Nanowire Percolation Network , 2012, Advanced materials.

[144]  Yoshihito Osada,et al.  Self-healing gels based on constitutional dynamic chemistry and their potential applications. , 2014, Chemical Society reviews.

[145]  Benjamin C. K. Tee,et al.  Skin-like pressure and strain sensors based on transparent elastic films of carbon nanotubes. , 2011, Nature nanotechnology.

[146]  Shan Zhang,et al.  Body‐Integrated, Enzyme‐Triggered Degradable, Silk‐Based Mechanical Sensors for Customized Health/Fitness Monitoring and In Situ Treatment , 2020, Advanced science.

[147]  Lu Zhang,et al.  Overview of Polyvinyl Alcohol Nanocomposite Hydrogels for Electro-skin, Actuator, Supercapacitor and Fuel Cell. , 2020, Chemical record.

[148]  Seung Hwan Ko,et al.  Highly Sensitive and Stretchable Multidimensional Strain Sensor with Prestrained Anisotropic Metal Nanowire Percolation Networks. , 2015, Nano letters.

[149]  Kaiquan Liu,et al.  Conductive hydrogels - a novel material: recent advances and future perspectives. , 2020, Journal of agricultural and food chemistry.

[150]  Sung Youb Kim,et al.  Giant tunneling piezoresistance of composite elastomers with interlocked microdome arrays for ultrasensitive and multimodal electronic skins. , 2014, ACS nano.

[151]  Adam M. Behrens,et al.  Sprayable Elastic Conductors Based on Block Copolymer Silver Nanoparticle Composites , 2014, ACS nano.

[152]  Kukjoo Kim,et al.  Stretchable, Transparent Electrodes as Wearable Heaters Using Nanotrough Networks of Metallic Glasses with Superior Mechanical Properties and Thermal Stability. , 2016, Nano letters.

[153]  Ting Wang,et al.  Soft Thermal Sensor with Mechanical Adaptability , 2016, Advanced materials.

[154]  Lian Gao,et al.  Highly conductive and ultrastretchable electric circuits from covered yarns and silver nanowires. , 2015, ACS nano.

[155]  I. Park,et al.  Highly stretchable and sensitive strain sensor based on silver nanowire-elastomer nanocomposite. , 2014, ACS nano.

[156]  Kai Deng,et al.  Enhanced Piezocapacitive Effect in CaCu3Ti4O12–Polydimethylsiloxane Composited Sponge for Ultrasensitive Flexible Capacitive Sensor , 2018 .

[157]  Inkyu Park,et al.  Ultrathin, Biocompatible, and Flexible Pressure Sensor with a Wide Pressure Range and Its Biomedical Application. , 2020, ACS sensors.

[158]  T. Trung,et al.  Nanocomposites of reduced graphene oxide nanosheets and conducting polymer for stretchable transparent conducting electrodes , 2012 .

[159]  Chen Cao,et al.  Polarization-induced alignment of azobenzene/fluorinated polyimide for three-dimensional shape-persistent and photo-responsive elastic helixes , 2019, Composites Science and Technology.

[160]  John A. Rogers,et al.  Highly Sensitive Skin‐Mountable Strain Gauges Based Entirely on Elastomers , 2012 .

[161]  K. Hata,et al.  A stretchable carbon nanotube strain sensor for human-motion detection. , 2011, Nature nanotechnology.

[162]  Peter Dubruel,et al.  Gelatin- and starch-based hydrogels. Part A: Hydrogel development, characterization and coating. , 2016, Carbohydrate polymers.

[163]  G. S. Jeong,et al.  Solderable and electroplatable flexible electronic circuit on a porous stretchable elastomer , 2012, Nature Communications.

[164]  N. Lee,et al.  Flexible and Stretchable Piezoelectric Sensor with Thickness-Tunable Configuration of Electrospun Nanofiber Mat and Elastomeric Substrates. , 2016, ACS applied materials & interfaces.

[165]  Miao Yu,et al.  Wireless single-electrode self-powered piezoelectric sensor for monitoring. , 2020, ACS applied materials & interfaces.

[166]  H. Heise,et al.  Optical absorption in transparent PDMS materials applied for multimode waveguides fabrication , 2008 .

[167]  Pei Huang,et al.  Spider-Inspired Ultra-Sensitive Flexible Vibration Sensor for Multifunctional Sensing. , 2020, ACS applied materials & interfaces.

[168]  Ling Wang,et al.  Azobenzene-based solar thermal fuels: design, properties, and applications. , 2018, Chemical Society reviews.

[169]  Lixin Wu,et al.  3D Printing Mechanically Robust and Transparent Polyurethane Elastomers for Stretchable Electronic Sensors. , 2020, ACS applied materials & interfaces.

[170]  Matthew L. Becker,et al.  4D Printing of Resorbable Complex Shape Memory Poly(propylene fumarate) Star Scaffolds. , 2020, ACS applied materials & interfaces.

[171]  B. Shirinzadeh,et al.  A wearable and highly sensitive pressure sensor with ultrathin gold nanowires , 2014, Nature Communications.

[172]  Minghui Cao,et al.  Wearable piezoresistive pressure sensors based on 3D graphene , 2021 .

[173]  Hejun Du,et al.  Paper/Carbon Nanotube-Based Wearable Pressure Sensor for Physiological Signal Acquisition and Soft Robotic Skin. , 2017, ACS applied materials & interfaces.

[174]  Xiao Min Zhang,et al.  Conductive graphene/polydimethylsiloxane nanocomposites for flexible strain sensors , 2019, Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics.

[175]  Cunjiang Yu,et al.  Metal oxide semiconductor nanomembrane–based soft unnoticeable multifunctional electronics for wearable human-machine interfaces , 2019, Science Advances.

[176]  Fang Ren,et al.  Highly Sensitive and Broad-range Pressure Sensor based on Polyurethane Meso-dome Arrays Embedded with Silver Nanowires. , 2020, ACS applied materials & interfaces.