Beyond Amplification: Using the Computer To Reorganize Mental Functioning. Technical Report No. 38.

Computers are classically viewed as amplifiers of cognition. An alternative conceptualization is offered of computer as reorganizer of mental functioning. Software analyses illuminate the advantages of the latter approach for new visions of the potential cognitive benefits of computers. A new result emerges: Because the cognitive technologies we invent serve as instruments of cultural redefinition (shaping who we are by changing, not just amplifying, what we do), defining educational values becomes a foreground issue. The demands of an information society make an explicit emphasis on general cognitive skills a priority. The urgency of updating education's goals and methods recommends an activist research paradigm: to simultaneously create and study changes in processes and outcomes of human learning with new cognitive and educational tools.

[1]  Douglas B. Lenat,et al.  Knowledge-based systems in artificial intelligence , 1981 .

[2]  J. De Kleer,et al.  Prospects for expert systems in CAD , 1983 .

[3]  Ann L. Brown.  Learning, remembering, and understanding , 1982 .

[4]  Stephen White,et al.  The new liberal arts : an exchange of views , 1981 .

[5]  R. Glaser.  Education and Thinking: The Role of Knowledge. , 1984 .

[6]  D. M. Kerr,et al.  Science, computers and the information onslaught , edited by D. M. Kerr et al. Pp 276. £23. 1984. ISBN 0-12-404970-2 (Academic Press) , 1986 .

[7]  J. Bruner,et al.  Learning through experience and learning through media , 1973, Teachers College Record: The Voice of Scholarship in Education.

[8]  D. Olson.  Computers As Tools of the Intellect , 1985 .

[9]  Shirley A. Wagoner.  Comprehension Monitoring: What It Is and What We Know About It. , 1983 .

[10]  Stephen I. Brown,et al.  The Art of Problem Posing , 1983 .

[11]  Pat Langley,et al.  Learning to search : from weak methods to domain-specific heuristics , 1985 .

[12]  A. Luria,et al.  The Making of Mind: A Personal Account of Soviet Psychology , 1979 .

[13]  D. Albers,et al.  Teaching Teachers, Teaching Students , 1981 .

[14]  Matthew T. Mason,et al.  Robot Motion: Planning and Control , 1983 .

[15]  Ernst Cassirer,et al.  Substance and Function, and Einstein's Theory of Relativity , 1980 .

[16]  W. Kessen.  The American Child and Other Cultural Inventions. , 1979 .

[17]  Harold Abelson,et al.  Turtle geometry : the computer as a medium for exploring mathematics , 1983 .

[18]  Marvin Minsky,et al.  Why People Think Computers Can't , 1982, AI Mag..

[19]  W. Ong,et al.  Orality and literacy : the technologizing of the word , 1982 .

[20]  Sho Hanaoka.  Training courses by Japanese computer manufacturers , 1985 .

[21]  Frederick Hayes-Roth,et al.  Building expert systems , 1983, Advanced book program.

[22]  John Seely Brown,et al.  An Investigation of Computer Coaching for Informal Learning Activities. , 1978 .

[23]  Seymour Papert,et al.  Mindstorms: Children, Computers, and Powerful Ideas , 1981 .

[24]  Herbert A. Simon,et al.  Problem solving and education. , 1980 .

[25]  Edward A. Feigenbaum,et al.  The fifth generation - artificial intelligence and Japan's computer challenge to the world , 1991 .

[26]  M. Cole,et al.  Cognitive Development: Its Cultural and Social Foundations , 1976 .

[27]  E. Boyer.  High school: A Report on Secondary Education in America , 1983 .

[28]  Avron Barr,et al.  The Handbook of Artificial Intelligence , 1982 .

[29]  Ann L. Brown.  Knowing When, Where, and How to Remember: A Problem of Metacognition. Technical Report No. 47. , 1977 .

[30]  Kurt VanLehn,et al.  Felicity conditions for human skill acquisition: validating an ai-based theory , 1983 .

[31]  E. Madden,et al.  Causal powers: A theory of natural necessity , 1975 .

[32]  Stephen B. Maurer.  College Entrance Mathematics In The Year 2000 , 1984 .

[33]  Roy D. Pea,et al.  Integrating human and computer intelligence , 1985 .

[34]  James Taylor Fey.  Computing and mathematics : the impact on secondary school curricula : report of a conference , 1984 .

[35]  H. Simon.  What Computers Mean for Man and Society , 1977, Science.

[36]  A. Siegel,et al.  The Child and Other Cultural Inventions. , 1985 .

[37]  J. Bruner.  The Process of Education , 1960 .

[38]  田中 穂積.  E.H.Shortliffe 著, "Computer-Based Medical Consultations : MYCIN", American Elsevier, A4判, 264ぺージ, \10,080, 1976 , 1978 .

[39]  S. Shaha,et al.  Teaching Mathematics And Science , 1984 .

[40]  Jan Hawkins,et al.  “I'm the thinkist, you're the typist”: The Interaction of Technology and the Social Life of Classrooms , 1984 .

[41]  D. Olson.  From Utterance to Text: The Bias of Language in Speech and Writing , 1977 .

[42]  L. Vygotsky,et al.  Thought and Language , 1963 .

[43]  Dan Kunkle,et al.  Symbolic Computer Algebra: The Classroom Computer Takes a Quantum Jump. , 1984 .

[44]  H. Wilf.  The Disk with the College Education. , 1982 .

[45]  P. Greenfield,et al.  Oral or Written Language: the Consequences for Cognitive Development in Africa, the United States and England , 1972, Language and speech.

[46]  M. Cole,et al.  The psychology of literacy , 1983 .

[47]  E. Cassirer,et al.  The Philosophy of Symbolic Forms , 2021 .

[48]  Marvin W. Peterson,et al.  Emerging Developments in Postsecondary Organization Theory and Research: Fragmentation or Integration , 1985 .

[49]  J. S. Brown,et al.  Pedagogical, natural language, and knowledge engineering techniques in SOPHIE-I, II and III , 1982 .

[50]  L. Vygotsky.  Mind in Society: The Development of Higher Psychological Processes: Harvard University Press , 1978 .

[51]  J. Goody.  The Domestication of the Savage Mind , 1982 .

[52]  J. Dewey.  The School and Society , 2019 .

[53]  Francis P. Collea.  Educating Americans for the 21st century , 1986 .

[54]  Robert E. Slavin,et al.  Learning to cooperate, cooperating to learn , 1985 .

[55]  Roy D. Pea,et al.  Children's Mental Models of Recursive Logo Programs , 1985 .

[56]  Leon W. Cohen,et al.  Conference Board of the Mathematical Sciences , 1963 .

[57]  D. Midian Kurland.  Developmental Studies of Computer Programming Skills. A Symposium: Annual Meeting of the American Educational Research Association (New Orleans, Louisiana, April 23-27, 1984). Technical Report No. 29. , 1984 .

[58]  Stephen B. Maurer.  The Effects of a New College Mathematics Curriculum on High School Mathematics , 1983 .

[59]  Roy D. Pea,et al.  On the Cognitive Effects of Learning Computer Programming: A Critical Look. Technical Report No. 9. , 1987 .

[60]  Douglas Sloan.  The computer in education : a critical perspective , 1985 .

[61]  James D. Hollan,et al.  STEAMER: An Interactive Inspectable Simulation-Based Training System , 1984, AI Mag..

[62]  Edward R. Tufte,et al.  The Visual Display of Quantitative Information , 1986 .