Second-order motions contribute to vection

First- and second-order motions differ in their ability to induce motion aftereffects (MAEs) and the kinetic depth effect (KDE). To test whether second-order stimuli support computations relating to motion-in-depth we examined the vection illusion (illusory self motion induced by image flow) using a vection stimulus (V, expanding concentric rings) that depicted a linear path through a circular tunnel. The set of vection stimuli contained differing amounts of first- and second-order motion energy (ME). Subjects reported the duration of the perceived MAEs and the duration of their vection percept. In Experiment 1 both MAEs and vection durations were longest when the first-order (Fourier) components of V were present in the stimulus. In Experiment 2, V was multiplicatively combined with static noise carriers having different check sizes. The amount of first-order ME associated with V increases with check size. MAEs were found to increase with check size but vection durations were unaffected. In general MAEs depend on the amount of first-order ME present in the signal. Vection, on the other hand, appears to depend on a representation of image flow that combines first- and second-order ME.

[1]  M. Braunstein,et al.  Induced self-motion in central vision. , 1985, Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance.

[2]  Keith Langley,et al.  Computational analysis of non-Fourier motion , 1994, Vision Research.

[3]  Charles G. Gross,et al.  Pattern recognition mechanisms , 1985 .

[4]  D. Hubel,et al.  Segregation of form, color, movement, and depth: anatomy, physiology, and perception. , 1988, Science.

[5]  P. Cavanagh,et al.  Motion: the long and short of it. , 1989, Spatial vision.

[6]  D. P. Andrews.  Error-correcting Perceptual Mechanisms , 1964 .

[7]  M. Landy,et al.  Transparency and the Cooperative Computation of Scene Attributes , 1991 .

[8]  G. Sperling.  Three stages and two systems of visual processing. , 1989, Spatial vision.

[9]  H. W. Leibowitz,et al.  The independence of dynamic spatial orientation from luminance and refractive error , 1979 .

[10]  C. Redies.  Discontinuities along lines: Psychophysics and neurophysiology , 1989, Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews.

[11]  Michael S. Landy,et al.  The kinetic depth effect and optic flowȁII. First- and second-order motion , 1991, Vision Research.

[12]  A. Pantle,et al.  On the mechanism that encodes the movement of contrast variations: Velocity discrimination , 1989, Vision Research.

[13]  C. Baker,et al.  Envelope-responsive neurons in areas 17 and 18 of cat. , 1994, Journal of neurophysiology.

[14]  M. Grünau,et al.  Illusory Contour-motion Arising from Translating Terminators , 1997, Vision Research.

[15]  B J Frost,et al.  Factors affecting the onset and magnitude of linear vection , 1993, Perception & psychophysics.

[16]  Curtis L. Baker,et al.  Dependence on stimulus onset asynchrony in apparent motion: Evidence for two mechanisms , 1993, Vision Research.

[17]  R. Wurtz,et al.  Sensitivity of MST neurons to optic flow stimuli. II. Mechanisms of response selectivity revealed by small-field stimuli. , 1991, Journal of neurophysiology.

[18]  Michael J. Hawken,et al.  Macaque VI neurons can signal ‘illusory’ contours , 1993, Nature.

[19]  Hugh R. Wilson,et al.  Illusory motion of texture boundaries , 1993, Vision Research.

[20]  Andrew T. Smith,et al.  The perceived speed of second-order motion and its dependence on stimulus contrast , 1995, Vision Research.

[21]  David J. Fleet.  Measurement of image velocity , 1992 .

[22]  D. Kersten.  Transparency and the cooperative computation of scene attributes , 1991 .

[23]  G Sperling,et al.  How to study the kinetic depth effect experimentally. , 1990, Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance.

[24]  Stuart Anstis,et al.  The contribution of color to motion in normal and color-deficient observers , 1991, Vision Research.

[25]  K Prazdny.  Three-Dimensional Structure from Long-Range Apparent Motion , 1986, Perception.

[26]  R. von der Heydt,et al.  Illusory contours and cortical neuron responses. , 1984, Science.

[27]  G. Sperling,et al.  Drift-balanced random stimuli: a general basis for studying non-Fourier motion perception. , 1988, Journal of the Optical Society of America. A, Optics and image science.

[28]  G. Mather.  First-order and second-order visual processes in the perception of motion and tilt , 1991, Vision Research.

[29]  J. Anthony Movshon,et al.  Neuronal responses to first- and second-order motion in the superior temporal sulcus of the alert macaque , 1997 .

[30]  Jeffrey B. Mulligan,et al.  Nonlinear combination rules and the perception of visual motion transparency , 1993, Vision Research.

[31]  I. Ohzawa,et al.  Spatiotemporal organization of simple-cell receptive fields in the cat's striate cortex. II. Linearity of temporal and spatial summation. , 1993, Journal of neurophysiology.

[32]  Barbara Anne Dosher,et al.  Depth from motion , 1995 .

[33]  T D Albright,et al.  Form-cue invariant motion processing in primate visual cortex. , 1992, Science.

[34]  ANDREW T SMITH,et al.  Separate Detection of Moving Luminance and Contrast Modulations: Fact or Artifact? , 1997, Vision Research.

[35]  S. Ullman,et al.  Adaptation and gain normalization , 1982, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B. Biological Sciences.

[36]  S. Nishida,et al.  Complete interocular transfer of motion aftereffect with flickering test , 1994, Vision Research.

[37]  S. S. Stevens.  The Psychophysics of Sensory Function. , 1960 .

[38]  T Ledgeway,et al.  The Duration of the Motion Aftereffect following Adaptation to First-Order and Second-Order Motion , 1994, Perception.

[39]  T. Papathomas.  Early vision and beyond , 1995 .

[40]  T. Heckmann,et al.  Circular Vection as a Function of the Relative Sizes, Distances, and Positions of Two Competing Visual Displays , 1989, Perception.

[41]  Johannes M. Zanker,et al.  Theta motion: a paradoxical stimulus to explore higher order motion extraction , 1993, Vision Research.

[42]  E H Adelson,et al.  Spatiotemporal energy models for the perception of motion. , 1985, Journal of the Optical Society of America. A, Optics and image science.

[43]  Peter Thompson,et al.  Colour-contingent after-effects are really wavelength-contingent , 1986, Nature.

[44]  M S Landy,et al.  Role of chromatic and luminance contrast in inferring structure from motion. , 1993, Journal of the Optical Society of America. A, Optics and image science.

[45]  Johannes M. Zanker.  How motion detectors respond to some illusory contours , 1991 .

[46]  I. Ohzawa,et al.  Spatiotemporal organization of simple-cell receptive fields in the cat's striate cortex. I. General characteristics and postnatal development. , 1993, Journal of neurophysiology.

[47]  E. Adelson,et al.  The analysis of moving visual patterns , 1985 .

[48]  George J. Andersen,et al.  Induced self-motion in central vision. , 1985 .

[49]  M. V. von Grünau,et al.  Ambiguous plaids: switching between coherence and transparency. , 1993, Spatial vision.

[50]  A J Ahumada,et al.  Model of human visual-motion sensing. , 1985, Journal of the Optical Society of America. A, Optics and image science.

[51]  M. Landy,et al.  Kinetic depth effect and optic flow—I. 3D shape from Fourier motion , 1989, Vision Research.

[52]  H. Barlow,et al.  Selective Sensitivity to Direction of Movement in Ganglion Cells of the Rabbit Retina , 1963, Science.

[53]  H. Wilson,et al.  A psychophysically motivated model for two-dimensional motion perception , 1992, Visual Neuroscience.

[54]  M. Cannon,et al.  Perceived contrast in the fovea and periphery. , 1985, Journal of the Optical Society of America. A, Optics and image science.

[55]  R. Wurtz,et al.  Sensitivity of MST neurons to optic flow stimuli. I. A continuum of response selectivity to large-field stimuli. , 1991, Journal of neurophysiology.

[56]  C L Baker,et al.  A processing stream in mammalian visual cortex neurons for non-Fourier responses. , 1993, Science.

[57]  Eero P. Simoncelli,et al.  A model of neuronal responses in visual area MT , 1998, Vision Research.

[58]  Gustav Theodor Fechner,et al.  Elements of psychophysics , 1966 .

[59]  H. Helson.  Adaptation-level as a basis for a quantitative theory of frames of reference. , 1948, Psychological review.