Assessment of listing and categorisation of animal diseases within the framework of the Animal Health Law (Regulation (EU) No 2016/429): Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans (Bsal)

Abstract Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans (Bsal) has been assessed according to the criteria of the Animal Health Law (AHL), in particular criteria of Article 7 on disease profile and impacts, Article 5 on the eligibility of Bsal to be listed, Article 9 for the categorisation of Bsal according to disease prevention and control rules as in Annex IV, and Article 8 on the list of animal species related to Bsal. The assessment has been performed following a methodology composed of information collection and compilation, expert judgement on each criterion at individual and, if no consensus was reached before, also at collective level. The output is composed of the categorical answer, and for the questions where no consensus was reached, the different supporting views are reported. Details on the methodology used for this assessment are explained in a separate opinion. According to the assessment performed, Bsal can be considered eligible to be listed for Union intervention as laid down in Article 5(3) of the AHL. The disease would comply with the criteria as in sections 4 and 5 of Annex IV of the AHL, for the application of the disease prevention and control rules referred to in points (d) and (e) of Article 9(1). The assessment here performed on compliance with the criteria as in Section 1 of Annex IV referred to in point (a) of Article 9(1) is inconclusive. The animal species to be listed for Bsal according to Article 8(3) criteria are species of the families Salamandridae and Plethodontidae as susceptible and Salamandridae and Hynobiidae as reservoirs.

[1]  E. Verbrugghe,et al.  Recommendations on diagnostic tools for Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans. , 2018, Transboundary and emerging diseases.

[2]  F. Pasmans,et al.  Efficacy of chemical disinfectants for the containment of the salamander chytrid fungus Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans , 2017, PloS one.

[3]  S. More,et al.  Ad hoc method for the assessment on listing and categorisation of animal diseases within the framework of the Animal Health Law , 2017, EFSA journal. European Food Safety Authority.

[4]  M. Schaub,et al.  Drivers of salamander extirpation mediated by Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans , 2017, Nature.

[5]  F. Pasmans,et al.  Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans is the predominant chytrid fungus in Vietnamese salamanders , 2017, Scientific Reports.

[6]  Laura Martino,et al.  Scientific and technical assistance concerning the survival, establishment and spread of Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans (Bsal) in the EU , 2017, EFSA journal. European Food Safety Authority.

[7]  A. Bowkett,et al.  Tracking the amphibian pathogens Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis and Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans using a highly specific monoclonal antibody and lateral‐flow technology , 2016, Microbial biotechnology.

[8]  M. Vences,et al.  Expanding Distribution of Lethal Amphibian Fungus Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans in Europe , 2016, Emerging infectious diseases.

[9]  F. Haesebrouck,et al.  Amphibian chytridiomycosis: a review with focus on fungus-host interactions , 2015, Veterinary Research.

[10]  D. Wake,et al.  Averting a North American biodiversity crisis , 2015, Science.

[11]  F. Haesebrouck,et al.  Successful treatment of Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans infections in salamanders requires synergy between voriconazole, polymyxin E and temperature , 2015, Scientific Reports.

[12]  John A. Lesku,et al.  BIO012179 1..4 , 2015 .

[13]  F. Haesebrouck,et al.  Treatment of urodelans based on temperature dependent infection dynamics of Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans , 2015, Scientific Reports.

[14]  Rhys A. Farrer,et al.  Recent introduction of a chytrid fungus endangers Western Palearctic salamanders , 2014, Science.

[15]  F. Pasmans,et al.  Duplex Real-Time PCR for Rapid Simultaneous Detection of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis and Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans in Amphibian Samples , 2013, Journal of Clinical Microbiology.

[16]  M. Fisher,et al.  Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans sp. nov. causes lethal chytridiomycosis in amphibians , 2013, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[17]  L. Gvoždík,et al.  Acclimation is beneficial at extreme test temperatures in the Danube crested newt, Triturus dobrogicus (Caudata, Salamandridae) , 2007 .

[18]  R. Speare,et al.  Fungicidal effects of chemical disinfectants, UV light, desiccation and heat on the amphibian chytrid Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis. , 2003, Diseases of aquatic organisms.

[19]  L. Brown,et al.  Interval Estimation for a Binomial Proportion , 2001 .

[20]  M. Warburg The water economy of Israel amphibians: the urodeles triturus vittatus (Jenyns) and Salamandra salamandra (L.). , 1971, Comparative biochemistry and physiology. A, Comparative physiology.

[21]  F. Pasmans,et al.  Amphibian: A case definition for Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans chytridiomycosis , 2016 .

[22]  M. Vences,et al.  First detection of the emerging fungal pathogen Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans in Germany , 2015 .

[23]  Arie,et al.  An analysis of the live reptile and amphibian trade in the USA compared to the global trade in endangered species. , 2014 .

[24]  T. Grandin,et al.  AVMA Guidelines for the Euthanasia of Animals: 2013 Edition , 2013 .