Image analysis: Problems, progress and prospects

Abstract Over the past 25 years, many ad hoc techniques for analyzing images have been developed and the subject has gradually begun to develop a scientific basis. This paper outlines the basic steps in a general image analysis process. It summarizes the state of the art with respect to each step, points out limitations of present methods and indicates potential directions for future work.

[1]  Larry S. Davis,et al.  Texture Analysis Using Generalized Co-Occurrence Matrices , 1979, IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence.

[2]  Harry G. Barrow,et al.  Experiments in Interpretation-Guided Segmentation , 1977, Artificial Intelligence.

[3]  Rodney A. Brooks,et al.  Symbolic Reasoning Among 3-D Models and 2-D Images , 1981, Artif. Intell..

[4]  Berthold K. P. Horn,et al.  Determining Optical Flow , 1981, Other Conferences.

[5]  King-Sun Fu,et al.  Syntactic Pattern Recognition And Applications , 1968 .

[6]  Jerome A. Feldman,et al.  Understanding Natural Texture , 1977 .

[7]  Robert M. Haralick,et al.  Textural Features for Image Classification , 1973, IEEE Trans. Syst. Man Cybern..

[8]  D Marr,et al.  Theory of edge detection , 1979, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B. Biological Sciences.

[9]  Berthold K. P. Horn.  Obtaining shape from shading information , 1989 .

[10]  Eric L. W. Grimson,et al.  From Images to Surfaces: A Computational Study of the Human Early Visual System , 1981 .

[11]  D Marr,et al.  Visual information processing: the structure and creation of visual representations. , 1979, Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences.

[12]  S. Ullman,et al.  The interpretation of visual motion , 1977 .

[13]  Theodosios Pavlidis,et al.  Structural pattern recognition , 1977 .

[14]  P. Schönemann.  On artificial intelligence , 1985, Behavioral and Brain Sciences.

[15]  Keith Price,et al.  Picture Segmentation Using a Recursive Region Splitting Method , 1998 .

[16]  Dana H. Ballard,et al.  Generalizing the Hough transform to detect arbitrary shapes , 1981, Pattern Recognit..

[17]  Takeo Kanade,et al.  Recovery of the Three-Dimensional Shape of an Object from a Single View , 1981, Artif. Intell..

[18]  Azriel Rosenfeld,et al.  Point pattern matching by relaxation , 1980, Pattern Recognit..

[19]  Azriel Rosenfeld,et al.  A Relaxation Method for Multispectral Pixel Classification , 1980, IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence.

[20]  M. Shneier.  Two hierarchical linear feature representations: Edge pyramids and edge quadtrees , 1981 .

[21]  Dana H. Ballard,et al.  Strip trees: a hierarchical representation for curves , 1981, CACM.

[22]  R. Haralick,et al.  A facet model for image data , 1981 .

[23]  Raj Reddy,et al.  Matching Segments of Images , 1979, IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence.

[24]  Thomas O. Binford,et al.  Inferring Surfaces from Images , 1981, Artif. Intell..

[25]  Patrick Henry Winston,et al.  Learning structural descriptions from examples , 1970 .

[26]  Ramakant Nevatia,et al.  Description and Recognition of Curved Objects , 1977, Artif. Intell..

[27]  Martin A. Fischler,et al.  The Representation and Matching of Pictorial Structures , 1973, IEEE Transactions on Computers.

[28]  Jerome A. Feldman,et al.  Decision Theory and Artificial Intelligence: I. A Semantics-Based Region Analyzer , 1974, Artif. Intell..

[29]  Andrew P. Witkin,et al.  Recovering Surface Shape and Orientation from Texture , 1981, Artif. Intell..

[30]  Harry G. Barrow,et al.  Interpreting Line Drawings as Three-Dimensional Surfaces , 1980, Artif. Intell..

[31]  Azriel Rosenfeld,et al.  Thresholding Using Relaxation , 1981, IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence.

[32]  Katsushi Ikeuchi,et al.  Numerical Shape from Shading and Occluding Boundaries , 1981, Artif. Intell..

[33]  Béla Julesz,et al.  Visual Pattern Discrimination , 1962, IRE Trans. Inf. Theory.

[34]  Azriel Rosenfeld,et al.  An Application of Relaxation Labeling to Line and Curve Enhancement , 1977, IEEE Transactions on Computers.

[35]  Robert J. Woodham,et al.  Analysing Images of Curved Surfaces , 1981, Artif. Intell..

[36]  Kent A. Stevens,et al.  The Visual Interpretation of Surface Contours , 1981, Artif. Intell..

[37]  A. Rosenfeld,et al.  Edge and Curve Detection for Visual Scene Analysis , 1971, IEEE Transactions on Computers.

[38]  Manfred H. Hueckel.  An Operator Which Locates Edges in Digitized Pictures , 1971, J. ACM.

[39]  Azriel Rosenfeld,et al.  Correction to "An Application of Relaxation Labeling to Line and Curve Enhancement" , 1977, IEEE Trans. Computers.

[40]  David L. Waltz,et al.  Understanding Line drawings of Scenes with Shadows , 1975 .

[41]  Herbert Freeman,et al.  Computer Processing of Line-Drawing Images , 1974, CSUR.

[42]  Manfred H. Hueckel.  A Local Visual Operator Which Recognizes Edges and Lines , 1973, JACM.