Response expectancy as a determinant of experience and behavior.

Response expectancies, defined as ex- pectancies of the occurrence of nonvolitional responses, have generally been ignored in theories of learning. Research on placebos, hypnosis, and fear reduction indicates that response expectancies generate corre- sponding subjective experiences. In many cases, the genuineness of these self-reported effects has been substantiated by corresponding changes in behavior and physiological function. The means by which re- sponse expectancies affect experience, physiology, and behavior are hypothesized to vary as a function of re- sponse mode. The generation of changes in subjective experience by corresponding response expectancies is hypothesized to be a basic psychological mechanism. Physiological effects are accounted for by the mind- body identity assumption that is common to all non- dualist philosophies of psychology. The effects of re- sponse expectancies on volitional behavior are due to the reinforcing properties of many nonvolitional re- sponses. Classical conditioning appears to be one method by which response expectancies are acquired, but response expectancy effects that are inconsistent with a conditioning hypothesis are also documented.

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