Perspectives and challenges for organic thin film transistors: materials, devices, processes and applications

This paper reviews recent advancements in the field of organic electronics. Performance of p- and n-type conducting polymers and small molecule organic semiconductors is presented primarily in terms of mobility and current on/off ratio. Moreover, it presents a deep insight into different organic/inorganic materials used for the dielectric layer, electrodes and substrate for thin film transistors (TFTs). The electrical characteristics and performance parameters of single and dual gate structures are compared. In addition, performance dependence of organic TFT (OTFT) is discussed on the basis of contact resistance, channel length and thickness of the active layer. The paper thoroughly discusses several important applications of OTFTs including inverter, organic static random access memory, radio frequency identification tag and DNA sensors. It also includes several limitations and future prospects of organic electronics technology.

[1]  B. Batlogg,et al.  Ambipolar pentacene field-effect transistors and inverters. , 2000, Science.

[2]  F. Ren,et al.  Transparent dual-gate InGaZnO thin film transistors: OR gate operation , 2009 .

[3]  J. R. Waldrop,et al.  Electrical properties of ideal metal contacts to GaAs: Schottky‐barrier height , 1984 .

[4]  H. Sirringhaus,et al.  Dibenzothienobisbenzothiophene-a novel fused-ring oligomer with high field-effect mobility , 1999 .

[5]  P. Samorí,et al.  Ambipolar organic field-effect transistors with balanced mobilities through solvent–vapour annealing induced phase-separation of bi-component mixtures , 2012 .

[6]  Subhasis Ghosh,et al.  Organic transistor and inverter based on assembly of organic nanowires achieved by optimizing surface morphology , 2013 .

[7]  U. Zschieschang,et al.  Organic Thin-Film Transistors: Part I—Compact DC Modeling , 2009, IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices.

[8]  P. Sonar,et al.  A Low‐Bandgap Diketopyrrolopyrrole‐Benzothiadiazole‐Based Copolymer for High‐Mobility Ambipolar Organic Thin‐Film Transistors , 2010, Advanced materials.

[9]  G. Horowitz,et al.  Field‐effect transistor made with a sexithiophene single crystal , 1996 .

[10]  Robert A. Street,et al.  Contact effects in polymer transistors , 2002 .

[11]  M. Iwamoto,et al.  Thermionic emission model for contact resistance in organic field-effect transistor , 2009 .

[12]  B. Batlogg,et al.  Trapping in organic field-effect transistors , 2001 .

[13]  Takao Someya,et al.  Control of threshold voltage in low-voltage organic complementary inverter circuits with floating gate structures , 2011 .

[14]  Salar Pourteimoor,et al.  Morphology, structural and optical characterization of electron beam evaporated bromoaluminium phthalocyanine (BrAlPc) thin films , 2013, Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics.

[15]  Brajesh Kumar Kaushik,et al.  Modeling of top and bottom contact structure organic field effect transistors , 2013 .

[16]  Howard E. Katz,et al.  Organic molecular solids as thin film transistor semiconductors , 1997 .

[17]  Alessandro Curioni,et al.  N-type organic thin-film transistor with high field-effect mobility based on a N,N′-dialkyl-3,4,9,10-perylene tetracarboxylic diimide derivative , 2002 .

[18]  Shelby Forrester Nelson,et al.  Thin-Film Morphology Control in Naphthalene-Diimide-Based Semiconductors: High Mobility n-Type Semiconductor for Organic Thin-Film Transistors , 2008 .

[19]  Cristina Turcu.  Radio Frequency Identification Fundamentals and Applications Design Methods and Solutions , 2010 .

[20]  M. Jamal Deen,et al.  Contact effects and extraction of intrinsic parameters in poly(3-alkylthiophene) thin film field-effect transistors , 2008 .

[21]  C. Falcony,et al.  Electrical, optical and structural characterization of high-k dielectric ZrO2 thin films deposited by the pyrosol technique , 2004 .

[22]  A. Facchetti,et al.  Easily processable phenylene-thiophene-based organic field-effect transistors and solution-fabricated nonvolatile transistor memory elements. , 2003, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[23]  Romain Quidant,et al.  Pentacene thin-film transistors with polymeric gate dielectric , 2004 .

[24]  John A. Rogers,et al.  Low-voltage 0.1 μm organic transistors and complementary inverter circuits fabricated with a low-cost form of near-field photolithography , 1999 .

[25]  Takayasu Sakurai,et al.  Delay analysis of series-connected MOSFET circuits , 1991 .

[26]  T. Someya,et al.  An Organic FET SRAM With Back Gate to Increase Static Noise Margin and Its Application to Braille Sheet Display , 2007, IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits.

[27]  Jaeyoung Jang,et al.  Photocurable polymer gate dielectrics for cylindrical organic field-effect transistors with high bending stability , 2012 .

[28]  J. Coey,et al.  Dependence of charge carrier injection on the interface energy barrier in short-channel polymeric field effect transistors , 2012 .

[29]  S. A. Khatipov.  Radiation-Induced Electron Transport Processes in Polymeric Dielectrics (A Review) , 2001 .

[30]  Samson A Jenekhe,et al.  High electron mobility in ladder polymer field-effect transistors. , 2003, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[31]  Richard H. Friend,et al.  Close look at charge carrier injection in polymer field-effect transistors , 2003 .

[32]  Hyungcheol Shin,et al.  Modeling and Parameter Extraction for the Series Resistance in Thin-Film Transistors , 2009 .

[33]  Zhenan Bao,et al.  Full-Swing and High-Gain Pentacene Logic Circuits on Plastic Substrate , 2010, IEEE Electron Device Letters.

[34]  Yong-Young Noh,et al.  Toward Printed Integrated Circuits based on Unipolar or Ambipolar Polymer Semiconductors , 2013, Advanced materials.

[35]  M. Mizukami,et al.  Flexible AM OLED panel driven by bottom-contact OTFTs , 2006, IEEE Electron Device Letters.

[36]  L. Torsi,et al.  Organic Transistors: Two-Dimensional Transport and Improved Electrical Characteristics , 1995, Science.

[37]  Jung Wook Lim,et al.  Novel organic inverters with dual-gate pentacene thin-film transistor , 2007 .

[38]  C. Shim,et al.  Structural Analysis on Organic Thin-Film Transistor With Device Simulation , 2010, IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices.

[39]  H. Sirringhaus,et al.  Tuning the Semiconducting Properties of Sexithiophene by α,ω‐Substitution—α,ω‐Diperfluorohexylsexithiophene: The First n‐Type Sexithiophene for Thin‐Film Transistors , 2000 .

[40]  H. Sirringhaus,et al.  Integrated optoelectronic devices based on conjugated polymers , 1998, Science.

[41]  Dongyang Li,et al.  Experimental studies on relationships between the electron work function, adhesion, and friction for 3d transition metals , 2004 .

[42]  H. Katz,et al.  Easily Synthesized Naphthalene Tetracarboxylic Diimide Semiconductors with High Electron Mobility in Air , 2008 .

[43]  Hagen Klauk,et al.  Organic thin-film transistors. , 2010, Chemical Society reviews.

[44]  Tianhong Cui,et al.  Dual-gate pentacene organic field-effect transistors based on a nanoassembled SiO2 nanoparticle thin film as the gate dielectric layer , 2005 .

[45]  P. Pannier,et al.  Organic Complementary Logic Circuits and Volatile Memories Integrated on Plastic Foils , 2013, IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices.

[46]  Jacques Simon,et al.  Field-effect transistors based on intrinsic molecular semiconductors , 1990 .

[47]  Hagen Klauk,et al.  Organic electronics : materials, manufacturing and applications , 2006 .

[48]  Howard E. Katz,et al.  α,ω-Dihexylquaterthiophene: A Second Thin Film Single-Crystal Organic Semiconductor , 1998 .

[49]  Zhenan Bao,et al.  New Air-Stable n-Channel Organic Thin Film Transistors , 1998 .

[50]  M. Chabinyc.  Characterization of semiconducting polymers for thin film transistors , 2008 .

[51]  Thomas N. Jackson,et al.  Pentacene organic thin-film transistors for circuit and display applications , 1999 .

[52]  W. V. D. Wiel,et al.  TOPICAL REVIEW: Organic spintronics , 2007 .

[53]  K. Nomoto,et al.  36.1: Invited Paper: Rollable OLED Display Driven by Organic TFTs , 2011 .

[54]  M. J. Deen,et al.  Low-frequency noise in polymer transistors , 2001 .

[55]  Erik van Veenendaal,et al.  A 13.56-MHz RFID System Based on Organic Transponders , 2006, IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits.

[56]  R. Haddon.  C70 THIN FILM TRANSISTORS , 1996 .

[57]  M. Malachowski,et al.  Organic field-effect transistors , 2010 .

[58]  Monica Katiyar,et al.  An analysis of the difference in behavior of top and bottom contact organic thin film transistors using device simulation , 2009 .

[59]  Tae-Jun Ha,et al.  Device architectures for improved amorphous polymer semiconductor thin-film transistors , 2011 .

[60]  J. Yu,et al.  Surface modification and characterization of indium–tin oxide for organic light-emitting devices , 2008 .

[61]  Wudyalew Wondmagegn,et al.  Simulation of top-contact pentacene thin film transistor , 2009 .

[62]  Lewis J. Rothberg,et al.  Electrically active organic and polymeric materials for thin-film-transistor technologies , 1996 .

[63]  S. P. Tiwari,et al.  Solution-Processed Bootstrapped Organic Inverters Based on P3HT With a High- $k$ Gate Dielectric Material , 2009, IEEE Electron Device Letters.

[64]  Jung-Min Kim,et al.  DNA hybridization sensor based on pentacene thin film transistor. , 2011, Biosensors & bioelectronics.

[65]  D. J. Gundlach,et al.  n-channel organic thin film transistors and complementary inverters , 2005, SPIE Optics + Photonics.

[66]  V. Subramanian,et al.  DNA hybridization detection with organic thin film transistors: toward fast and disposable DNA microarray chips. , 2007, Biosensors & bioelectronics.

[67]  G. Paasch,et al.  Fabrication and analysis of polymer field-effect transistors , 2004 .

[68]  Y. Long,et al.  Electronic transport in PANI-CSA/PANI-DBSA polyblends , 2004 .

[69]  Yongtaek Hong,et al.  Characteristics of Inverters Using Pentacene Organic Thin Film Transistors with Printed Ag Electrodes , 2009 .

[70]  Z. Bao,et al.  Organic Thin‐Film Transistors Fabricated on Resorbable Biomaterial Substrates , 2010, Advanced materials.

[71]  Soo‐Hyoung Lee,et al.  Nano structure formation in vacuum evaporated zinc phthalocyanine (ZnPc) thin films , 2008 .

[72]  H. Klauk,et al.  Contact resistance in organic thin film transistors , 2001 .

[73]  Peng Zhang,et al.  P-type and N-type multi-gate polycrystalline silicon vertical thin film transistors based on low-temperature technology , 2013 .

[74]  Jerzy Kanicki,et al.  Top-Gate Staggered Amorphous Silicon Thin-Film Transistors: Series Resistance and Nitride Thickness Effects , 1998 .

[75]  Magnus Willander,et al.  Field‐effect mobility of poly(3‐hexylthiophene) , 1988 .

[76]  D. Akinwande,et al.  Hybrid graphene/organic semiconductor field-effect transistors , 2012 .

[77]  Zhenan Bao,et al.  Organic Field-Effect Transistors , 2007 .

[78]  C. Chum,et al.  Semitransparent passive matrix organic light-emitting displays , 2007 .

[79]  Yang Yang,et al.  Organic/polymeric electroluminescent devices processed by hybrid ink-jet printing , 2000 .

[80]  A flexible pentacene thin film transistors as disposable DNA hybridization sensor , 2012 .

[81]  V. Svorcik,et al.  Characterization of polystyrene and doped polymethylmethacrylate thin layers , 2005 .

[82]  M. Plötner,et al.  Investigation of ink-jet printing of poly-3-octylthiophene for organic field-effect transistors from different solutions , 2004 .

[83]  Torahiko Ando,et al.  Macromolecular electronic device: Field-effect transistor with a polythiophene thin film , 1986 .

[84]  L. Do,et al.  Environmental effects on the electrical behavior of pentacene thin-film transistors with a poly(methyl methacrylate) gate insulator , 2013 .

[85]  S. K. Moore.  Just one word - plastics [organic semiconductors] , 2002 .

[86]  Hyungcheol Shin,et al.  An Analytic Current–Voltage Equation for Top-Contact Organic Thin Film Transistors Including the Effects of Variable Series Resistance , 2008 .

[87]  Mihai Irimia-Vladu,et al.  Indigo ‐ A Natural Pigment for High Performance Ambipolar Organic Field Effect Transistors and Circuits , 2012, Advanced materials.

[88]  Sampath Purushothaman,et al.  Field-effect transistors comprising molecular beam deposited α,ω-di-hexyl-hexathienylene and polymeric insulator , 1998 .

[89]  Debra J. Mascaro,et al.  Organic thin-film transistors: A review of recent advances , 2001, IBM J. Res. Dev..

[90]  Piero Cosseddu,et al.  Towards the textile transistor : Assembly and characterization of an organic field effect transistor with a cylindrical geometry , 2006 .

[91]  H. Yamakado,et al.  Contact and channel resistances of organic field-effect transistors based on benzodithiophene-dimer films deposited on pentacene crystallinity control layers , 2009 .

[92]  H. Klauk,et al.  Ultralow-power organic complementary circuits , 2007, Nature.

[93]  Maxim Shkunov,et al.  Liquid-crystalline semiconducting polymers with high charge-carrier mobility , 2006, Nature materials.

[94]  S. P. Tiwari,et al.  Pentacene organic field-effect transistors with doped electrode-semiconductor contacts , 2010 .

[95]  Vivek Subramanian,et al.  Effect of active layer thickness on bias stress effect in pentacene thin-film transistors , 2006 .

[96]  N. S. Sariciftci,et al.  Soluble derivatives of perylene and naphthalene diimide for n-channel organic field-effect transistors , 2006 .

[97]  Hisato Kato,et al.  Organic field-effect transistors with reduced contact resistance , 2006 .

[98]  Takeshi Yamao,et al.  High Mobility and Luminescent Efficiency in Organic Single‐Crystal Light‐Emitting Transistors , 2009 .

[99]  H. Klauk,et al.  Fast organic thin-film transistor circuits , 1999, IEEE Electron Device Letters.

[100]  Wim Dehaene,et al.  Unipolar Organic Transistor Circuits Made Robust by Dual-Gate Technology , 2011, IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits.

[102]  Sampath Purushothaman,et al.  High-performance bottom electrode organic thin-film transistors , 2001 .

[103]  Organic transistor based circuit as drive for planar microfluidic devices , 2007 .

[104]  R. Sarma,et al.  Pentacene thin film transistors using La2O3 as gate insulator , 2010 .

[105]  I. A. Hümmelgen,et al.  Vertical organic field effect transistor using sulfonated polyaniline/aluminum bilayer as intermediate electrode , 2013, Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics.

[106]  A. Ray,et al.  Nanoscale films of organic dyes for broadband environmental sensing , 2009 .

[107]  Chen-Pang Kung,et al.  Polymer Inverter Fabricated by Inkjet Printing and Realized by Transistors Arrays on Flexible Substrates , 2009, Journal of Display Technology.

[108]  S. P. Tiwari,et al.  Study of electrical performance and stability of solution-processed n-channel organic field-effect transistors , 2009 .

[109]  Zhong Lin Wang,et al.  High-performance pentacene field-effect transistors using Al2O3 gate dielectrics prepared by atomic layer deposition (ALD) , 2007 .

[110]  Jianhua Zhang,et al.  Fabricating an organic complementary inverter by integrating two transistors on a single substrate , 2008 .

[111]  Hadis Morkoç,et al.  High-κ dielectrics and advanced channel concepts for Si MOSFET , 2008 .

[112]  Michiel Steyaert,et al.  A Fully Integrated $\Delta \Sigma$ ADC in Organic Thin-Film Transistor Technology on Flexible Plastic Foil , 2011, IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits.

[113]  Ute Zschieschang,et al.  Polymer Gate Dielectrics and Conducting-Polymer Contactsfor High-Performance Organic Thin-Film Transistors , 2002 .

[114]  Brijesh Kumar,et al.  Channel length variation effect on performance parameters of organic field effect transistors , 2012, Microelectron. J..

[115]  C. Dimitrakopoulos,et al.  Organic Thin Film Transistors for Large Area Electronics , 2002 .

[116]  Yongtaek Hong,et al.  Understanding the effect of semiconductor thickness on device characteristics in organic thin film transistors by way of two-dimensional simulations , 2010 .

[117]  Ute Zschieschang,et al.  Low-voltage organic thin-film transistors with large transconductance , 2007 .

[118]  E. W. Meijer,et al.  Two-dimensional charge transport in self-organized, high-mobility conjugated polymers , 1999, Nature.

[119]  Antonio Cerdeira,et al.  Accurate modeling and parameter extraction method for organic TFTs , 2005 .

[120]  Feng Yan,et al.  Application of thin-film transistors in label-free DNA biosensors , 2010, Expert review of molecular diagnostics.

[121]  H. Choi,et al.  Characteristics of poly(vinyl acetate)/organoclay as a gate insulating material in organic thin film transistor , 2006 .

[122]  Xi Dai,et al.  Mean-field theory for the spin-ladder system , 1998 .

[123]  Jinghang Wu,et al.  The Morphology of Poly(3,4-Ethylenedioxythiophene) , 2010 .

[124]  M. Roy,et al.  Influence of nitro group substitution at molecular ligand on optical, structural, charge-transport and photovoltaic properties of Sn (II) phthalocyanine , 2009 .

[125]  R. Sarma,et al.  Pentacene based thin film transistors with high-k dielectric Nd2O3 as a gate insulator , 2010 .

[126]  Feng Yan,et al.  Label-free DNA sensor based on organic thin film transistors. , 2009, Biosensors & bioelectronics.

[127]  Yunqi Liu,et al.  High‐Performance Air‐Stable Ambipolar Organic Field‐Effect Transistor Based on Tris(phthalocyaninato) Europium(III) , 2012, Advanced materials.

[128]  V. Subramanian,et al.  10-nm channel length pentacene transistors , 2005, IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices.

[129]  S. Rhee,et al.  Organic thin film transistors: Materials, processes and devices , 2004 .

[130]  Janos Veres,et al.  Low‐k Insulators as the Choice of Dielectrics in Organic Field‐Effect Transistors , 2003 .

[131]  Piero Cosseddu,et al.  A comparison between bottom contact and top contact all organic field effect transistors assembled by soft lithography , 2007 .

[132]  Kent R. Mann,et al.  High Electron Mobility and Ambipolar Transport in Organic Thin‐Film Transistors Based on a π‐Stacking Quinoidal Terthiophene , 2003 .

[133]  Piero Cosseddu,et al.  Soft lithography fabrication of all-organic bottom-contact and top-contact field effect transistors , 2006 .

[134]  Howard E. Katz,et al.  Naphthalenetetracarboxylic Diimide-Based n-Channel Transistor Semiconductors: Structural Variation and Thiol-Enhanced Gold Contacts , 2000 .

[135]  Sol–gel ZnO in organic transistor-based non-volatile memory , 2010 .

[136]  Ute Zschieschang,et al.  Organic electronics on paper , 2004 .

[137]  B. de Boer,et al.  Device characteristics of polymer dual-gate field-effect transistors , 2008 .

[138]  H. Yan,et al.  High‐dielectric‐constant hafnium silicate insulator for low‐voltage pentacene field‐effect transistors , 2008 .

[139]  J. Schön.  New Phenomena in High Mobility Organic Semiconductors , 2001 .

[140]  Jeong In Han,et al.  Organic TFT array on a paper substrate , 2004 .

[141]  Gilles Horowitz,et al.  A field-effect transistor based on conjugated alpha-sexithienyl , 1989 .

[142]  F. Yakuphanoglu,et al.  Effects of channel widths, thicknesses of active layer on the electrical and photosensing properties of the 6,13-bis(triisopropylsilylethynyl) pentacene transistors by thermal evaporation method: Comparison study , 2012 .

[143]  Tse Nga Ng,et al.  Comparison of Static and Dynamic Printed Organic Shift Registers , 2013, IEEE Electron Device Letters.

[144]  Wim Dehaene,et al.  Plastic circuits and tags for 13.56 MHz radio-frequency communication , 2009 .

[145]  Wim Dehaene,et al.  Organic RFID Tags , 2013 .

[146]  B. Servet,et al.  Molecular engineering of organic semiconductors: design of self-assembly properties in conjugated thiophene oligomers , 1993 .

[147]  Fabrizio Torricelli,et al.  Charge transport in dual-gate organic field-effect transistors , 2012 .

[148]  R. Singh,et al.  Junction properties of Schottky diode based on composite organic semiconductors , 2005 .

[149]  Annalisa Bonfiglio,et al.  Organic field effect transistors for textile applications , 2005, IEEE Transactions on Information Technology in Biomedicine.

[150]  J. C. Alonso-Huitrón,et al.  Electrical and optical properties of one-dimensional metallophthalocyanine (M = Fe) thin films grown by thermal evaporation , 2011, Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics.

[151]  Jianbin Xu,et al.  The influence of gate dielectrics on a high-mobility n-type conjugated polymer in organic thin-film transistors , 2012 .

[152]  Eugenio Cantatore,et al.  Fast ambipolar integrated circuits with poly(diketopyrrolopyrrole- terthiophene) , 2011 .

[153]  Christos D. Dimitrakopoulos,et al.  Molecular beam deposited thin films of pentacene for organic field effect transistor applications , 1996 .

[154]  Daoben Zhu,et al.  Advances in organic field-effect transistors , 2005 .

[155]  J. Myoung,et al.  Dual-gate InGaZnO thin-film transistors with organic polymer as a dielectric layer , 2009 .

[156]  Chain‐Shu Hsu,et al.  Effect of electrical operation on the defect states in organic semiconductors , 2008 .

[157]  Thomas N. Jackson,et al.  A reduced complexity process for organic thin film transistors , 2000 .

[158]  M. Popescu,et al.  New results in pulsed laser deposition of poly-methyl-methacrylate thin films , 2003 .

[159]  Fumio Sato,et al.  Perfluoropentacene: high-performance p-n junctions and complementary circuits with pentacene. , 2004, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[160]  Abhinav Kranti,et al.  Analytical model for threshold voltage and I-V characteristics of fully depleted short channel cylindrical/surrounding gate MOSFET , 2001 .

[161]  S. Im,et al.  Pentacene and ZnO hybrid channels for complementary thin-film transistor inverters operating at 2V , 2007 .

[162]  Ali Afzali,et al.  High-performance, solution-processed organic thin film transistors from a novel pentacene precursor. , 2002, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[163]  G. Paasch,et al.  Subthreshold characteristics of field effect transistors based on poly(3-dodecylthiophene) and an organic insulator , 2002 .

[164]  Hiroshi Koezuka,et al.  Polythienylenevinylene thin‐film transistor with high carrier mobility , 1993 .

[165]  B. Iñíguez,et al.  Effect of active layer thickness on the electrical characteristics of polymer thin film transistors , 2010 .

[166]  Michael A. Haase,et al.  Pentacene-based radio-frequency identification circuitry , 2003 .

[167]  G. Gelinck,et al.  Charge transport in solution processable polycrystalline dual-gate organic field effect transistors , 2011 .

[168]  T. Someya,et al.  A 4 V Operation, Flexible Braille Display Using Organic Transistors, Carbon Nanotube Actuators, and Organic Static Random‐Access Memory , 2011 .

[169]  Na Liu,et al.  A label-free, organic transistor-based biosensor by introducing electric bias during DNA immobilization , 2012 .

[170]  H. Michaelson.  The work function of the elements and its periodicity , 1977 .

[171]  Xiaobo Liu,et al.  Preparation and characterization of iron phthalocyanine polymer magnetic materials , 2010 .

[172]  Y. Arakawa,et al.  Low-voltage-operating organic complementary circuits based on pentacene and C60 transistors , 2009 .

[173]  Y. Kunugi,et al.  2,6-Diphenylbenzo[1,2-b:4,5-b']dichalcogenophenes: a new class of high-performance semiconductors for organic field-effect transistors. , 2004, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[174]  Ute Zschieschang,et al.  Pentacene organic transistors and ring oscillators on glass and on flexible polymeric substrates , 2003 .

[175]  Kris Myny,et al.  Dual‐Gate Thin‐Film Transistors, Integrated Circuits and Sensors , 2011, Advanced materials.

[176]  Piotr Grabiec,et al.  Double-fin FETs based on standard CMOS approach , 2010 .

[177]  Ananth Dodabalapur,et al.  Non‐Volatile Organic Memory Applications Enabled by In Situ Synthesis of Gold Nanoparticles in a Self‐Assembled Block Copolymer , 2008 .

[178]  C. Pearson,et al.  Pentacene thin film transistors with a poly(methyl methacrylate) gate dielectric: Optimization of device performance , 2009 .

[179]  N. Bârsan,et al.  Making environmental sensors on plastic foil , 2011 .

[180]  Dago M. de Leeuw,et al.  A universal relation between conductivity and field-effect mobility in doped amorphous organic semiconductors , 1994 .

[181]  Michael S. Shur,et al.  An experimental study of contact effects in organic thin film transistors , 2006 .

[182]  T. Osswald,et al.  Materials Science of Polymers for Engineers , 1995 .

[183]  Takao Someya,et al.  Synthesis, assembly, and thin film transistors of dihydrodiazapentacene: an isostructural motif for pentacene. , 2003, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[184]  George G. Malliaras,et al.  30 nm Channel Length Pentacene Transistors , 2003 .

[185]  Mario Caironi,et al.  Charge Injection in Solution‐Processed Organic Field‐Effect Transistors: Physics, Models and Characterization Methods , 2012, Advanced materials.

[186]  A. Chin,et al.  Small-Subthreshold-Swing and Low-Voltage Flexible Organic Thin-Film Transistors Which Use HfLaO as the Gate Dielectric , 2009, IEEE Electron Device Letters.

[187]  R. K. Nahar,et al.  Study of electrical and microstructure properties of high dielectric hafnium oxide thin film for MOS devices , 2007 .

[188]  T. Jackson,et al.  Stacked pentacene layer organic thin-film transistors with improved characteristics , 1997, IEEE Electron Device Letters.

[189]  C. Rovira,et al.  High mobility of dithiophene-tetrathiafulvalene single-crystal organic field effect transistors. , 2004, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[190]  Yoshiro Yamashita,et al.  Organic semiconductors for organic field-effect transistors , 2009, Science and technology of advanced materials.

[191]  Gilles Horowitz,et al.  Dihexylquaterthiophene, A Two-Dimensional Liquid Crystal-like Organic Semiconductor with High Transport Properties† , 1998 .

[192]  E. Abrahams,et al.  Impurity Conduction at Low Concentrations , 1960 .

[193]  S. Yoo,et al.  Modeling the electrical characteristics of TIPS-pentacene thin-film transistors: Effect of contact barrier, field-dependent mobility, and traps , 2008 .

[194]  Neal R. Armstrong,et al.  Effects of field dependent mobility and contact barriers on liquid crystalline phthalocyanine organic transistors , 2004 .

[195]  Christos A. Papachristou,et al.  Noise margin, critical charge and power-delay tradeoffs for SRAM design , 2011, 2011 IEEE 17th International On-Line Testing Symposium.

[196]  Nicola Cioffi,et al.  Organic thin film transistors: from active materials to novel applications , 2001 .

[197]  F. Fages,et al.  Shelf-life time test of p- and n-channel organic thin film transistors using copper phthalocyanines , 2010 .

[198]  Klaus Müllen,et al.  A Soluble Pentacene Precursor: Synthesis, Solid‐State Conversion into Pentacene and Application in a Field‐Effect Transistor , 1999 .

[199]  C. Leung,et al.  Enhanced memory effect in organic transistor by embedded silver nanoparticles , 2010 .

[200]  E. Benevent,et al.  High-Gain Fully Printed Organic Complementary Circuits on Flexible Plastic Foils , 2011, IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices.

[201]  A. Arias,et al.  Materials and applications for large area electronics: solution-based approaches. , 2010, Chemical reviews.

[202]  Ananth Dodabalapur,et al.  Charge carrier velocity distributions in high mobility polymer field-effect transistors , 2012 .

[203]  Zhenan Bao,et al.  Soluble and processable regioregular poly(3‐hexylthiophene) for thin film field‐effect transistor applications with high mobility , 1996 .

[204]  S. P. Tiwari,et al.  Vertically stacked complementary inverters with solution-processed organic semiconductors , 2011 .

[205]  D. V. Lang,et al.  Field-effect transistor on pentacene single crystal , 2003 .

[206]  G. Gelinck,et al.  Flexible active-matrix displays and shift registers based on solution-processed organic transistors , 2004, Nature materials.

[207]  Safa Kasap,et al.  Principles of electronic materials and devices , 2000 .

[208]  Crystallinity improvement of benzodithiophene-dimer films for organic field-effect transistors , 2008 .

[209]  Realization of Nonvolatile Memory Devices Using Small Organic Molecules and Polymer , 2007, IEEE Transactions on Nanotechnology.

[210]  Brian Cobb,et al.  Charge transport and density of trap states in balanced high mobility ambipolar organic thin-film transistors , 2012 .

[211]  Yong-Young Noh,et al.  Controlling Electron and Hole Charge Injection in Ambipolar Organic Field‐Effect Transistors by Self‐Assembled Monolayers , 2009 .

[212]  Tobin J. Marks,et al.  n‐Type Building Blocks for Organic Electronics: A Homologous Family of Fluorocarbon‐Substituted Thiophene Oligomers with High Carrier Mobility , 2003 .

[213]  D. Yan,et al.  Organic thin-film transistors in sandwich configuration , 2004 .

[214]  D Prime,et al.  Overview of organic memory devices , 2009, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences.

[215]  P. Sonar,et al.  Characteristics of High-Performance Ambipolar Organic Field-Effect Transistors Based on a Diketopyrrolopyrrole-Benzothiadiazole Copolymer , 2012, IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices.

[216]  Yeong-Her Wang,et al.  Low-Operating-Voltage Pentacene-Based Transistors and Inverters With Solution-Processed Barium Zirconate Titanate Insulators , 2011, IEEE Electron Device Letters.

[217]  J. Plummer,et al.  Scaling theory for cylindrical, fully-depleted, surrounding-gate MOSFET's , 1997, IEEE Electron Device Letters.

[218]  X. Hou,et al.  Fabrication and comparative study of top-gate and bottom-gate ZnO–TFTs with various insulator layers , 2010 .

[219]  P. Lugli,et al.  Modeling of Short-Channel Effects in Organic Thin-Film Transistors , 2008, IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices.

[220]  Lijuan Wang,et al.  Effect of the work function of gate electrode on hysteresis characteristics of organic thin-film transistors with Ta2O5/polymer as gate insulator , 2009 .

[221]  H. Sirringhaus,et al.  High-Resolution Ink-Jet Printing of All-Polymer Transistor Circuits , 2000, Science.

[222]  Brajesh Kumar Kaushik,et al.  Analysis of static and dynamic performance of organic inverter circuits based on dual and single gate organic thin film transistors , 2013, IET Circuits Devices Syst..

[223]  T. Someya,et al.  Reduction in operation voltage of complementary organic thin-film transistor inverter circuits using double-gate structures , 2007 .

[224]  T. Minakata,et al.  Electrical properties of highly ordered and amorphous thin films of pentacene doped with iodine , 1992 .

[225]  Zhenan Bao,et al.  Organic field‐effect transistors with high mobility based on copper phthalocyanine , 1996 .

[226]  Tae-Jun Ha,et al.  High mobility top-gate and dual-gate polymer thin-film transistors based on diketopyrrolopyrrole-naphthalene copolymer , 2011 .

[227]  Eugenio Cantatore,et al.  Increasing the noise margin in organic circuits using dual gate field-effect transistors , 2008 .

[228]  M. J. Deen,et al.  Electrical characterization of semiconductor materials and devices—review , 2006 .

[229]  S. P. Tiwari,et al.  Complementary-like inverters based on an ambipolar solution-processed molecular bis(naphthalene diimide)-dithienopyrrole derivative , 2012 .

[230]  S. Sarma,et al.  Spintronics: Fundamentals and applications , 2004, cond-mat/0405528.

[231]  J. C. Scott,et al.  Nonvolatile Memory Elements Based on Organic Materials , 2007 .