Let Me Imagine That for You: Transforming the Retail Frontline Through Augmenting Customer Mental Imagery Ability

The rapid development of augmented reality (AR) is reshaping retail frontline operations by enhancing the offline and online customer experience. Drawing on mental imagery theory, this paper develops a conceptual framework to reflect how AR emulates customer’s cognitive processes offloading those to the technology. Consequently, the AR-enabled frontline improves decision comfort, motivates positive WOM and facilitates choice of higher value products. The underlying mechanism is a sequential mediation via improved processing fluency and decision comfort. The findings also demonstrate boundary conditions of customers’ visual processing styles and product contextuality. Object-visualisers benefit more from AR induced imagery processes, and the effect of processing fluency on customer decision comfort is moderated by product contextuality. The results are verified with repeat studies to control for novelty of AR, and a field study that highlights the impact of AR on customers’ choice and spending. We discuss implications for theory and practice of AR-enabled frontline retailing.

[1]  N. Newcombe,et al.  Development of mental transformation abilities , 2014, Trends in Cognitive Sciences.

[2]  A. Hayes Introduction to Mediation, Moderation, and Conditional Process Analysis: A Regression-Based Approach , 2013 .

[3]  Stephen Michael Kosslyn,et al.  Information representation in visual images , 1975, Cognitive Psychology.

[4]  P. Verhoef,et al.  CRM in Data-Rich Multichannel Retailing Environments: A Review and Future Research Directions , 2010 .

[5]  Kent B. Monroe,et al.  Role of Prior Affect and Sensory Cues on Consumers’ Affective and Cognitive Responses and Overall Perceptions of Quality , 1998 .

[6]  D. Collins,et al.  A large sex difference on a two-dimensional mental rotation task. , 1997, Behavioral neuroscience.

[7]  Francisco J. Martínez-López,et al.  Another look at 'being there' experiences in digital media: Exploring connections of telepresence with mental imagery , 2014, Comput. Hum. Behav..

[8]  Michaela Wänke,et al.  There Are Many Reasons to Drive a BMW: Does Imagined Ease of Argument Generation Influence Attitudes? , 1997 .

[9]  D. Armor,et al.  The influence of anticipated counterfactual regret on behavior. , 2000 .

[10]  D. Hassabis,et al.  Deconstructing episodic memory with construction , 2007, Trends in Cognitive Sciences.

[11]  Ann E. Schlosser Experiencing Products in the Virtual World: The Role of Goal and Imagery in Influencing Attitudes versus Purchase Intentions , 2003 .

[12]  Daniel W. Baack,et al.  Meaning or Sound? The Effects of Brand Name Fluency on Brand Recall and Willingness to Buy , 2014 .

[13]  M. Bar The proactive brain: using analogies and associations to generate predictions , 2007, Trends in Cognitive Sciences.

[14]  A. Paivio Imagery and verbal processes , 1972 .

[15]  U. Gretzel,et al.  Designing persuasive destination websites: A mental imagery processing perspective , 2012 .

[16]  Darryl W. Miller,et al.  Comparing the effects of a photograph versus artistic renditions of a beach scene in a direct-response print ad for a Caribbean resort island: A mental imagery perspective , 2004 .

[17]  Diane M. Phillips,et al.  Consumption Visions in Consumer Decision Making , 1995 .

[18]  A. Parasuraman,et al.  The Behavioral Consequences of Service Quality , 1996 .

[19]  N. Schwarz,et al.  Sensory marketing, embodiment, and grounded cognition: A review and introduction , 2014 .

[20]  Minjeong Kim,et al.  The effects of online product presentation on consumer responses: A mental imagery perspective , 2014 .

[21]  Mary Frances Luce,et al.  Emotional Decisions: Tradeoff Difficulty and Coping in Consumer Choice , 2001 .

[22]  D. Schacter,et al.  Creative Cognition and Brain Network Dynamics , 2016, Trends in Cognitive Sciences.

[23]  Claudia Townsend,et al.  The Impact of Dynamic Presentation Format on Consumer Preferences for Hedonic Products and Services , 2015 .

[24]  Stevan Harnad,et al.  Offloading Cognition onto Cognitive Technology , 2008, ArXiv.

[25]  Mathew B. Chylinski,et al.  Augmenting the eye of the beholder: exploring the strategic potential of augmented reality to enhance online service experiences , 2017, Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science.

[26]  Linda L. Price,et al.  The Role of Imagery in Information Processing: Review and Extensions , 1987 .

[27]  S. Kosslyn,et al.  Mental Imagery: Functional Mechanisms and Clinical Applications , 2015, Trends in Cognitive Sciences.

[28]  Steven M. Shugan The Cost Of Thinking , 1980 .

[29]  A. Campos,et al.  Vividness and Control of Mental Imagery and the Components of In-Depth Drawing , 2014 .

[30]  Dhruv Grewal,et al.  Self-service technology effectiveness: the role of design features and individual traits , 2007 .

[31]  Hendrik N.J. Schifferstein,et al.  Comparing Mental Imagery across the Sensory Modalities , 2009 .

[32]  Elizabeth C. Hirschman,et al.  Experience seeking: A subjectivist perspective of consumption , 1984 .

[33]  Paul P. Maglio,et al.  On Distinguishing Epistemic from Pragmatic Action , 1994, Cogn. Sci..

[34]  Daniel Baier,et al.  How augmented reality apps are accepted by consumers : a comparative analysis using scales and opinions , 2017 .

[35]  Viswanath Venkatesh,et al.  Consumer Acceptance and Use of Information Technology: Extending the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology , 2012, MIS Q..

[36]  R. Hamel,et al.  Creative discovery in imagery and perception: combining is relatively easy, restructuring takes a sketch. , 1998, Acta psychologica.

[37]  S. Kosslyn,et al.  The case for mental imagery , 2006 .

[38]  Joel Pearson,et al.  The sensory strength of voluntary visual imagery predicts visual working memory capacity. , 2014, Journal of vision.

[39]  G. Zauberman,et al.  Mental Simulation and Product Evaluation: The Affective and Cognitive Dimensions of Process versus Outcome Simulation , 2011 .

[40]  Akira Namatame,et al.  Diffusion and Emergence in Social Networks , 2010, Intelligent Systems for Automated Learning and Adaptation.

[41]  B. Pan,et al.  A retrospective view of electronic word-of-mouth in hospitality and tourism management , 2017 .

[42]  Steven C. Isley,et al.  Using augmented reality to inform consumer choice and lower carbon footprints , 2017 .

[43]  Jennifer M. Shephard,et al.  Spatial versus object visualizers: A new characterization of visual cognitive style , 2005, Memory & cognition.

[44]  M. Petrides,et al.  The Mind's Nose , 2004, Psychological science.

[45]  Ann E. Schlosser Learning through Virtual Product Experience: The Role of Imagery on True versus False Memories , 2006 .

[46]  H. Simon,et al.  A Behavioral Model of Rational Choice , 1955 .

[47]  Deborah F. Spake,et al.  Consumer Comfort in Service Relationships , 2003 .

[48]  Ko de Ruyter,et al.  When Nothing is What it Seems: A Digital Marketing Research Agenda , 2018, Australasian Marketing Journal.

[49]  Scott G. Dacko Enabling smart retail settings via mobile augmented reality shopping apps , 2017 .

[50]  Katherine L. Milkman,et al.  What Makes Online Content Viral? , 2012 .

[51]  Robert B. Cialdini,et al.  Evoking the Imagination as a Strategy of Influence , 2008 .

[52]  D. Levine,et al.  Two visual systems in mental imagery , 1985, Neurology.

[53]  Leo R. Vijayasarathy,et al.  Predicting consumer intentions to use on-line shopping: the case for an augmented technology acceptance model , 2004, Inf. Manag..

[54]  B. Chakravorti The new rules for bringing innovations to market. , 2004, Harvard business review.

[55]  Subhash Sharma,et al.  Effects of online communication practices on consumer perceptions of performance uncertainty for search and experience goods , 2007 .

[56]  Anne L. Roggeveen,et al.  The Future of Retailing , 2017 .

[57]  Dwayne D. Gremler,et al.  The Future of Frontline Research , 2016 .

[58]  Frank Tong,et al.  Evaluating the Mind's Eye: the Metacognition of Visual Imagery , 2022 .

[59]  Jennifer Edson Escalas Narrative Processing: Building Consumer Connections to Brands , 2004 .

[60]  L. Stoel,et al.  Cognitive, affective and conative responses to visual simulation: the effects of rotation in online product presentation , 2008 .

[61]  Darren W. Dahl,et al.  Visualizing the Self: Exploring the Potential Benefits and Drawbacks for New Product Evaluation , 2004 .

[62]  Alvin C. Burns,et al.  Effects of Print Ad Pictures and Copy Containing Instructions to Imagine on Mental Imagery That Mediates Attitudes , 1997 .

[63]  Susan Rose,et al.  Online customer experience in e-retailing: an empirical model of antecedents and outcomes , 2012 .

[64]  Holly A. Syrdal,et al.  The Effect of Return Policy Leniency on Consumer Purchase and Return Decisions: A Meta-analytic Review , 2016 .

[65]  Jillian C. Sweeney,et al.  Cognitive Dissonance after Purchase: A Multidimensional Scale. , 2000 .

[66]  Daniel L. Schwartz,et al.  Inferences through imagined actions: Knowing by simulated doing. , 1999 .

[67]  Ronald Azuma,et al.  A Survey of Augmented Reality , 1997, Presence: Teleoperators & Virtual Environments.

[68]  Mala Srivastava,et al.  Social interaction, convenience and customer satisfaction: The mediating effect of customer experience , 2014 .

[69]  E. Holmes,et al.  Assessing mental imagery in clinical psychology: A review of imagery measures and a guiding framework , 2013, Clinical psychology review.

[70]  Thomas W. Schubert,et al.  The embodied self: Making a fist enhances men's power-related self-conceptions , 2009 .

[71]  Robert J. Zatorre,et al.  Brain Imaging Studies of Musical Perception and Musical Imagery , 1999 .

[72]  D. Valentin,et al.  Les mots évoquent-ils des saveurs ? Une comparaison entre étudiants de France, du Vietnam et des USA , 2000 .

[73]  I. Robertson,et al.  Measuring motor imagery ability: A review , 2008 .

[74]  Mary Frances Luce,et al.  Understanding the Effects of Process-Focused versus Outcome-Focused Thought in Response to Advertising , 2004 .

[75]  Kathy A. Lutz,et al.  Imagery-Eliciting Strategies: Review and Implications of Research , 1978 .