1 Localization in Sensor Networks

Advances in technology have made it possible to build ad hoc sensor networks using inexpensive nodes consisting of a low power processor, a modest amount of memory, a wireless network transceiver and a sensor board; a typical node is comparable in size to 2 AA batteries [10]. Many novel applications are emerging: habitat monitoring, smart building failure detection and reporting, and target tracking. In these applications it is necessary to accurately orient the nodes with respect to a global coordinate system in order to report data that is geographically meaningful. Furthermore, basic middle ware services such as routing often rely on location information (e.g., geographic routing). Ad hoc sensor networks present novel tradeoffs in system design. On the one hand, the low cost of the nodes facilitates massive scale and highly parallel computation. On the other hand, each node is likely to have limited power, limited reliability, and only local communication with a modest number of neighbors. These application contexts and potential massive scale make it unrealistic to rely on careful placement or uniform arrangement of sensors. Rather than use globally accessible beacons or expensive GPS to localize each sensor, we would like the sensors to self-organize a coordinate system. In this chapter, we review localization hardware, discuss issues in localization algorithm design, present the most important localization techniques, and finally suggest future directions in localization. The goal of this chapter

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