Blind Deblurring of Barcodes via Kullback-Leibler Divergence

Barcode encoding schemes impose symbolic constraints which fix certain segments of the image. We present, implement, and assess a method for blind deblurring and denoising based entirely on Kullback-Leibler divergence. The method is designed to incorporate and exploit the full strength of barcode symbologies. Via both standard barcode reading software and smartphone apps, we demonstrate the remarkable ability of our method to blindly recover simulated images of highly blurred and noisy barcodes. As proof of concept, we present one application on a real-life out of focus camera image.

[1]  Jorge Nocedal,et al.  Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B: Fortran subroutines for large-scale bound-constrained optimization , 1997, TOMS.

[2]  Jonathan M. Borwein,et al.  Partially finite convex programming, Part II: Explicit lattice models , 1992, Math. Program..

[3]  E. Jaynes Information Theory and Statistical Mechanics , 1957 .

[4]  Didier Dacunha-Castelle,et al.  Maximum d'entropie et problème des moments , 1990 .

[5]  Hua Lee,et al.  Maximum Entropy and Bayesian Methods. , 1996 .

[6]  Pierre Maréchal A Note on Entropy Optimization , 2001 .

[7]  Henrik Schumann-Olsen,et al.  Handheld PC with Camera Used for Reading Information Dense Barcodes , 2004 .

[8]  Seungyong Lee,et al.  Fast motion deblurring , 2009, ACM Trans. Graph..

[9]  Adam M. Oberman,et al.  Anisotropic Total Variation Regularized L^1-Approximation and Denoising/Deblurring of 2D Bar Codes , 2010, 1007.1035.

[10]  Wei Xu,et al.  2D Barcode localization and motion deblurring using a flutter shutter camera , 2011, 2011 IEEE Workshop on Applications of Computer Vision (WACV).

[11]  S. Esedoglu Blind deconvolution of bar code signals , 2004 .

[12]  Pierre Maréchal,et al.  Unification of some deterministic and probabilistic methods for the solution of linear inverse problems via the principle of maximum entropy on the mean , 1997 .

[13]  Peyman Milanfar,et al.  Blind Deconvolution Using Alternating Maximum a Posteriori Estimation with Heavy-Tailed Priors , 2013, CAIP.

[14]  Ling Chen A Directed Graphical Model for Linear Barcode Scanning from Blurred Images , 2012, ACCV.

[15]  Hauptadministrator,et al.  QR code , 2016, The Fairchild Books Dictionary of Fashion.

[16]  J. Claerbout Earth Soundings Analysis: Processing Versus Inversion , 1992 .

[17]  Otmar Hilliges,et al.  Fast blur removal for wearable QR code scanners , 2015, SEMWEB.

[18]  Isabel N. Figueiredo,et al.  Spatially adaptive total variation deblurring with split Bregman technique , 2018, IET Image Process..

[19]  Junwei Huang,et al.  Fast detection method of quick response code based on run-length coding , 2017, IET Image Process..

[20]  William Mendenhall,et al.  Introduction to Probability and Statistics , 1961, The Mathematical Gazette.

[21]  Xiaoyang Tan,et al.  Two-dimensional bar code out-of-focus deblurring via the Increment Constrained Least Squares filter , 2013, Pattern Recognit. Lett..

[22]  Sunghyun Cho,et al.  Edge-based blur kernel estimation using patch priors , 2013, IEEE International Conference on Computational Photography (ICCP).

[23]  Jonathan M. Borwein,et al.  Partially finite convex programming, Part I: Quasi relative interiors and duality theory , 1992, Math. Program..

[24]  Ming-Hsuan Yang,et al.  Deblurring Text Images via L0-Regularized Intensity and Gradient Prior , 2014, 2014 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition.

[25]  Jian Lian,et al.  Quick response barcode deblurring via doubly convolutional neural network , 2018, Multimedia Tools and Applications.

[26]  Rachel Ward,et al.  A Symbol-Based Algorithm for Decoding Bar Codes , 2013, SIAM J. Imaging Sci..

[27]  Theodosios Pavlidis,et al.  Bar Code Waveform Recognition Using Peak Locations , 1994, IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell..

[28]  Yanan Du,et al.  QR codes blind deconvolution algorithm based on binary characteristic and L0 norm minimization , 2018, Pattern Recognit. Lett..

[29]  Sasa Kresic-Juric Edge detection in bar code signals corrupted by integrated time-varying speckle , 2005, Pattern Recognit..

[30]  Devi Parikh,et al.  Localization and Segmentation of A 2D High Capacity Color Barcode , 2008, 2008 IEEE Workshop on Applications of Computer Vision.

[31]  Richard Szeliski,et al.  PSF estimation using sharp edge prediction , 2008, 2008 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition.

[32]  Huaiyu Zhu On Information and Sufficiency , 1997 .

[33]  Ming-Syan Chen,et al.  Image stablization for 2D barcode in handheld devices , 2007, ACM Multimedia.

[34]  R. Tyrrell Rockafellar Conjugate Duality and Optimization , 1974 .

[35]  Hiroko Kato,et al.  Pervasive 2D Barcodes for Camera Phone Applications , 2007, IEEE Pervasive Computing.

[36]  Jiansong Deng,et al.  A General Selective Averaging Method for Piecewise Constant Signal and Image Processing , 2018, J. Sci. Comput..

[37]  Seungyong Lee,et al.  Text Image Deblurring Using Text-Specific Properties , 2012, ECCV.

[38]  Joseph A. Wolkan Introduction to Probability and Statistics (2nd ed.) , 1992 .

[39]  William Turin,et al.  Bar code recovery via the EM algorithm , 1998, IEEE Trans. Signal Process..

[40]  Jian-Jun Zhang,et al.  An Alternating Minimization Algorithm for Binary Image Restoration , 2012, IEEE Transactions on Image Processing.

[41]  Hiroshi Hanaizumi,et al.  Barcode readers using the camera device in mobile phones , 2004, 2004 International Conference on Cyberworlds.

[42]  Xudong Jiang,et al.  Binarization of Low-Quality Barcode Images Captured by Mobile Phones Using Local Window of Adaptive Location and Size , 2012, IEEE Transactions on Image Processing.

[43]  Fadil Santosa,et al.  Applications of hidden Markov models in bar code decoding , 2006, Pattern Recognit. Lett..

[44]  Theodosios Pavlidis,et al.  Deblurring of bilevel waveforms , 1993, IEEE Trans. Image Process..

[45]  Yves van Gennip,et al.  A Regularization Approach to Blind Deblurring and Denoising of QR Barcodes , 2014, IEEE Transactions on Image Processing.

[46]  Sundaresh Ram,et al.  Removing Camera Shake from a Single Photograph , 2009 .

[47]  Frédo Durand,et al.  Understanding and evaluating blind deconvolution algorithms , 2009, 2009 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition.

[48]  Hana Lee,et al.  Joint nonuniform illumination estimation and deblurring for bar code signals. , 2007, Optics express.