Visual Behaviour Based Bio-Inspired Polarization Techniques in Computer Vision and Robotics

For long time, it was thought that the sensing of polarization by animals is invariably related to their behavior, such as navigation and orientation. Recently, it was found that polarization can be part of a high-level visual perception, permitting a wide area of vision applications. Polarization vision can be used for most tasks of color vision including object recognition, contrast enhancement, camouflage breaking, and signal detection and discrimination. The polarization based visual behavior found in the animal kingdom is briefly covered. Then, the authors go in depth with the bio-inspired applications based on polarization in computer vision and robotics. The aim is to have a comprehensive survey highlighting the key principles of polarization based techniques and how they are biologically inspired.

[1]  Martial Hebert,et al.  Spectro-polarimetric imager for intelligent transportation systems , 1998, Other Conferences.

[2]  N. Shashar,et al.  Polarization vision helps detect transparent prey , 1998, Nature.

[3]  Olivier Morel,et al.  Choosing local matching score method for stereo matching based-on polarization imaging , 2010, 2010 The 2nd International Conference on Computer and Automation Engineering (ICCAE).

[4]  N. Shashar,et al.  Navigation by light polarization in clear and turbid waters , 2011, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences.

[5]  Albert J. P. Theuwissen,et al.  Integrated polarization-analyzing CMOS image sensor , 2010, Proceedings of 2010 IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems.

[6]  Yoshitate Takakura,et al.  Improving Segmentation Maps using Polarization Imaging , 2007, 2007 IEEE International Conference on Image Processing.

[7]  Walter G. Egan.  Polarization In Remote Sensing , 1988, Photonics West - Lasers and Applications in Science and Engineering.

[8]  Labhart,et al.  How polarization-sensitive interneurones of crickets perform at low degrees of polarization , 1996, The Journal of experimental biology.

[9]  Bryan F. Jones,et al.  Recognition of shiny dielectric objects by analysing the polarization of reflected light , 1989, Image Vis. Comput..

[10]  Shree K. Nayar,et al.  Separation of Reflection Components Using Color and Polarization , 1997, International Journal of Computer Vision.

[11]  R. Wehner.  Polarization vision--a uniform sensory capacity? , 2001, The Journal of experimental biology.

[12]  Dennis H. Goldstein,et al.  Polarized Light, Revised and Expanded , 2003 .

[13]  Lian-Kuan Chen,et al.  A novel optical frequency-shift-keying transmitter based on polarization modulation , 2005 .

[14]  Sergio Benedetto,et al.  Theory of polarization shift keying modulation , 1992, IEEE Trans. Commun..

[15]  Edwin R. Hancock,et al.  Multi-view surface reconstruction using polarization , 2005, Tenth IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV'05) Volume 1.

[16]  George C. Giakos.  Multifusion, Multispectral, Optical Polarimetric Imaging Sensing Principles , 2006, IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement.

[17]  D. Atchison,et al.  The eye and visual optical instruments: Frontmatter , 1997 .

[18]  S. Stetson,et al.  Surface effect subtraction for airborne underwater target identification , 2002, OCEANS '02 MTS/IEEE.

[19]  P. S. Hiremath,et al.  Color Image Segmentation of Endoscopic and Microscopic Images for Abnormality Detection in Esophagus , 2012 .

[20]  T. Cronin,et al.  The linearly polarized light field in clear, tropical marine waters: spatial and temporal variation of light intensity, degree of polarization and e-vector angle. , 2001, The Journal of experimental biology.

[21]  Abd El Rahman Shabayek,et al.  A novel non-central catadioptric auto-calibration approach , 2009, 2009 IEEE 12th International Conference on Computer Vision Workshops, ICCV Workshops.

[22]  Abd El Rahman Shabayek,et al.  Vision Based UAV Attitude Estimation: Progress and Insights , 2012, J. Intell. Robotic Syst..

[23]  S. Morgan,et al.  Effects of polarization state and scatterer concentration on optical imaging through scattering media. , 1997, Applied optics.

[24]  Hua Chen,et al.  Polarization Phase-Based Method For Material Classification In Computer Vision , 1998, International Journal of Computer Vision.

[25]  James Samuel Taylor,et al.  Underwater partial polarization signatures from the shallow water real-time imaging polarimeter (SHRIMP) , 2003, SPIE Defense + Commercial Sensing.

[26]  Katsushi Ikeuchi,et al.  Transparent surface modeling from a pair of polarization images , 2004 .

[27]  Bernard Le Jeune,et al.  Analysis of polarization signature of immersed targets , 1992, Optics & Photonics.

[28]  Vincent Devlaminck,et al.  Segmentation of rough surfaces using a polarization imaging system. , 2008, Journal of the Optical Society of America. A, Optics, image science, and vision.

[29]  M. I. Mote,et al.  Polarization sensitivity , 2004, Journal of comparative physiology.

[30]  Alison M. Sweeney,et al.  Insect communication: Polarized light as a butterfly mating signal , 2003, Nature.

[31]  Jinkui Chu,et al.  Construction and performance test of a novel polarization sensor for navigation , 2008 .

[32]  Yoav Y. Schechner,et al.  Instant 3Descatter , 2006, 2006 IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR'06).

[33]  J. Lythgoe,et al.  Polarized Light and Underwater Vision , 1967, Nature.

[34]  Lawrence B. Wolff,et al.  Portable imaging polarimeters , 1994, Proceedings of 12th International Conference on Pattern Recognition.

[35]  Dr. habil. Gábor Horváth,et al.  Polarized Light in Animal Vision , 2004, Springer Berlin Heidelberg.

[36]  R. Wehner.  ‘Matched filters’ — neural models of the external world , 1987, Journal of Comparative Physiology A.

[37]  R. L. Lee,et al.  Digital imaging of clear-sky polarization. , 1998, Applied optics.

[38]  C. Hawryshyn.  Polarization Vision in Fish , 1992 .

[39]  Thomas W Cronin,et al.  Transmission of linearly polarized light in seawater: implications for polarization signaling , 2004, Journal of Experimental Biology.

[40]  Kamal Sarabandi,et al.  Optimum Polarizations for Discrimination of a Foliage-Camouflaged Target, Using Genetic Algorithms , 2009, IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters.

[41]  PfeiferRolf,et al.  An autonomous agent navigating with a polarized light compass , 1997 .

[42]  J.A. Simpson,et al.  An underwater optical communication system implementing Reed-Solomon channel coding , 2008, OCEANS 2008.

[43]  Boris Kaminsky,et al.  AOTF polarization difference imaging , 1999, Other Conferences.

[44]  Pierre Mathieu,et al.  In harbor underwater threat detection/identification using active imaging , 2005, SPIE Defense + Commercial Sensing.

[45]  Jinkui Chu,et al.  Research on a Novel Polarization Sensor for Navigation , 2007, 2007 International Conference on Information Acquisition.

[46]  Albert J. P. Theuwissen,et al.  Integrated polarization-analyzing CMOS image sensor for detecting incoming light ray direction , 2011, 2010 IEEE Sensors Applications Symposium (SAS).

[47]  Mohamed Fakir,et al.  Tifinaghe Document Converter , 2013, Int. J. Comput. Vis. Image Process..

[48]  G. Horváth,et al.  How the clear-sky angle of polarization pattern continues underneath clouds: full-sky measurements and implications for animal orientation. , 2001, The Journal of experimental biology.

[49]  C. Hawryshyn,et al.  Is the Use of Underwater Polarized Light by Fish Restricted to Crepuscular Time Periods? , 1997, Vision Research.

[50]  Zhaohui Chen,et al.  Analysis of polarimetric scattering for backgrounds and camouflage materials , 2009, Applied Optics and Photonics China.

[51]  Lawrence B. Wolff,et al.  Using polarization to separate reflection components , 1989, Proceedings CVPR '89: IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition.

[52]  Fabrice Meriaudeau,et al.  Polarization imaging applied to 3D reconstruction of specular metallic surfaces , 2005, IS&T/SPIE Electronic Imaging.

[53]  Y.Y. Schechner,et al.  Recovery of underwater visibility and structure by polarization analysis , 2005, IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering.

[54]  T. Goldsmith,et al.  The Polarization Sensitivity — Dichroic Absorption Paradox in Arthropod Photoreceptors , 1975 .

[55]  Yoav Y. Schechner,et al.  Active Polarization Descattering , 2009, IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence.

[56]  P. Gorria,et al.  Active Lighting Applied to 3D Reconstruction of Specular Metallic Surfaces by Polarization Imaging , 2010 .

[57]  Zhaohui Chen,et al.  Analysis of polarimetric characteristics of camouflage targets , 2009, International Symposium on Advanced Optical Manufacturing and Testing Technologies (AOMATT).

[58]  J. S. Taylor,et al.  Partial polarization signature results from the field testing of the SHallow water Real-time IMaging polarimeter (SHRIMP) , 2001, MTS/IEEE Oceans 2001. An Ocean Odyssey. Conference Proceedings (IEEE Cat. No.01CH37295).

[59]  Abd El Rahman Shabayek.  Non-Central Catadioptric Sensors Auto-Calibration , 2010 .

[60]  Samuel Rossel,et al.  Polarization Sensitivity in Compound Eyes , 1989 .

[61]  Gabriel Taubin,et al.  VeggieVision: a produce recognition system , 1996, Proceedings Third IEEE Workshop on Applications of Computer Vision. WACV'96.

[62]  Dennis H. Goldstein.  Polarimetric characterization of Federal Standard paints , 2000, SPIE Optics + Photonics.

[63]  Edward H. Adelson,et al.  Separating reflections and lighting using independent components analysis , 1999, Proceedings. 1999 IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (Cat. No PR00149).

[64]  Olivier Morel,et al.  Extract information of polarization imaging from local matching stereo , 2010, 2010 International Conference on Intelligent and Advanced Systems.

[65]  Quan Pan,et al.  Object separation by polarimetric and spectral imagery fusion , 2009, Comput. Vis. Image Underst..

[66]  J. S. Tyo,et al.  Optimum linear combination strategy for an N-channel polarization-sensitive imaging or vision system , 1998 .

[67]  J Shamir,et al.  Polarization and statistical analysis of scenes containing a semireflector. , 2000, Journal of the Optical Society of America. A, Optics, image science, and vision.

[68]  Frank J. Crosby,et al.  Signature adaptive mine detection at a constant false alarm rate , 2001, SPIE Defense + Commercial Sensing.

[69]  F. Hanson,et al.  High bandwidth underwater optical communication. , 2008, Applied optics.

[70]  N. Engheta,et al.  Polarization-difference imaging: a biologically inspired technique for observation through scattering media. , 1995, Optics letters.

[71]  Nader Engheta,et al.  Polarization enhanced visual surveillance techniques , 2004, IEEE International Conference on Networking, Sensing and Control, 2004.

[72]  Albert J. P. Theuwissen,et al.  Integrated polarization analyzing CMOS Image sensor for autonomus navigation using polarized light , 2010, 2010 5th IEEE International Conference Intelligent Systems.

[73]  W. Niblack,et al.  Polarization Modulation and Demodulation of Light , 1964 .

[74]  Yoav Y. Schechner,et al.  Polarization-based decorrelation of transparent layers: The inclination angle of an invisible surface , 1999, Proceedings of the Seventh IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision.

[75]  R. Schwind,et al.  The plunge reaction of the backswimmerNotonecta glauca , 1984, Journal of Comparative Physiology A.

[76]  Lawrence B. Wolff,et al.  Polarization vision: a new sensory approach to image understanding , 1997, Image Vis. Comput..

[77]  Yoav Y Schechner,et al.  Polarization-based vision through haze. , 2008, Applied optics.

[78]  Lawrence B. Wolff,et al.  Polarization-Based Material Classification from Specular Reflection , 1990, IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell..

[79]  Yoav Y. Schechner,et al.  Portable polarimetric underwater imaging system with a linear response , 2004, SPIE Defense + Commercial Sensing.

[80]  Fabrice Meriaudeau,et al.  A SURVEY ON OUTDOOR WATER HAZARD DETECTION , 2009 .

[81]  Heidi M. Dierssen,et al.  Biological Response to the Dynamic Spectral-Polarized Underwater Light Field , 2010 .

[82]  Yoshiaki Shirai,et al.  A model-based recognition of glossy objects using their polarimetrical properties , 1987, Adv. Robotics.

[83]  Shiming Wang,et al.  Underwater object detection technology based on polarization image fusion , 2010, International Symposium on Advanced Optical Manufacturing and Testing Technologies (AOMATT).

[84]  Goran Forssell,et al.  Measurements of polarization properties of camouflaged objects and of the denial of surfaces covered with cenospheres , 2003, SPIE Defense + Commercial Sensing.

[85]  Rainer Reuter,et al.  Contrast-enhanced optical imaging of submersible targets , 1999, Industrial Lasers and Inspection.

[86]  N. Shashar,et al.  Cuttlefish use polarization sensitivity in predation on silvery fish , 2000, Vision Research.

[87]  D. Varjú,et al.  Polarized Light in Animal Vision: Polarization Patterns in Nature , 2004 .

[88]  Olivier Morel,et al.  Active Lighting Applied to Shape from Polarization , 2006, 2006 International Conference on Image Processing.

[89]  Bin Xie,et al.  Polarization-based water hazards detection for autonomous off-road navigation , 2007, 2007 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems.

[90]  Yuan Li,et al.  Research challenges and applications for underwater sensor networking , 2006, IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference, 2006. WCNC 2006..

[91]  R. Schwind,et al.  Zonation of the optical environment and zonation in the rhabdom structure within the eye of the backswimmer, Notonecta glauca , 2004, Cell and Tissue Research.

[92]  Roger T. Hanlon,et al.  Polarization Vision in Cephalopods: Neuroanatomical and Behavioral Features that Illustrate Aspects of Form and Function , 2002 .

[93]  Abd El Rahman Shabayek,et al.  Auto-calibration and 3D reconstruction with non-central catadioptric sensors using polarization imag , 2010 .

[94]  Gábor Horváth,et al.  Polarization patterns of thick clouds: overcast skies have distribution of the angle of polarization similar to that of clear skies. , 2007, Journal of the Optical Society of America. A, Optics, image science, and vision.

[95]  Grant R. Gerhart,et al.  Visualization Techniques for Four-Strokes Parameter Polarization , 2002 .

[96]  Adam S. Green,et al.  Polarization Imaging and Insect Vision. , 2010 .

[97]  Jong-Sen Lee,et al.  Polarimetric SAR image signatures of the ocean and Gulf Stream features , 1993, IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote. Sens..

[98]  Alok Sarwal,et al.  Detection of Small Water-Bodies , 2004 .

[99]  Olivier Morel,et al.  Active lighting applied to three-dimensional reconstruction of specular metallic surfaces by polarization imaging. , 2006, Applied optics.

[100]  Andreas G. Andreou,et al.  Liquid crystal polarization camera , 1997, IEEE Trans. Robotics Autom..

[101]  Katsushi Ikeuchi,et al.  Estimating Sunlight Polarization Using a Fish-eye Lens , 2009, IPSJ Trans. Comput. Vis. Appl..

[102]  Edwin R. Hancock,et al.  Surface Material Segmentation Using Polarisation , 2010, MCPR.

[103]  M. Rubin,et al.  Optimum polarization for rain cancellation , 1972 .

[104]  R. Schwind,et al.  Polarization vision in water insects and insects living on a moist substrate , 1991, Journal of Comparative Physiology A.

[105]  Qiang Zhang,et al.  A Novel Angle Algorithm of Polarization Sensor for Navigation , 2009, IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement.

[106]  T. Ohtsuki,et al.  Phase noise insensitive multilevel POLSK based on QAM mapping in coherent optical systems , 1992, [Proceedings] Singapore ICCS/ISITA `92.

[107]  Shree K. Nayar,et al.  Instant dehazing of images using polarization , 2001, Proceedings of the 2001 IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition. CVPR 2001.

[108]  Saba Mudaliar,et al.  Optimum polarizations in the bistatic scattering from layered random media , 1994, IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote. Sens..

[109]  J. Chahl,et al.  Biomimetic Attitude and Orientation Sensors , 2012, IEEE Sensors Journal.

[110]  J S Tyo,et al.  Target detection in optically scattering media by polarization-difference imaging. , 1996, Applied optics.

[111]  Yoav Y. Schechner,et al.  Clear underwater vision , 2004, Proceedings of the 2004 IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, 2004. CVPR 2004..

[112]  Ronghua Li,et al.  Application of a novel polarization sensor to mobile robot navigation , 2009, 2009 International Conference on Mechatronics and Automation.

[113]  J. Phillips,et al.  Celestial polarized light patterns as a calibration reference for sun compass of homing pigeons , 1988 .

[114]  Shiming Wang,et al.  Underwater polarization imaging technology , 2009, 2009 Conference on Lasers & Electro Optics & The Pacific Rim Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics.

[115]  Thomas W Cronin,et al.  Light habitats and the role of polarized iridescence in the sensory ecology of neotropical nymphalid butterflies (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) , 2007, Journal of Experimental Biology.

[116]  W. Haidinger,et al.  Ueber das directe Erkennen des polarisirten Lichts und der Lage der Polarisationsebene , 1844 .

[117]  Lawrence B. Wolff,et al.  Applications of Polarization Camera Technology , 1995, IEEE Expert.

[118]  Birgit Greiner,et al.  Celestial polarization patterns during twilight. , 2006, Applied optics.

[119]  Jinkui Chu,et al.  Design of a Novel Polarization Sensor for Navigation , 2007, 2007 International Conference on Mechatronics and Automation.

[120]  Stefan Rahmann.  Reconstruction of Quadrics from Two Polarization Views , 2003, IbPRIA.

[121]  Moshe Ben-Ezra.  Segmentation with invisible keying signal , 2000, Proceedings IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition. CVPR 2000 (Cat. No.PR00662).

[122]  Shahriar Negahdaripour,et al.  Enhancing images in scattering media utilizing stereovision and polarization , 2009, 2009 Workshop on Applications of Computer Vision (WACV).

[123]  Max Born,et al.  Principles of optics - electromagnetic theory of propagation, interference and diffraction of light (7. ed.) , 1999 .

[124]  Isao Horiba,et al.  Discrimination of the road condition toward understanding of vehicle driving environments , 2001, IEEE Trans. Intell. Transp. Syst..

[125]  Gábor Horváth,et al.  Why Are Water-Seeking Insects Not Attracted by Mirages? The Polarization Pattern of Mirages , 1997, Naturwissenschaften.

[126]  Walter R. Leeb,et al.  Investigation of Polarization Modulation in Optical Free Space Communications through the Atmosphere , 2008 .

[127]  R. Pfeifer,et al.  A mobile robot employing insect strategies for navigation , 2000, Robotics Auton. Syst..

[128]  Mike McHenry,et al.  Detecting water hazards for autonomous off-road navigation , 2003, SPIE Defense + Commercial Sensing.

[129]  David Fofi,et al.  Catadioptric Camera Calibration by Polarization Imaging , 2007, IbPRIA.

[130]  Dimitrios Lambrinos,et al.  Modeling ant navigation with an autonomous agent , 1998 .

[131]  E. Wolf,et al.  Principles of Optics Electromagnetic Theory of Propagation, Interference and Diffraction of Light 2nd edition , 1964 .

[132]  M. Iqbal.  Polarization stereoscopic imaging prototype , 2011 .

[133]  Michael J. Duggin,et al.  Optical enhancement of aircraft detection using polarization , 2000, SPIE Optics + Photonics.

[134]  Nader Engheta,et al.  Bio-inspired display of polarization information using selected visual cues , 2003, SPIE Optics + Photonics.

[135]  D. Stork,et al.  Polarized light in nature , 1985 .

[136]  Nader Engheta,et al.  Display of polarization information by coherently moving dots. , 2003, Optics express.

[137]  M. J. Byrne,et al.  How dim is dim? Precision of the celestial compass in moonlight and sunlight , 2011, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences.

[138]  Yuukou Horita,et al.  Omni-directional Polarization Image Sensor Based on an Omni-directional Camera and a Polarization Filter , 2009, 2009 Sixth IEEE International Conference on Advanced Video and Signal Based Surveillance.

[139]  Quan Pan,et al.  Object Detection by Spectropolarimeteric Imagery Fusion , 2008, IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing.

[140]  Zhao Xie,et al.  How to get navigation information within patches of sky as insects do?: A primitive orientation by skylight polarization maps , 2010, 2010 2nd International Conference on Signal Processing Systems.

[141]  Peter Corke,et al.  A Camera as a Polarized Light Compass: Preliminary Experiments , 2001 .

[142]  Terrance E. Boult,et al.  Constraining Object Features Using a Polarization Reflectance Model , 1991, IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell..

[143]  A L Rankin,et al.  Daytime Mud Detection for Unmanned Ground Vehicle Autonomous Navigation , 2008 .

[144]  Chinlon Lin,et al.  3-bit/symbol optical modulation-demodulation simultaneously using DRZ, DPSK and PolSK , 2006, 2006 Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics and 2006 Quantum Electronics and Laser Science Conference.

[145]  Roger T Hanlon,et al.  Anatomical basis for camouflaged polarized light communication in squid , 2006, Biology Letters.

[146]  Alexander G. Cheroske,et al.  Polarization Vision and Its Role in Biological Signaling1 , 2003, Integrative and comparative biology.

[147]  Michael J. Duggin,et al.  Synthesis of optical polarization signatures of military aircraft , 2002, SPIE Optics + Photonics.

[148]  Driss Aboutajdine,et al.  Adapted Approach for Omnidirectional Egomotion Estimation , 2011, Int. J. Comput. Vis. Image Process..

[149]  K. Morohashi,et al.  Omni-directional polarization image capture using omni-directional camera and polarization filter , 2008, 2008 8th International Conference on ITS Telecommunications.

[150]  Dimitrios Lambrinos,et al.  Navigating with a polarized light compass , 1998 .

[151]  Gábor Horváth,et al.  How well does the Rayleigh model describe the E-vector distribution of skylight in clear and cloudy conditions? A full-sky polarimetric study. , 2004, Journal of the Optical Society of America. A, Optics, image science, and vision.

[152]  Andreas G. Andreou,et al.  Polarization camera sensors , 1995, Image Vis. Comput..

[153]  W. Pratt.  Laser Communication Systems. , 1969 .

[154]  Katsushi Ikeuchi,et al.  Measurement of surface orientations of transparent objects using polarization in highlight , 1999, Proceedings. 1999 IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (Cat. No PR00149).

[155]  David Fofi,et al.  Calibration of Catadioptric Sensors by Polarization Imaging , 2007, Proceedings 2007 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation.

[156]  D. Malacara.  Physical Optics and Light Measurements , 1988 .

[157]  E. Warrant,et al.  Visual discrimination: Seeing the third quality of light , 1999, Current Biology.

[158]  Albert J. P. Theuwissen,et al.  Biologically inspired autonomous agent navigation using an integrated polarization analyzing CMOS image sensor , 2010 .

[159]  P. Gorria,et al.  Polarization imaging for 3D inspection of highly reflective metallic objects , 2006 .

[160]  K. Ikeuchi,et al.  Measurement of surface orientations of transparent objects by use of polarization in highlight , 1999 .

[161]  Quan Pan,et al.  Object detection by fusion spectral and polarimetric imagery , 2006, International Commission for Optics.

[162]  David Fofi,et al.  Measurement of the three-dimensional mirror parameters by polarization imaging applied to catadioptric camera calibration , 2007, International Conference on Quality Control by Artificial Vision.

[163]  John F. Muth,et al.  A polarization shift-keying system for underwater optical communications , 2009, OCEANS 2009.

[164]  N Shashar,et al.  Squids (Loligo pealei and Euprymna scolopes) Can Exhibit Polarized Light Patterns Produced by Their Skin. , 1997, The Biological bulletin.

[165]  Olivier Morel,et al.  Application of polarimetric imaging to 3D inspection of highly reflective metallic surfaces , 2004, SPIE Optics East.

[166]  F. Meriaudeau,et al.  Polarization imaging for industrial inspection , 2008, Electronic Imaging.

[167]  Kunio Sakamoto,et al.  Eye Contact Communication System between Mobile Robots Using Invisible Code Display , 2010, ICEC.

[168]  Y. Aron,et al.  Polarization in the LWIR: a method to improve target aquisition , 2005, SPIE Defense + Commercial Sensing.