Impaired recognition memory in patients with lesions limited to the hippocampal formation.

A recent literature survey of results from a widely used recognition memory test raised questions about the extent to which recognition memory impairment ordinarily occurs in human amnesia and, in particular, whether recognition memory is impaired at all after damage limited to the hippocampal region (J. P. Aggleton & C. Shaw, 1996). Experiment 1 examined the performance of 6 amnesic patients on 11 to 25 different recognition memory tests. Three patients had bilateral lesions limited primarily to the hippocampus (G.D.) or the hippocampal formation (W.H. and L.M.), as determined by postmortem, neurohistological analysis (N. Rempel-Clower, S. M. Zola, L. R. Squire, & D. G. Amaral, 1996). All 6 patients exhibited unequivocally impaired recognition memory. In Experiment 2, the 3 patients still available for study were each markedly impaired on a test of object recognition similar to the kind used to test recognition memory in nonhuman primates. Recognition memory impairment is a robust feature of human amnesia, even when damage is limited primarily to the hippocampus.

[1]  F. Huppert,et al.  Efficient Recognition of Pictures in Organic Amnesia , 1972, Nature.

[2]  Robert A. Bornstein,et al.  The Wechsler Memory Scale—Revised , 1990 .

[3]  L R Squire,et al.  Remembering and knowing: two different expressions of declarative memory. , 1995, Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition.

[4]  J. Bachevalier,et al.  Limbic-dependent recognition memory in monkeys develops early in infancy. , 1993, Neuroreport.

[5]  J. Aggleton,et al.  Amnesia and recognition memory: A re-analysis of psychometric data , 1996, Neuropsychologia.

[6]  L. Squire,et al.  The medial temporal lobe memory system , 1991, Science.

[7]  Arthur P. Shimamura,et al.  Memory for the temporal order of events in patients with frontal lobe lesions and amnesic patients , 1990, Neuropsychologia.

[8]  D. Schacter,et al.  Implicit memory: a selective review. , 1993, Annual review of neuroscience.

[9]  P Alvarez,et al.  Damage limited to the hippocampal region produces long-lasting memory impairment in monkeys , 1995, The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience.

[10]  Arthur P. Shimamura,et al.  Memory and metamemory: Comparisons between patients with frontal lobe lesions and amnesic patients , 1989, Psychobiology.

[11]  G. Mandler.  Recognizing: The judgment of previous occurrence. , 1980 .

[12]  L. Squire,et al.  The learning of categories: parallel brain systems for item memory and category knowledge. , 1993, Science.

[13]  E. Tulving.  Elements of episodic memory , 1983 .

[14]  L R Squire,et al.  A neuropsychological study of fact memory and source amnesia. , 1987, Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition.

[15]  L. Squire,et al.  Emotional perception and memory in amnesia. , 1997, Neuropsychology.

[16]  Kevin J. Hawley,et al.  Contribution of perceptual fluency to recognition judgments. , 1991, Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition.

[17]  C. Reynolds,et al.  Wechsler memory scale-revised , 1988 .

[18]  D. Benson,et al.  Amnesia with hippocampal lesions cardiopulmonary arrest , 1984, Neurology.

[19]  E. Bullmore,et al.  Society for Neuroscience Abstracts , 1997 .

[20]  H. Eichenbaum,et al.  Two functional components of the hippocampal memory system , 1994, Behavioral and Brain Sciences.

[21]  L. Squire,et al.  Nonverbal priming in amnesia , 1992, Memory & cognition.

[22]  L. Squire,et al.  Cognitive skill learning in amnesia , 1990, Psychobiology.

[23]  L. Squire,et al.  P300 from amnesic patients with bilateral hippocampal lesions. , 1993, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[24]  L R Squire,et al.  On the development of declarative memory. , 1993, Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition.

[25]  L. Squire,et al.  Characterizing amnesic patients for neurobehavioral study. , 1986, Behavioral neuroscience.

[26]  L R Squire,et al.  Implicit learning of color-word associations using a Stroop paradigm. , 1993, Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition.

[27]  L. Squire,et al.  Declarativeand nondeclarativememory in opposition:When priorevents influence amnesicpatients morethan normal subjects , 1993, Memory & cognition.

[28]  L. Jacoby.  Perceptual enhancement: persistent effects of an experience. , 1983, Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition.

[29]  A. Kouzmin,et al.  IT Development: , 1966, Current History.

[30]  L. Squire,et al.  Human amnesia and the medial temporal region: enduring memory impairment following a bilateral lesion limited to field CA1 of the hippocampus , 1986, The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience.

[31]  M. Yamada,et al.  [Dementia rating scale]. , 1997, Nihon rinsho. Japanese journal of clinical medicine.

[32]  B. W. Whittlesea.  Illusions of familiarity. , 1993 .

[33]  L. Squire,et al.  Normal acquisition of novel verbal information in amnesia. , 1991, Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition.

[34]  Ralph H. B. Benedict,et al.  Composite reliability and standard errors of measurement for a seven-subtest short form of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale—Revised. , 1994 .

[35]  D. Amaral,et al.  Three Cases of Enduring Memory Impairment after Bilateral Damage Limited to the Hippocampal Formation , 1996, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[36]  L. Squire,et al.  Influence of prior events on cognitive judgments in amnesia. , 1992, Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition.

[37]  R. M. Nicol,et al.  The performance of amnesic subjects on tests of experimental amnesia in animals: delayed matching-to-sample and concurrent learning , 1988, Neuropsychologia.

[38]  P. Osterrieth.  Le test de copie d'une figure complexe , 1944 .

[39]  C. B. Cave,et al.  Equivalent impairment of spatial and nonspatial memory following damage to the human hippocampus , 1991, Hippocampus.

[40]  L. Squire,et al.  Preserved learning and memory in amnesia: intact adaptation-level effects and learning of stereoscopic depth. , 1989, Behavioral neuroscience.

[41]  C. B. Cave,et al.  Intact and long-lasting repetition priming in amnesia. , 1992, Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition.

[42]  M. Gluck,et al.  Probabilistic classification learning in amnesia. , 1994, Learning & memory.

[43]  L. Squire,et al.  Perceptual Thresholds and Priming in Amnesia , 1995 .

[44]  D. Mumby,et al.  Memory deficits following lesions of hippocampus or amygdala in rat: Assessment by an object-memory test battery , 1995, Psychobiology.

[45]  M. Mishkin,et al.  Stimulus recognition , 1994, Current Opinion in Neurobiology.

[46]  L. Squire,et al.  Intact text-specific reading skill in amnesia. , 1990, Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition.

[47]  L. Squire,et al.  Human amnesia and animal models of amnesia: performance of amnesic patients on tests designed for the monkey. , 1988, Behavioral neuroscience.

[48]  L R Squire,et al.  On the relationship between recall and recognition memory. , 1992, Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition.

[49]  E. Kaplan,et al.  The Boston naming test , 2001 .

[50]  G A Press,et al.  Magnetic resonance imaging of the hippocampal formation and mammillary nuclei distinguish medial temporal lobe and diencephalic amnesia , 1990, The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience.

[51]  D. Benson,et al.  Amnesia with hippocampal lesions after cardiopulmonary arrest. , 1996, Neurology.

[52]  L. Squire,et al.  Transient global amnesia , 1988, Neurology.

[53]  L. Squire,et al.  Selective memory loss , 1996, Neurology.

[54]  L. Squire,et al.  The structure and organization of memory. , 1993, Annual review of psychology.

[55]  E Tulving,et al.  Priming and human memory systems. , 1990, Science.

[56]  Seth J. Ramus,et al.  Intact Artificial Grammar Learning in Amnesia: Dissociation of Classification Learning and Explicit Memory for Specific Instances , 1992 .

[57]  M. Mishkin.  Memory in monkeys severely impaired by combined but not by separate removal of amygdala and hippocampus , 1978, Nature.

[58]  Camilla Anne Czubaj.  The Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale - Revised, Revisited , 1996 .