Second Order Receptive Field Properties of Simple and Complex Cells Support a New Standard Model of Thalamocortical Circuitry in V1

[Hubel and Wiesel's (1962)][1] hierarchical model of simple and complex cell receptive fields (RFs) has shaped our understanding of the structure and function of the primary visual cortex (V1). They proposed that the characteristic elongated ON or OFF subregions of simple-cell RFs are constructed