Sensory Research in Historical Perspective: Some Philosophical Foundations of Perception

The sections in this article are: 1 Sensory Science and Philosophy 1.1 Perception and Theory 1.2 Perceptual Research and History 1.3 Perception and Preparation for Action 2 Greek Science and Antiquity 2.1 Early Greek Philosophy and the Origin of Science 2.2 Hippocratic Medicine and Democritian Materialism 2.3 Aristotle and the School of Athens 2.4 Roman Science and Late Antiquity 2.5 Long-Term Influence of Greco-Roman Science 3 Medieval Science and Sensory Studies 3.1 Characteristics of Medieval Research 3.2 Arab Scientists and Greek Tradition 3.3 Medieval Concepts of the Senses 3.4 The Sciences in the Thirteenth Century 3.5 Optics and Vision 3.6 Scholasticism and Science 4 Sensory Science in Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries 4.1 Seeing Nature Through the Eye of Renaissance Man 4.2 Physiological Concepts of Leonardo da Vinci 5 Rise of Science After the Renaissance 5.1 Heliocentric Theory and Physics 5.2 Cartesian Machine Theory of the Body 5.3 Systematic Physiology, Evolution, and Behavior 6 Vision Research from Kepler to Newton 6.2 Kepler's Dioptrics 6.3 Other Visual Studies 6.4 Newton's Work on Optics and Vision 7 Empiricism and Rationalism in Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries 7.1 Sensualist Empiricism and Materialism 7.2 Leibnizian Rationalism 7.3 Berkeley's Concept of Space and Hume's Associationism 7.4 Kantian Synthesis of Perception and Thought 8 The Nineteenth Century and Modern Perceptual Research 8.1 Rise of Sensory Sciences 8.2 Six Founders of Sensory Physiology 8.3 Psychophysics and Scaling of Sensations 8.4 Psychology of Sensory Research 8.5 Philosophies and Perceptual Research 9 Objective Sensory Physiology and Neuronal Recordings 9.1 Adrian's Achievements 9.2 Sensory Afference and Brain Potentials 9.3 Cerebral Neuronal Mechanisms 10 Perception and Action 10.1 Intentional Preperception and Anticipation 10.2 Cerebral Correlates of Intention in Man 11 General Discussion 11.1 Contrasting Concepts and Their Complementary Role 11.2 Level Concepts and Perceptual Research 11.3 Reductionism—Ontological vs. Methodological 12 Summary 12.1 Retrospect and Prospect