Design and experimentation of communication and of a teaching sequence on atmospheric physics

Weather and climate are topical issues widely present in the media, in the public culture, in political and socio-economic agendas and also in school guidelines. Having said that, confusion and a lot of misconceptions still exist with regards to issues such as climate change, greenhouse gases and the greenhouse effect, pollution, anthropogenic emissions, ozone hole, predictability of weather and climate, stationary processes, radiation fluxes and balances in the Earth system etc. These themes are poorly addressed in the actual teaching practice in secondary schools, particularly from a quantitative point of view involving the underlying laws of physics, which are necessary for the understanding and construction of correct conceptual models of phenomena. Teachers often do not feel comfortable or lack the specific background for addressing such themes quantitatively, claiming for training initiatives which happen unfortunately only as a result of sporadic and local initiatives. For historical reasons, typical of the Italian context, these themes are usually addressed in subjects like geography or natural sciences for what concerns education in formal contexts such as primary and secondary schools and universities, but their treatment and significance would greatly benefit from an interdisciplinary approach, involving also the quantitative experimental approach of physics. At the same time, teaching physics from its general principles to their application in the context of weather phenomena and climate system, would improve the engagement and interest of students, fostering cooperation among teachers of different subjects, bridging boundaries and approaches characteristic of single disciplines. This would promote an integrated view of science as the result of a process, based on the application of the scientific method to the investigation and modeling of phenomena, where also technological advancement plays an important role, rather than as a mere collection of results and knowledge. In this perspective the present work develops from the research in atmospheric physics, performed by the candidate during one year at Concordia station, Antarctica, presenting on one hand a series of physics communication initiatives designed and tested with innovative formats such as TEDx conferences, videoconferences with researchers working on the field, social platforms and traditional media, targeted to different audiences. On the other hand it presents the proposal of a teaching learning sequence based on quantitative experimental activities, demonstrations and simulations, targeted to secondary school students and pre-service teachers, integrating general physics with its applications to the atmosphere and to the climate system. The teaching learning sequence has been experimented with graduate students of the course: ''Experimental physics laboratory at high school I'', held at the Department of Physics of the University of Trento and in collaboration with IPRASE, it has been proposed in the form of a training course for physics and chemistry teachers and their technical assistants as a framework for the integration of physics and chemistry. The results of pre and post tests used as an evaluation tool of this preliminary experimentation will be presented, encouraging future developments of the sequence and further diffusion of weather and climate issues in the teaching practice through capillary pre-teachers' and teachers' training initiatives.

[1]  K. Láska,et al.  Imported anthropogenic bacteria may survive the Antarctic winter and introduce new genes into local bacterial communities , 2016 .

[2]  Angelo Collins,et al.  National Science Education Standards: Looking Backward and Forward , 1997, The Elementary School Journal.

[3]  R. Driver,et al.  Pupils and Paradigms: a Review of Literature Related to Concept Development in Adolescent Science Students , 1978 .

[4]  John Marshall,et al.  A Laboratory Demonstration of Coriolis Effects on Wind-Driven Ocean Currents , 2008 .

[5]  D. Sokoloff,et al.  Using interactive lecture demonstrations to create an active learning environment , 1997 .

[6]  Steven Miller,et al.  Public understanding of science at the crossroads , 2001 .

[7]  D. Pruneau,et al.  Experimentation with a socio-constructivist process for climate change education , 2003 .

[8]  Gareth Roberts,et al.  Designs for learning about climate change as a complex system , 2017 .

[9]  C. Rhodes The 2015 Paris Climate Change Conference: Cop21 , 2016, Science progress.

[10]  Vincent Larivière,et al.  Scientists Popularizing Science: Characteristics and Impact of TED Talk Presenters , 2013, PloS one.

[11]  Sophie A. Nicholson-Cole Representing climate change futures: a critique on the use of images for visual communication , 2005, Comput. Environ. Urban Syst..

[12]  B. Andersson,et al.  Students' Understanding of the Greenhouse Effect, the Societal Consequences of Reducing CO2 Emissions and the Problem of Ozone Layer Depletion. , 2000 .

[13]  J. Sterman Risk Communication on Climate: Mental Models and Mass Balance , 2008, Science.

[14]  Francesca Pongiglione The key role of causal explanation in the climate change issue , 2012 .

[15]  H. Boon Climate change? When? Where? , 2009 .

[16]  R. Duit Science Education Research Internationally: Conceptions, Research Methods, Domains of Research , 2007 .

[17]  B. Andersson,et al.  On Designing and Evaluating Teaching Sequences Taking Geometrical Optics as an Example , 2005 .

[18]  R. Fortner Climate Change in School: Where Does It Fit and How Ready Are We?. , 2001 .

[19]  Priscilla W. Laws,et al.  Exploring the greenhouse effect through physics-oriented activities , 2003 .

[20]  Katarina Larsen,et al.  Climate change scenarios and citizen-participation: Mitigation and adaptation perspectives in constructing sustainable futures , 2009 .

[21]  H. Niemi Active learning—a cultural change needed in teacher education and schools , 2002 .

[22]  S. Dua,et al.  Can science education help to reduce global warming? :an international study of the links between students' beliefs and their willingness to act , 2011 .

[23]  Gert König-Langlo,et al.  Polar baseline surface radiation measurements during the International Polar Year 2007–2009 , 2010 .

[24]  J. Dirkx The Power of Feelings: Emotion, Imagination, and the Construction of Meaning in Adult Learning , 2001 .

[25]  Daniel P. Shepardson,et al.  Seventh grade students' conceptions of global warming and climate change , 2009 .

[26]  Marie-Geneviève Séré Children's conceptions of the gaseous state, prior to teaching , 1986 .

[27]  A. Weaver,et al.  Assessing students’ learning about fundamental concepts of climate change under two different conditions , 2012 .

[28]  C. Tomasi,et al.  Parameterization of clear sky effective emissivity under surface-based temperature inversion at Dome C and South Pole, Antarctica , 2013, Antarctic Science.

[29]  G. D. Thijs,et al.  Cultural factors in the origin and remediation of alternative conceptions in physics , 1995 .

[30]  Antal Wozniak,et al.  Frames, Stories, and Images: The Advantages of a Multimodal Approach in Comparative Media Content Research on Climate Change , 2015 .

[31]  Susann B. Lueddecke,et al.  Greenhouse Effect in the Classroom: A Project- and Laboratory-Based Curriculum , 2001 .

[32]  W. Filho Communicating climate change: challenges ahead and action needed , 2009 .

[33]  A. Gold,et al.  Learning molecular behaviour may improve student explanatory models of the greenhouse effect , 2018 .

[34]  R. Driver,et al.  Children's Ideas in Science , 1985 .

[35]  Joseph D. Novak,et al.  Learning Science and the Science of Learning , 1988 .

[36]  W. Sandoval Understanding Students' Practical Epistemologies and Their Influence on Learning Through Inquiry , 2005 .

[37]  B. McArthur,et al.  Baseline surface radiation network (BSRN/WCRP) New precision radiometry for climate research , 1998 .

[38]  David F. Treagust,et al.  Investigating a grade 11 student's evolving conceptions of heat and temperature , 1999 .

[39]  J. Peixoto,et al.  Physics of climate , 1992 .

[40]  M. McCaffrey,et al.  Clarifying Climate Confusion: Addressing Systemic Holes, Cognitive Gaps, and Misconceptions Through Climate Literacy , 2008 .

[41]  M. Towns,et al.  General Chemistry Students’ Understanding of Climate Change and the Chemistry Related to Climate Change , 2015 .

[42]  N. Oreskes The Scientific Consensus on Climate Change , 2004, Science.

[43]  John Ziman,et al.  Public Understanding of Science , 1991 .

[44]  Eleanor C. Sayre,et al.  Best Practices for Administering Concept Inventories , 2014, 1404.6500.

[45]  Daniela Liggett,et al.  Polar research: Six priorities for Antarctic science , 2014, Nature.

[46]  J. Wallace,et al.  Atmospheric Science: An Introductory Survey , 1977 .

[47]  Martin Stanisstreet,et al.  The ‘Greenhouse Effect’: children's perceptions of causes, consequences and cures , 1993 .

[48]  Anthony S. Travis,et al.  Children's Views Concerning Phase Changes. , 1991 .

[49]  Michelle K. Smith,et al.  Active learning increases student performance in science, engineering, and mathematics , 2014, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[50]  C. Wieman,et al.  Transforming Physics Education , 2005 .

[51]  C. Tomasi,et al.  Annual cycles of pressure, temperature, absolute humidity and precipitable water from the radiosoundings performed at Dome C, Antarctica, over the 2005–2009 period , 2012, Antarctic Science.

[52]  Lorna Jarrett Investigating secondary school students’ understanding of climate change , 2013 .

[53]  Lisa Schultz Understanding the Greenhouse Effect Using a Computer Model , 2009 .

[54]  P. Onorato,et al.  ‘Home made’ model to study the greenhouse effect and global warming , 2011 .

[55]  Climate Change Education for Physics Teachers , 2013 .

[56]  L. Henriques Children's Ideas About Weather: A Review of the Literature , 2002 .

[57]  Elizabeth Engel Clough,et al.  Secondary Students' Conceptions of the Conduction of Heat: Bringing Together Scientific and Personal Views. , 1985 .

[58]  Mike S. Schäfer,et al.  Media attention for climate change around the world: A comparative analysis of newspaper coverage in 27 countries , 2013 .

[59]  J. Dove,et al.  Student Teacher Understanding of the Greenhouse Effect, Ozone Layer Depletion and Acid Rain , 1996 .

[60]  Vasilis Koulaidis,et al.  Models of students' thinking concerning the greenhouse effect and teaching implications , 1999 .

[61]  Xiang Chen,et al.  Why do people misunderstand climate change? Heuristics, mental models and ontological assumptions , 2011 .

[62]  Gaalen Erickson Children's viewpoints of heat: A second look , 1980 .

[63]  James A. Rye,et al.  An investigation of middle school students' alternative conceptions of global warming , 1997 .

[64]  Ellen K. Henriksen,et al.  Climate Education: Empowering Today's Youth to Meet Tomorrow's Challenges , 2005 .

[65]  María José Luzón,et al.  Public Communication of Science in Blogs , 2013 .

[66]  Casey E. Davenport,et al.  Motivation for and Development of a Standardized Introductory Meteorology Assessment Exam , 2015 .

[67]  J. Lavonen,et al.  Effect of a long‐term in‐service training program on teachers' beliefs about the role of experiments in physics education , 2004 .

[68]  J. H. McMillan Annual Meeting of the American Educational Research , 2001 .

[69]  Michael Allaby How the Weather Works , 1995 .

[70]  L. McDermott,et al.  Resource Letter: PER-1: Physics Education Research , 1999 .

[71]  N. Allum,et al.  Science in Society: Re-Evaluating the Deficit Model of Public Attitudes , 2004 .

[72]  Quirin Schiermeier,et al.  Climatologists to physicists: your planet needs you , 2015, Nature.

[73]  Kai Niebert,et al.  Understanding and communicating climate change in metaphors , 2013 .

[74]  G. Bodner Constructivism: A theory of knowledge , 1986 .

[75]  Michael J. Prince,et al.  Does Active Learning Work? A Review of the Research , 2004 .

[76]  E. Mazur,et al.  Peer Instruction: Results from a Range of Classrooms , 2002 .

[77]  L. Borghi,et al.  Developing relevant teaching strategies during in-service training , 2003 .

[78]  Inez Harker-Schuch,et al.  Opinions and Knowledge About Climate Change Science in High School Students , 2013, AMBIO.

[79]  Vinciane Colson Science blogs as competing channels for the dissemination of science news , 2011 .

[80]  Dietmar Dommenget The Monash Simple Climate Model: An interactive climate model for teaching , 2015 .

[81]  Karolina Österlind*,et al.  Concept formation in environmental education: 14‐year olds’ work on the intensified greenhouse effect and the depletion of the ozone layer , 2005 .

[82]  What Undergraduates Think About Clouds and Fog , 2009 .

[83]  P. C. WILLIAMS,et al.  Communicating Science , 1968, Nature.

[84]  John L. Durant The role of science festivals , 2013, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[85]  Michael Andrew Ranney,et al.  Climate Change Conceptual Change: Scientific Information Can Transform Attitudes , 2016, Top. Cogn. Sci..

[86]  P ? ? ? ? ? ? ? % ? ? ? ? , 1991 .

[87]  E. Kikas,et al.  Students' understanding of cloud and rainbow formation and teachers' awareness of students' performance , 2016 .

[88]  Wendy K. Adams,et al.  Development and Validation of Instruments to Measure Learning of Expert‐Like Thinking , 2011 .

[89]  Paul Cobb,et al.  Constructivism in Mathematics and Science Education , 1994 .

[90]  Inna Kouper,et al.  Science blogs and public engagement with science: practices, challenges, and opportunities , 2010 .

[91]  Art Hobson Physics literacy, energy and the environment , 2003 .

[92]  Daniel P. Shepardson,et al.  Do Earth and Environmental Science Textbooks Promote Middle and High School Students' Conceptual Development About Climate Change?: Textbooks' consideration of students' misconceptions , 2010 .

[93]  Okhee Lee,et al.  Social Activism in Elementary Science Education: A science, technology, and society approach to teach global warming , 2006 .

[94]  A. D. Ambrosis,et al.  Teaching Energy Concepts by Working on Themes of Cultural and Environmental Value , 2013 .

[95]  L. Perini,et al.  Theatre to motivate the study of physics , 2011 .

[96]  L. Borghi,et al.  A Three‐Dimensional Approach and Open Source Structure for the Design and Experimentation of Teaching‐Learning Sequences: The case of friction , 2010 .

[97]  Montserrat Ochando-Pardo,et al.  Spanish Secondary School Students' Notions on the Causes and Consequences of Climate Change , 2011 .

[98]  Xiaomin Hu,et al.  Characterization of Bacilli isolated from the confined environments of the Antarctic Concordia station and the International Space Station. , 2011, Astrobiology.

[99]  Juan R. Burciaga,et al.  Teaching Physics with the Physics Suite , 2004 .

[100]  R. Duit,et al.  Students' conceptions of the second law of thermodynamics—an interpretive study , 1993 .

[101]  Dimitris Psillos,et al.  Teaching–learning sequences: aims and tools for science education research , 2004 .

[102]  L. S. Vygotskiĭ,et al.  Mind in society : the development of higher psychological processes , 1978 .

[103]  É. Stutzmann,et al.  Observations of the seasonality of the Antarctic microseismic signal, and its association to sea ice variability , 2011 .

[104]  David Hammer,et al.  Epistemological Beliefs in Introductory Physics , 1994 .

[105]  Brian Ferry,et al.  WHAT SCIENTIFIC CONCEPTS ARE REQUIRED TO UNDERSTAND CLIMATE CHANGE , 2011 .

[106]  Mark A. Francek,et al.  Clarification of Selected Misconceptions in Physical Geography , 1992 .

[107]  Martin Stanisstreet,et al.  Plus ca change, plus c’est la meme chose? School Students’ Ideas about the “Greenhouse Effect” a Decade On , 2001 .

[108]  Ugo Besson Paradoxes of thermal radiation , 2009 .

[109]  Build Your Own Earth: A Web-Based Tool for Exploring Climate-Model Output in Teaching and Research , 2017 .

[110]  Edward Boyes,et al.  Students' perceptions of global warming , 1992 .

[111]  Ricardo Trumper,et al.  The Physics Laboratory – A Historical Overview and Future Perspectives , 2003 .

[112]  Dilek Çelikler,et al.  Determining the misconceptions of pre-service chemistry and biology teachers about the greenhouse effect , 2011 .

[113]  K. Cheek Commentary: A Summary and Analysis of Twenty-Seven Years of Geoscience Conceptions Research , 2010 .

[114]  J. Frederiksen,et al.  Inquiry, Modeling, and Metacognition: Making Science Accessible to All Students , 1998 .

[115]  Vincent N. Lunetta,et al.  The Laboratory in Science Education: Foundations for the Twenty-First Century , 2004 .

[116]  V. Masson‐Delmotte,et al.  Three-year monitoring of stable isotopes of precipitation at Concordia Station, East Antarctica , 2016 .

[117]  Jeffrey A. Phillips,et al.  Interpreting FCI scores: Normalized gain, preinstruction scores, and scientific reasoning ability , 2005 .

[118]  David W. Johnson,et al.  Cooperation and Competition: Theory and Research , 1989 .

[119]  J. Novak,et al.  Educational Psychology: A Cognitive View , 1969 .

[120]  S. Oss,et al.  What are we looking at when we say magenta? Quantitative measurements of RGB and CMYK colours with a homemade spectrophotometer , 2016 .

[121]  Robert E. O'Connor,et al.  In what sense does the public need to understand global climate change? , 2000 .

[122]  K. McNeal,et al.  Assessment of 6- to 20-Grade Educators' Climate Knowledge and Perceptions: Results From the Climate Stewardship Survey , 2014 .

[123]  Grasping the second law of thermodynamics at university: The consistency of macroscopic and microscopic explanations , 2015 .

[124]  S. Wise Climate Change in the Classroom: Patterns, Motivations, and Barriers to Instruction Among Colorado Science Teachers , 2010 .

[125]  Communicating the Science of Climate Change: A Mutual Challenge for Scientists and Educators. , 2000 .

[126]  P. W. Laws,et al.  Millikan Lecture 1996: Promoting active learning based on physics education research in introductory physics courses , 1997 .

[127]  O. Megalakaki,et al.  Exploring French adolescents’ and adults’ comprehension of the greenhouse effect , 2018 .

[128]  Jan van Aalst,et al.  An introduction to physics education research , 2000 .

[129]  Lillian C. McDermott,et al.  Oersted Medal Lecture 2001: “Physics Education Research—The Key to Student Learning” , 2001 .

[130]  Bjorn Stevens,et al.  Water in the atmosphere , 2013 .

[131]  E. Cordero,et al.  Climate Change Education and the Ecological Footprint , 2008 .

[132]  J. Libarkin,et al.  Factor Analysis of Drawings: Application to college student models of the greenhouse effect , 2015 .

[133]  J. Schott,et al.  Low frequency geomagnetic field variations at Dome C (Antarctica) , 2003 .

[134]  Kelley Wilder Photography and Science , 2009 .

[135]  Quantitative analysis of transmittance and photoluminescence using a low cost apparatus , 2016 .

[136]  Manjula D. Sharma,et al.  Construction and Implementation of a Conceptual Survey in Thermodynamics , 2013 .

[137]  Shelley Yeo,et al.  Introductory thermal concept evaluation: Assessing students' understanding , 2001 .

[138]  M. Boykoff,et al.  Balance as bias: global warming and the US prestige press☆ , 2004 .

[139]  G. Erickson Children's conceptions of heat and temperature , 1979 .

[140]  "Holes" in Student Understanding: Addressing Prevalent Misconceptions Regarding Atmospheric Environmental Chemistry , 2007 .

[141]  David E. Meltzer,et al.  Resource Letter ALIP-1: Active-Learning Instruction in Physics , 2012 .

[142]  How does epistemological knowledge on modelling influence students' engagement in the issue of climate change? , 2016 .

[143]  Lillian C. McDermott,et al.  Millikan Lecture 1990: What we teach and what is learned—Closing the gap , 1991 .

[144]  John B. Shoven,et al.  I , Edinburgh Medical and Surgical Journal.

[145]  Cleotilde Gonzalez,et al.  Decisions from experience reduce misconceptions about climate change , 2012 .

[146]  J. Valek,et al.  Teachers’ understanding of climate change , 2012 .

[147]  James Painter,et al.  Cross-national comparison of the presence of climate scepticism in the print media in six countries, 2007–10 , 2012 .

[148]  L. Shulman Those who Understand: Knowledge Growth in Teaching , 2013 .

[149]  Daniel P. Shepardson,et al.  Students’ conceptions about the greenhouse effect, global warming, and climate change , 2011 .

[150]  Jane Dove Alternative Conceptions about the Weather. , 1998 .

[151]  Susan Joy Hassol,et al.  Communicating the science of climate change , 2011 .

[152]  Arnold B. Arons,et al.  Guiding Insight and Inquiry in the Introductory Physics Laboratory. , 1993 .

[153]  R. Millar School students' understanding of key ideas about radioactivity and ionizing radiation , 1994 .

[154]  Peter A. R. Ade,et al.  The BRAIN CMB polarization experiment , 2007 .

[155]  A. Redfors,et al.  University physics students' use of models in explanations of phenomena involving interaction between metals and electromagnetic radiation , 2001 .

[156]  Roser Pintó,et al.  Introducing curriculum innovations in science: Identifying teachers' transformations and the design of related teacher education , 2005 .

[157]  A. Leiserowitz International Public Opinion, Perception, and Understanding of Global Climate Change , 2007 .

[158]  Elisabeth Schulte,et al.  Portals, blogs and co.: the role of the Internet as a medium of science communication , 2007, Biotechnology journal.

[159]  T. Petäjä,et al.  Seasonal cycle and modal structure of particle number size distribution at Dome C, Antarctica , 2013 .

[160]  Olivia Levrini,et al.  Climate Change: An Educational Proposal Integrating the Physical and Social Sciences☆ , 2014 .

[161]  Brian Fisher,et al.  Australian Students' Appreciation of the Greenhouse Effect and the Ozone Hole. , 1998 .

[162]  Elizabeth G. Polito Assessing middle school and college students' conceptions about tornadoes and other weather phenomena , 2008 .

[163]  Jin-Yi Chang Teachers college students' conceptions about evaporation, condensation, and boiling , 1999 .

[164]  S. Rahmstorf Is journalism failing on climate? , 2012 .

[165]  C. P. Jacovides,et al.  Weather phenomena in the Greek National Curriculum: An experiment in teaching meteorology , 1997 .

[166]  A. D. Ambrosis,et al.  Studying the physical basis of global warming: thermal effects of the interaction between radiation and matter and greenhouse effect , 2010 .

[167]  Jenaro Guisasola,et al.  How Physics Education Research Contributes to Designing Teaching Sequences , 2014 .

[168]  Jean Trumbo,et al.  Visual Literacy and Science Communication , 1999 .

[169]  Patrick Dillon,et al.  The Effects of Scaffolded Simulation-Based Inquiry Learning on Fifth-Graders' Representations of the Greenhouse Effect , 2014 .

[170]  Ruth Stavy,et al.  How students aged 13‐15 understand photosynthesis , 1987 .

[171]  Christopher B. Field,et al.  Fostering advances in interdisciplinary climate science , 2013, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[172]  Lloyd H. Barrow,et al.  A Brief History of Inquiry: From Dewey to Standards , 2006 .

[173]  Eugenia Etkina,et al.  Role of Experiments in Physics Instruction — A Process Approach , 2002 .

[174]  George Meadows,et al.  Identifying and Addressing Students' Alternative Conceptions of the Causes of Global Warming: The Need for Cognitive Conflict , 1999 .

[175]  D. Kammen,et al.  Quantifying the consensus on anthropogenic global warming in the scientific literature , 2013 .

[176]  David E. Meltzer,et al.  Student ideas regarding entropy and the second law of thermodynamics in an introductory physics course , 2009 .

[177]  A. Robbins How to understand the results of the climate change summit: Conference of Parties21 (COP21) Paris 2015 , 2016, Journal of public health policy.

[178]  M. McCaffrey,et al.  Climate confusion among U.S. teachers , 2016, Science.

[179]  C. Covey Earth's climate: past and future , 2001 .

[180]  John K. Gilbert,et al.  Concepts, Misconceptions and Alternative Conceptions: Changing Perspectives in Science Education , 1983 .

[181]  Misconceptions of Selected Science Concepts Held by Elementary School Students. , 1972 .

[182]  Wolff‐Michael Roth,et al.  Physics students' epistemologies and views about knowing and learning , 1994 .

[183]  John W. Renner,et al.  A THEORY OF INSTRUCTION: USING THE LEARNING-CYCLE TO TEACH SCIENCE CONCEPTS AND THINKING SKILLS , 1989 .

[184]  R. Stavy Children's conception of changes in the state of matter: From liquid (or solid) to gas , 1990 .

[185]  V. Grassian,et al.  Chemistry’s Contributions to Our Understanding of Atmospheric Science and Climate , 2015 .

[186]  J. Solomon When should we start teaching physics , 1986 .

[187]  Roger Osborne,et al.  Children's conceptions of the changes of state of water , 1983 .

[188]  Christine Moseley,et al.  A Three-Tier Diagnostic Test to Assess Pre-Service Teachers’ Misconceptions about Global Warming, Greenhouse Effect, Ozone Layer Depletion, and Acid Rain , 2012 .

[189]  R. Hake Interactive-engagement vs Traditional Methods in Mechanics Instruction* , 1998 .

[190]  Marisa Michelini,et al.  Frontiers of fundamental physics and physics education research , 2014 .

[191]  M. Boykoff,et al.  Media Coverage of Climate Change: Current Trends, Strengths, Weaknesses , 2007 .

[192]  Jean-Noël Thépaut,et al.  The Concordiasi Project in Antarctica , 2010 .

[193]  David Hestenes,et al.  A modeling method for high school physics instruction , 1995 .

[194]  C. Boyle,et al.  Studying conceptual change in learning physics , 1992 .

[195]  H. Boon Climate Change? Who Knows? A Comparison of Secondary Students and Pre-service Teachers , 2010 .

[196]  Premnadh M. Kurup Secondary students beliefs about, understandings of, and intentions to act regarding the greenhouse effect , 2003 .

[197]  E. Sassi,et al.  Teacher Training about Real-Time Approaches: Research-Based Guidelines and Training Materials. , 2005 .

[198]  Jose P. Mestre,et al.  Learning and Instruction in Pre‐College Physical Science , 1991 .

[199]  Michael C. B. Ashley,et al.  Dome C---the best astronomical site in the world? , 2003 .

[200]  Arnold B. Arons,et al.  Development of energy concepts in introductory physics courses , 1999 .

[201]  Pål J. Kirkeby Hansen,et al.  Knowledge about the Greenhouse Effect and the Effects of the Ozone Layer among Norwegian Pupils Finishing Compulsory Education in 1989, 1993, and 2005—What Now? , 2010 .

[202]  E. Mazur,et al.  Peer Instruction: Ten years of experience and results , 2001 .

[203]  Marcia C. Linn,et al.  A Design-based Approach to Fostering Understanding of Global Climate Change , 2012 .

[204]  John Turner,et al.  Antarctic Meteorology and Climatology , 1998 .

[205]  John J. Clement,et al.  Using Bridging Analogies and Anchoring Institutions to Seal with Students' Preconceptions in Physics , 1993 .

[206]  H. Gardner,et al.  Frames of Mind: The Theory of Multiple Intelligences , 1983 .

[207]  Allan Bell,et al.  Media (mis)communication on the science of climate change , 1994 .

[208]  Ilka Parchmann,et al.  The Model of Educational Reconstruction A Framework for improving teaching and learning science , 2012 .

[209]  K. Trenberth,et al.  Earth's Global Energy Budget , 2009 .

[210]  N. Canpolat,et al.  Turkish Undergraduates' Misconceptions of Evaporation, Evaporation Rate, and Vapour Pressure , 2006 .

[211]  Luca Palchetti,et al.  Far-Infrared Radiative Properties of Water Vapor and Clouds in Antarctica , 2015 .

[212]  Brian Ferry,et al.  Development and validation of a concept inventory for introductory-level climate change science , 2012 .

[213]  Gerald R. Urquhart,et al.  Promoting interdisciplinarity through climate change education , 2013 .

[214]  S. Jacobs,et al.  Antarctic climate change and the environment: an update , 2013, Polar Record.

[215]  C. Gautier,et al.  Misconceptions About the Greenhouse Effect , 2006 .

[216]  D. Treagust,et al.  Conceptual change: A powerful framework for improving science teaching and learning , 2003 .

[217]  M. Linn,et al.  Heat energy and temperature concepts of adolescents, adults, and experts: Implications for curricular improvements , 1994 .

[218]  TAHSIN KHALID,et al.  Pre-service High School Teachers' Perceptions of Three Environmental Phenomena , 2003 .

[219]  Michael E. Loverude Identifying student resources in reasoning about entropy and the approach to thermal equilibrium , 2015 .

[220]  medolbec Ideological cultures and media discourses on scientific knowledge: re-reading news on climate change , 2010 .

[221]  Rajeev Gowda,et al.  Students' Understanding of Climate Change: Insights for Scientists and Educators , 1997 .

[222]  P. Onorato,et al.  Improving the connection between the microscopic and macroscopic approaches to thermodynamics in high school , 2016 .