RAFCON: A graphical tool for engineering complex, robotic tasks

Robotic tasks are becoming increasingly complex, and with this also the robotic systems. This requires new tools to manage this complexity and to orchestrate the systems to fulfill demanding autonomous tasks. For this purpose, we developed a new graphical tool targeting at the creation and execution of robotic tasks, called RAFCON. These tasks are described in hierarchical state machines supporting concurrency. A formal notation of this concept is given. The tool provides many debugging mechanisms and a GUI with a graphical editor, allowing for intuitive visual programming and fast prototyping. The application of RAFCON for an autonomous mobile robot in the SpaceBotCamp competition has already proved to be successful.

[1]  Henk Nijmeijer,et al.  Robot Programming by Demonstration , 2010, SIMPAR.

[2]  Laurence S. Dooley,et al.  Gestalt theory in visual screen design: a new look at an old subject , 2002 .

[3]  Martin Odersky,et al.  Deprecating the Observer Pattern , 2010 .

[4]  Stefan Holzer,et al.  Towards autonomous robotic butlers: Lessons learned with the PR2 , 2011, 2011 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation.

[5]  Zoltan-Csaba Marton,et al.  The LRU Rover for Autonomous Planetary Exploration and Its Success in the SpaceBotCamp Challenge , 2016, 2016 International Conference on Autonomous Robot Systems and Competitions (ICARSC).

[6]  Roman Weitschat,et al.  Skill parametrization approaches and skill architecture for human-robot interaction , 2016, 2016 IEEE International Conference on Automation Science and Engineering (CASE).

[7]  Sebastian G. Brunner,et al.  TUMsBendingUnits from TU Munich: RoboCup 2012 Logistics League Champion , 2012, RoboCup.

[8]  Samuel Tardieu,et al.  The Urbi Universal Platform for Robotics , 2008 .

[9]  James Floyd Kelly LEGO MINDSTORMS NXT-G Programming Guide , 2007 .

[10]  Eric Rosenbaum,et al.  Scratch: programming for all , 2009, Commun. ACM.

[11]  Matthias Jüngel,et al.  XABSL - A Pragmatic Approach to Behavior Engineering , 2006, 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems.

[12]  Morgan Quigley,et al.  ROS: an open-source Robot Operating System , 2009, ICRA 2009.

[13]  Matei T. Ciocarlie,et al.  ROS commander (ROSCo): Behavior creation for home robots , 2013, 2013 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation.

[14]  José J. Cañas,et al.  Are visual programming languages better? The role of imagery in program comprehension , 2001, Int. J. Hum. Comput. Stud..

[15]  Steve Cousins,et al.  The SMACH High-Level Executive , 2010 .

[16]  Bernhard Rumpe,et al.  A new skill based robot programming language using UML/P Statecharts , 2013, 2013 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation.

[17]  Jonathan Bohren,et al.  The SMACH High-Level Executive [ROS News] , 2010 .

[18]  François Michaud,et al.  Code reusability tools for programming mobile robots , 2004, 2004 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS) (IEEE Cat. No.04CH37566).

[19]  Moritz Tenorth,et al.  CRAM — A Cognitive Robot Abstract Machine for everyday manipulation in human environments , 2010, 2010 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems.

[20]  Bernhard Rebele,et al.  LRU – Lightweight Rover Unit , 2015 .

[21]  K. Krithivasan Theory of Automata, Formal Languages and Computation , 2014 .

[22]  Frank Harary,et al.  Graph Theory , 2016 .

[23]  David Harel,et al.  Statecharts: A Visual Formalism for Complex Systems , 1987, Sci. Comput. Program..

[24]  Ulrike Thomas,et al.  Error-tolerant execution of complex robot tasks based on skill primitives , 2003, 2003 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation (Cat. No.03CH37422).

[25]  Stefan Schaal,et al.  Robot Programming by Demonstration , 2009, Springer Handbook of Robotics.

[26]  Anthony J. H. Simons On the Compositional Properties of UML Statechart Diagrams , 2000, Rigorous Object-Oriented Methods.

[27]  Ch. Andre,et al.  Synccharts: A visual representation of reactive behaviors , 1995 .

[28]  Leslie Lamport,et al.  Time, clocks, and the ordering of events in a distributed system , 1978, CACM.

[29]  Hannes Widmoser Interaction Planning for collaborative Human-Robot Assembly Tasks , 2012 .