Spatial Representation and Reasoning for Robot Mapping - A Shape-Based Approach

This book addresses spatial representations and reasoning techniques for mobile robot mapping, providing an analysis of fundamental representations and processes involved. A spatial representation based on shape information is proposed and shape analysis techniques are developed to tackle the correspondence problem in robot mapping. A general mathematical formulation is presented to provide the formal ground for an efficient matching of configurations of objects.

[1]  Wesley H. Huang,et al.  Topological Map Merging , 2005, Int. J. Robotics Res..

[2]  Reinhard Moratz,et al.  Spatial Reference in Linguistic Human-Robot Interaction: Iterative, Empirically Supported Development of a Model of Projective Relations , 2006, Spatial Cogn. Comput..

[3]  Jan Oliver Wallgrün,et al.  Autonomous Construction of Hierarchical Voronoi-Based Route Graph Representations , 2004, Spatial Cognition.

[4]  Peter I. Corke,et al.  Further Results with Localization and Mapping Using Range from Radio , 2005, FSR.

[5]  Jorge S. Marques,et al.  Shape alignment -- Optimal initial point and pose estimation , 1997, Pattern Recognit. Lett..

[6]  Alain Fournier,et al.  Learning With A Friendly Interactive Robot For Service Tasks in hospital environments , 1996, Auton. Robots.

[7]  Longin Jan Latecki,et al.  Incremental multi-robot mapping , 2005, 2005 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems.

[8]  Sean R Eddy,et al.  What is dynamic programming? , 2004, Nature Biotechnology.

[9]  Andrew U. Frank,et al.  Qualitative spatial reasoning about distances and directions in geographic space , 1992, J. Vis. Lang. Comput..

[10]  Gian Antonio Mian,et al.  Trademark shapes description by string-matching techniques , 1994, Pattern Recognit..

[11]  Joachim Hertzberg,et al.  Indoor and outdoor localization for fast mobile robots , 2004, 2004 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS) (IEEE Cat. No.04CH37566).

[12]  Michael Bosse,et al.  An Atlas framework for scalable mapping , 2003, 2003 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation (Cat. No.03CH37422).

[13]  Antony Galton,et al.  Qualitative Outline Theory , 1999, IJCAI.

[14]  Ali Shokoufandeh,et al.  Shock Graphs and Shape Matching , 1998, International Journal of Computer Vision.

[15]  Pär Buschka,et al.  An investigation of hybrid maps for mobile robots , 2005 .

[16]  Christoph Schlieder,et al.  Representing Visible Locations for Qualitative Navigation , 1993 .

[17]  Mongi A. Abidi,et al.  Shape analysis algorithm based on information theory , 2003, Proceedings 2003 International Conference on Image Processing (Cat. No.03CH37429).

[18]  Longin Jan Latecki,et al.  Convexity Rule for Shape Decomposition Based on Discrete Contour Evolution , 1999, Comput. Vis. Image Underst..

[19]  Edward P. K. Tsang,et al.  Foundations of constraint satisfaction , 1993, Computation in cognitive science.

[20]  MokhtarianFarzin,et al.  A Theory of Multiscale, Curvature-Based Shape Representation for Planar Curves , 1992 .

[21]  Wai-Kiang Yeap,et al.  Computing a Representation of the Local Environment , 1999, Artif. Intell..

[22]  Philip N. Klein,et al.  On Aligning Curves , 2003, IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell..

[23]  Longin Jan Latecki,et al.  Schematizing Maps: Simplification of Geographic Shape by Discrete Curve Evolution , 2000, Spatial Cognition.

[24]  Kaizhong Zhang,et al.  Simple Fast Algorithms for the Editing Distance Between Trees and Related Problems , 1989, SIAM J. Comput..

[25]  Wolfram Burgard,et al.  Map learning and high-speed navigation in RHINO , 1998 .

[26]  Reinhard Moratz,et al.  Schematic Maps for Robot Navigation , 2000, Spatial Cognition.

[27]  Ubbo Visser,et al.  Egocentric qualitative spatial knowledge representation for physical robots , 2004, Robotics Auton. Syst..

[28]  Esther M. Arkin,et al.  An efficiently computable metric for comparing polygonal shapes , 1991, SODA '90.

[29]  Christian Freksa,et al.  DIMENSIONS OF QUALITATIVE SPATIAL REASONING , 1999 .

[30]  Wai-Kiang Yeap,et al.  The Utility of Global Representations in a Cognitive Map , 2001, COSIT.

[31]  Aarne Halme,et al.  Feature Based Registration of Range Images for Mapping of Natural Outdoor Feature Based Registration of Range Images for Mapping of Natural Outdoor , 2004 .

[32]  Wolfram Burgard,et al.  An efficient fastSLAM algorithm for generating maps of large-scale cyclic environments from raw laser range measurements , 2003, Proceedings 2003 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS 2003) (Cat. No.03CH37453).

[33]  T. Başar,et al.  A New Approach to Linear Filtering and Prediction Problems , 2001 .

[34]  Juan D. Tardós,et al.  Data association in stochastic mapping using the joint compatibility test , 2001, IEEE Trans. Robotics Autom..

[35]  R. Larsen,et al.  Robust and Resistant 2 D Shape alignment , 2022 .

[36]  M. F.,et al.  Bibliography , 1985, Experimental Gerontology.

[37]  Michael Veeck,et al.  Learning polyline maps from range scan data acquired with mobile robots , 2004, 2004 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS) (IEEE Cat. No.04CH37566).

[38]  Lledó Museros Cabedo,et al.  A Qualitative Theory for Shape Representation and Matching for Design , 2004, ECAI.

[39]  Anthony G. Cohn,et al.  A Spatial Logic based on Regions and Connection , 1992, KR.

[40]  Howie Choset,et al.  Principles of Robot Motion: Theory, Algorithms, and Implementation ERRATA!!!! 1 , 2007 .

[41]  Wolfram Burgard,et al.  Using EM to learn motion behaviors of persons with mobile robots , 2002, IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems.

[42]  Alexander Kolesnikov,et al.  Data reduction of large vector graphics , 2005, Pattern Recognit..

[43]  Julian R. Ullmann,et al.  An Algorithm for Subgraph Isomorphism , 1976, J. ACM.

[44]  Whoi-Yul Kim,et al.  Content-based trademark retrieval system using visually salient features , 1997, Proceedings of IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition.

[45]  Reid G. Simmons,et al.  Passive Distance Learning for Robot Navigation , 1996, ICML.

[46]  Allen M. Waxman,et al.  Mobile robot visual mapping and localization: A view-based neurocomputational architecture that emulates hippocampal place learning , 1994, Neural Networks.

[47]  Timothy S. Bailey,et al.  Mobile Robot Localisation and Mapping in Extensive Outdoor Environments , 2002 .

[48]  D. T. Lee,et al.  Generalization of Voronoi Diagrams in the Plane , 1981, SIAM J. Comput..

[49]  Wolfram Burgard,et al.  A real-time algorithm for mobile robot mapping with applications to multi-robot and 3D mapping , 2000, Proceedings 2000 ICRA. Millennium Conference. IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation. Symposia Proceedings (Cat. No.00CH37065).

[50]  William Rucklidge,et al.  Locating objects using the Hausdorff distance , 1995, Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision.

[51]  Wolfram Burgard,et al.  Exploring Unknown Environments with Mobile Robots using Coverage Maps , 2003, IJCAI.

[52]  Guojun Lu,et al.  Generic Fourier descriptor for shape-based image retrieval , 2002, Proceedings. IEEE International Conference on Multimedia and Expo.

[53]  Jean-Paul Laumond,et al.  Position referencing and consistent world modeling for mobile robots , 1985, Proceedings. 1985 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation.

[54]  Wolfram Burgard,et al.  Map building with mobile robots in populated environments , 2002, IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems.

[55]  Sebastian Thrun,et al.  Learning Metric-Topological Maps for Indoor Mobile Robot Navigation , 1998, Artif. Intell..

[56]  Klaus Stein Qualitative Repräsentation und Generalisierung von Bewegungsverläufen , 2003 .

[57]  Wolfram Burgard,et al.  Mapping and exploration with mobile robots using coverage maps , 2003, Proceedings 2003 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS 2003) (Cat. No.03CH37453).

[58]  Kaleem Siddiqi,et al.  Robust and efficient skeletal graphs , 2000, Proceedings IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition. CVPR 2000 (Cat. No.PR00662).

[59]  HARRY BLUM,et al.  Shape description using weighted symmetric axis features , 1978, Pattern Recognit..

[60]  J. Koenderink,et al.  The internal representation of solid shape with respect to vision , 1979, Biological Cybernetics.

[61]  M. E. JEFFERIES,et al.  BUILDING A MAP FOR ROBOT NAVIGATION USING A THEORY OF COGNITIVE MAPS , 2001 .

[62]  C. Freksa,et al.  Spatial Cognition, An Interdisciplinary Approach to Representing and Processing Spatial Knowledge , 1998 .

[63]  Stergios I. Roumeliotis,et al.  Bayesian estimation and Kalman filtering: a unified framework for mobile robot localization , 2000, Proceedings 2000 ICRA. Millennium Conference. IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation. Symposia Proceedings (Cat. No.00CH37065).

[64]  Longin Jan Latecki,et al.  Polygonal approximation of laser range data based on perceptual grouping and EM , 2006, Proceedings 2006 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation, 2006. ICRA 2006..

[65]  Christoph Schlieder,et al.  Reasoning About Ordering , 1995, COSIT.

[66]  Wolfram Burgard,et al.  Mapping and localization with RFID technology , 2004, IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation, 2004. Proceedings. ICRA '04. 2004.

[67]  Patric Jensfelt,et al.  Active global localization for a mobile robot using multiple hypothesis tracking , 2001, IEEE Trans. Robotics Autom..

[68]  William Grimson,et al.  Object recognition by computer - the role of geometric constraints , 1991 .

[69]  J.-S. Gutmann,et al.  AMOS: comparison of scan matching approaches for self-localization in indoor environments , 1996, Proceedings of the First Euromicro Workshop on Advanced Mobile Robots (EUROBOT '96).

[70]  Pekka Forsman,et al.  Three-dimensional localization and mapping of static environments by means of mobile perception , 2001 .

[71]  Jean-Paul Laumond,et al.  Model Structuring and Concept Recognition: Two Aspects of Learning for a Mobile Robot , 1983, IJCAI.

[72]  Johan Forsberg,et al.  Mobile robot navigation using the range-weighted Hough transform , 1995, IEEE Robotics Autom. Mag..

[73]  Hugh F. Durrant-Whyte,et al.  A solution to the simultaneous localization and map building (SLAM) problem , 2001, IEEE Trans. Robotics Autom..

[74]  A. Tversky Features of Similarity , 1977 .

[75]  Brenan J. McCarragher,et al.  Geometric constraint identification and mapping for mobile robots , 2001, Robotics Auton. Syst..

[76]  Wolfram Burgard,et al.  Probabilistic Algorithms and the Interactive Museum Tour-Guide Robot Minerva , 2000, Int. J. Robotics Res..

[77]  Gérard Ligozat From Language to Motion, and Back: Generating and Using Route Descriptions , 2000, Natural Language Processing.

[78]  Travé-Massuyès Conceptual Neighborhood and its role in temporal and spatial reasoning , 1991 .

[79]  Bernd Krieg-Brückner,et al.  Modelling Navigational Knowledge by Route Graphs , 2000, Spatial Cognition.

[80]  J. Jeffry Howbert,et al.  The Maximum Clique Problem , 2007 .

[81]  R. Moratz,et al.  From Communicative Strategies to Cognitive Modelling , 2001 .

[82]  Bernhard Schölkopf,et al.  View-Based Cognitive Mapping and Path Planning , 1995, Adapt. Behav..

[83]  I. Biederman Recognition-by-components: a theory of human image understanding. , 1987, Psychological review.

[84]  Peter Cheeseman,et al.  On the Representation and Estimation of Spatial Uncertainty , 1986 .

[85]  Alberto Elfes,et al.  Occupancy grids: a probabilistic framework for robot perception and navigation , 1989 .

[86]  Cyrill Stachniss,et al.  Exploration and mapping with mobile robots , 2006 .

[87]  Sebastian Thrun,et al.  FastSLAM 2.0: An Improved Particle Filtering Algorithm for Simultaneous Localization and Mapping that Provably Converges , 2003, IJCAI.

[88]  Sebastian Thrun,et al.  Probabilistic robotics , 2002, CACM.

[89]  Thomas Röfer,et al.  Using histogram correlation to create consistent laser scan maps , 2002, IROS.

[90]  Kai-Florian Richter,et al.  Schematized Aspect Maps for Robot Guidance , 2004 .

[91]  Bernhard Schölkopf,et al.  View-based cognitive map learning by an autonomous robot , 1995 .

[92]  Wai-Kiang Yeap,et al.  The Correspondence Problem in Topological Metric Mapping - Using Absolute Metric Maps to Close Cycles , 2004, KES.

[93]  Marcello Pelillo,et al.  A unifying framework for relational structure matching , 1998, Proceedings. Fourteenth International Conference on Pattern Recognition (Cat. No.98EX170).

[94]  Ingemar J. Cox,et al.  Dynamic Map Building for an Autonomous Mobile Robot , 1990, EEE International Workshop on Intelligent Robots and Systems, Towards a New Frontier of Applications.

[95]  Wai-Kiang Yeap,et al.  On early cognitive mapping , 2000, Spatial Cogn. Comput..

[96]  Michael Mayo,et al.  Using Context to Solve the Correspondence Problem in Simultaneous Localisation and Mapping , 2004, PRICAI.

[97]  Longin Jan Latecki,et al.  Shape-Based Robot Mapping , 2004, KI.

[98]  Björn Gottfried Shape from positional-contrast: characterising sketches with qualitative line arrangements , 2007, Bildwissenschaft.

[99]  Howie Choset,et al.  Sensor-Based Exploration: Incremental Construction of the Hierarchical Generalized Voronoi Graph , 2000, Int. J. Robotics Res..

[100]  Howie Choset,et al.  Mobile robot navigation: issues in implementating the generalized Voronoi graph in the plane , 1996, 1996 IEEE/SICE/RSJ International Conference on Multisensor Fusion and Integration for Intelligent Systems (Cat. No.96TH8242).

[101]  Ronen Basri,et al.  Determining the similarity of deformable shapes , 1998, Vision Research.

[102]  Reinhard Moratz,et al.  Qualitative Spatial Reasoning about Line Segments , 2000, ECAI.

[103]  Sebastian Thrun,et al.  FastSLAM: a factored solution to the simultaneous localization and mapping problem , 2002, AAAI/IAAI.

[104]  Stergios I. Roumeliotis,et al.  Weighted line fitting algorithms for mobile robot map building and efficient data representation , 2003, 2003 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation (Cat. No.03CH37422).

[105]  Christian Freksa Spatial Cognition: An AI Perspective , 2004, ECAI.

[106]  Sebastian Thrun,et al.  Robotic mapping: a survey , 2003 .

[107]  Sven Loncaric,et al.  A survey of shape analysis techniques , 1998, Pattern Recognit..

[108]  Remco C. Veltkamp,et al.  Shape matching: similarity measures and algorithms , 2001, Proceedings International Conference on Shape Modeling and Applications.

[109]  Lorenza Saitta,et al.  Proceedings of the 16th Eureopean Conference on Artificial Intelligence, ECAI'2004, including Prestigious Applicants of Intelligent Systems, PAIS 2004, Valencia, Spain, August 22-27, 2004 , 2004, ECAI.

[110]  R. Moratz,et al.  Instruction modes for joint spatial reference between naive users and a mobile robot , 2003, IEEE International Conference on Robotics, Intelligent Systems and Signal Processing, 2003. Proceedings. 2003.

[111]  Kaleem Siddiqi,et al.  The Hamilton-Jacobi skeleton , 1999, Proceedings of the Seventh IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision.

[112]  Richard O. Duda,et al.  Pattern classification and scene analysis , 1974, A Wiley-Interscience publication.

[113]  Bernhard Schölkopf,et al.  Learning view graphs for robot navigation , 1997, AGENTS '97.

[114]  F. Makedon,et al.  A bipartite graph matching framework for finding correspondences between structural elements in two proteins , 2004, The 26th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society.

[115]  Longin Jan Latecki,et al.  Shape Similarity Measure Based on Correspondence of Visual Parts , 2000, IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell..

[116]  Ingemar J. Cox,et al.  Blanche: Position Estimation For An Autonomous Robot Vehicle , 1989, Proceedings. IEEE/RSJ International Workshop on Intelligent Robots and Systems '. (IROS '89) 'The Autonomous Mobile Robots and Its Applications.

[117]  Azriel Rosenfeld,et al.  Recovering a Polygon from Noisy Data , 2002, Comput. Vis. Image Underst..

[118]  Kurt Konolige,et al.  Map merging for distributed robot navigation , 2003, Proceedings 2003 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS 2003) (Cat. No.03CH37453).

[119]  W. Burgard,et al.  Markov Localization for Mobile Robots in Dynamic Environments , 1999, J. Artif. Intell. Res..

[120]  Héctor H. González-Baños,et al.  Robot Navigation for Automatic Model Construction Using Safe Regions , 2000, ISER.

[121]  C. Gallistel,et al.  Heading in the rat: Determination by environmental shape , 1988 .

[122]  Ulrich Eckhardt,et al.  Shape descriptors for non-rigid shapes with a single closed contour , 2000, Proceedings IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition. CVPR 2000 (Cat. No.PR00662).

[123]  Wolfram Burgard,et al.  Improving Grid-based SLAM with Rao-Blackwellized Particle Filters by Adaptive Proposals and Selective Resampling , 2005, Proceedings of the 2005 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation.

[124]  Sebastian Thrun,et al.  Probabilistic Algorithms in Robotics , 2000, AI Mag..

[125]  John J. Leonard,et al.  Towards Robust Data Association and Feature Modeling for Concurrent Mapping and Localization , 2001, ISRR.

[126]  Dirk Hähnel,et al.  Mapping with mobile robots , 2005 .

[127]  Roland Siegwart,et al.  SLAM with corner features based on a relative map , 2004, 2004 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS) (IEEE Cat. No.04CH37566).

[128]  Kurt Konolige,et al.  Incremental mapping of large cyclic environments , 1999, Proceedings 1999 IEEE International Symposium on Computational Intelligence in Robotics and Automation. CIRA'99 (Cat. No.99EX375).

[129]  M. Denis The description of routes : A cognitive approach to the production of spatial discourse , 1997 .

[130]  Christian Freksa,et al.  Temporal Reasoning Based on Semi-Intervals , 1992, Artif. Intell..

[131]  K. Cheng A purely geometric module in the rat's spatial representation , 1986, Cognition.

[132]  Eduardo Mario Nebot,et al.  The HYbrid metric maps (HYMMs): a novel map representation for DenseSLAM , 2004, IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation, 2004. Proceedings. ICRA '04. 2004.

[133]  Klaus Stein,et al.  Qualitative and Quantitative Representations of Locomotion and their Application in Robot Navigation , 1999, IJCAI.

[134]  Kaleem Siddiqi,et al.  Attributed tree homomorphism using association graphs , 2000, Proceedings 15th International Conference on Pattern Recognition. ICPR-2000.

[135]  Eduardo Mario Nebot,et al.  Consistency of the FastSLAM algorithm , 2006, Proceedings 2006 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation, 2006. ICRA 2006..

[136]  Michael Mayo,et al.  Using 2D and 3D Landmarks to Solve the Correspondence Problem in Cognitive Robot Mapping , 2004, Spatial Cognition.

[137]  Miroslaw Bober,et al.  MPEG-7 visual shape descriptors , 2001, IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. Video Technol..

[138]  Benjamin Kuipers,et al.  Towards a general theory of topological maps , 2004, Artif. Intell..

[139]  Evangelos E. Milios,et al.  Robot Pose Estimation in Unknown Environments by Matching 2D Range Scans , 1994, 1994 Proceedings of IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition.

[140]  Reinhard Moratz,et al.  Spatial Reasoning with Uncertain Data Using Stochastic Relaxation , 1998 .

[141]  Longin Jan Latecki,et al.  Shape Similarity and Visual Parts , 2003, DGCI.

[142]  Bernhard Nebel,et al.  A fast, accurate and robust method for self-localization in polygonal environments using laser range finders , 2001, Adv. Robotics.

[143]  S. Zucker,et al.  Toward a computational theory of shape: an overview , 1990, eccv 1990.

[144]  James J. Little,et al.  Mobile Robot Localization and Mapping with Uncertainty using Scale-Invariant Visual Landmarks , 2002, Int. J. Robotics Res..

[145]  Peter C. Cheeseman,et al.  Estimating uncertain spatial relationships in robotics , 1986, Proceedings. 1987 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation.

[146]  Neil J. Gordon,et al.  A tutorial on particle filters for online nonlinear/non-Gaussian Bayesian tracking , 2002, IEEE Trans. Signal Process..

[147]  Wolfram Burgard,et al.  A comparison of methods for line extraction from range data , 2004 .

[148]  Nando de Freitas,et al.  The Unscented Particle Filter , 2000, NIPS.

[149]  Ingemar J. Cox,et al.  Modeling a Dynamic Environment Using a Bayesian Multiple Hypothesis Approach , 1994, Artif. Intell..

[150]  Wolfram Burgard,et al.  Using Coverage Maps to Represent the Environment of Mobile Robots , 2003 .

[151]  Tiansi Dong,et al.  Recognizing variable spatial environments: the theory of cognitive prism , 2005 .

[152]  L Hermer,et al.  Internally coherent spatial memories in a mammal , 1997, Neuroreport.

[153]  Willem Jan van Hoeve,et al.  The alldifferent Constraint: A Survey , 2001, ArXiv.

[154]  Mark de Berg,et al.  Computational geometry: algorithms and applications , 1997 .

[155]  Wolfram Burgard,et al.  A Probabilistic Approach to Concurrent Mapping and Localization for Mobile Robots , 1998, Auton. Robots.

[156]  William Rucklidge,et al.  Efficiently Locating Objects Using the Hausdorff Distance , 1997, International Journal of Computer Vision.

[157]  Hans P. Moravec,et al.  High resolution maps from wide angle sonar , 1985, Proceedings. 1985 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation.

[158]  G. Swaminathan Robot Motion Planning , 2006 .

[159]  T. M. Murali,et al.  Planning Robot Motion Strategies for Efficient Model Construction , 2000 .

[160]  Ali Shokoufandeh,et al.  View-based object recognition using saliency maps , 1999, Image Vis. Comput..

[161]  D. Fox,et al.  Sonar-Based Mapping With Mobile Robots Using EM , 1999 .

[162]  Margaret E. Jefferies,et al.  Robot Cognitive Mapping - A Role for a Global Metric Map in a Cognitive Mapping Process , 2008, Robotics and Cognitive Approaches to Spatial Mapping.

[163]  Wolfram Burgard,et al.  Experiences with an Interactive Museum Tour-Guide Robot , 1999, Artif. Intell..

[164]  Sebastian Thrun,et al.  A Probabilistic On-Line Mapping Algorithm for Teams of Mobile Robots , 2001, Int. J. Robotics Res..

[165]  Nando de Freitas,et al.  Rao-Blackwellised Particle Filtering for Dynamic Bayesian Networks , 2000, UAI.

[166]  M. Teague Image analysis via the general theory of moments , 1980 .

[167]  Longin Jan Latecki,et al.  Shape Matching for Robot Mapping , 2004, PRICAI.

[168]  Jens-Steffen Gutmann,et al.  Robuste Navigation autonomer mobiler Systeme , 2000, DISKI.

[169]  José A. Castellanos,et al.  Mobile Robot Localization and Map Building: A Multisensor Fusion Approach , 2000 .

[170]  Joachim Hertzberg,et al.  An autonomous mobile robot with a 3D laser range finder for 3D exploration and digitalization of indoor environments , 2003, Robotics Auton. Syst..

[171]  Bettina Berendt,et al.  The Realator - How to Construct Reality , 1994 .

[172]  Theodosios Pavlidis,et al.  A review of algorithms for shape analysis , 1978 .

[173]  Benjamin Kuipers,et al.  The Spatial Semantic Hierarchy , 2000, Artif. Intell..

[174]  Harry G. Barrow,et al.  A Versatile Computer-Controlled Assembly System , 1973, IJCAI.

[175]  Harold W. Kuhn,et al.  The Hungarian method for the assignment problem , 1955, 50 Years of Integer Programming.

[176]  Benjamin Kuipers,et al.  A robot exploration and mapping strategy based on a semantic hierarchy of spatial representations , 1991, Robotics Auton. Syst..

[177]  Ming-Kuei Hu,et al.  Visual pattern recognition by moment invariants , 1962, IRE Trans. Inf. Theory.