Visual perception of location, orientation and length: an eye movement approach

In einer Serie korrelierter Experimente mit ansteigender Komplexitat wurde die visuelle Wahrnehmung und Beurteilung fundamentaler Objekteigenschaften in verschiedenen Vergleichsszenarien untersucht. Unter Berucksichtigung von Objektahnlichkeit und raum-zeitlichen Objektrelationen stand dabei die Betrachtung der Einflusse von peripherer Objektposition und der Lange und Orientierung von Liniensegmenten auf sequentielle und simultane Vergleichsprozesse im Mittelpunkt. Die Analyse von Blickbewegungsdaten gab Aufschluss uber die perzeptiven und kognitiven Prozesse, die derartige Vergleichsoperationen steuern. Die Ergebnisse der empirischen Untersuchungen bildeten die Grundlage fur die entsprechende Implementierung computergestutzter Modellsimulationen. Diese konnen dann etwa zur Steuerung von kunstlichen visuellen Systemen eingesetzt werden. Zunachst wurden Exzentrizitatseffekte im Rahmen des Paradigmas eines blick-kontingenten, sequentiellen Vergleichsszenarios untersucht. In einem ersten Experiment sollten Versuchspersonen die Position eines Zielmarkers in einem bestimmten Exzentrizitatsbereich beurteilen. In ahnlichen Szenarien wurde die periphere Wahrnehmung der Lange und Orientierung von Liniensegmenten untersucht. Die Ergebnisse zeigten eine hohe Korrelation zwischen dem Beurteilungsfehler der peripher wahrgenommenen Langen bzw. Orientierungen von Liniensegmenten und der Fehllokalisation der Markerposition. Die empirischen Daten gaben Anlass zu der Hypothese, dass die Lokalisation der Endpunkte eines Liniensegments und die "Berechnung" ihrer Distanz einen grundlegenden Mechanismus fur die periphere Langen- und Orientierungswahrnehmung darstellen. Ein auf dieser Annahme basierender probabilistischer Modellansatz konnte die empirischen Ergebnisse zumindest fur die Langenbeurteilung erfolgreich reproduzieren und unterstutzt damit den Schluss auf die vermutlich zugrunde liegenden Wahrnehmungsprinzipien. Anschliesend wurden Ahnlichkeitseffekte im Rahmen des Paradigmas eines simultanen Vergleichsszenarios untersucht. Dabei lieferte eine Eyetracker-Apparatur die relevanten Blickbewegungsparameter, um die Bedeutung visueller Aufmerksamkeitsprozesse wahrend Objektvergleichen nachzuvollziehen. In Abhangigkeit von der Diskriminierungsschwierigkeit zeigte die Analyse der Blickbewegungsdaten entweder eine holistische oder eine analytische Verarbeitungsstrategie, die sich in typischen Blickbewegungsmustern manifestierte. Die holistische Strategie ist offensichtlich ein peripherer Prozess per se. Im Gegensatz dazu ist die analytische Wahrnehmung gekennzeichnet durch ein charakteristisches Muster fovealer visueller Aufmerksamkeit, beeinflusst von peripheren Wahrnehmungsprinzipien. So stellt ein sakkadisches "visuelles Abmessen" von Langen, verbunden mit effizienten Fixationsmustern, die nur Teile von Liniensegmenten foveal scannen und die verbleibenden offensichtlich nur peripher wahrnehmen, die Basis fur die Manipulation von korrespondierenden mentalen Reprasentationen von Liniensegmenten dar. Die Ergebnisse fuhrten weiterhin zu einem besseren Verstandnis spezieller visueller Phanomene wie z.B. der Horizontalen-Vertikalen-Tauschung. So lasst sich diese vermutlich auf das ungenaue Abmessen der beteiligten Liniensegmente bereits auf sensomotorischer Ebene zuruckfuhren. Unter Einbezug von Komponenten des "Exzentrizitatsmodells" konnte schlieslich ein erweitertes Computermodell entwickelt werden. Dieses war in der Lage, die von den Versuchspersonen gezeigten Strategien der Langenwahrnehmung erfolgreich zu reproduzieren.

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