The agent-based perspective on imitation

This chapter presents the agent-based perspective on imitation. In this perspective, imitation is best considered as the behavior of an autonomous agent in relation to its environment, including other autonomous agents. We argue that such a perspective helps unfold the full potential of research on imitation and helps in identifying challenging and important research issues. We first explain the agent-based perspective and then discuss it in the context of particular research issues in studies with animals and artifacts, with reference to chapters presented in this book. At the end of the chapter we briefly introduce the individual contributions to this book and provide a roadmap that helps the reader in navigating through the exciting and highly interwoven themes that are presented in this book.

[1]  E. Thorndike “Animal Intelligence” , 1898, Nature.

[2]  J. Uexküll Umwelt und Innenwelt der Tiere , 1921 .

[3]  K. J. Hayes,et al.  Imitation in a home-raised chimpanzee. , 1952, Journal of comparative and physiological psychology.

[4]  S. A. Barnett,et al.  Learning and instinct in animals. , 1957 .

[5]  John Tyler Bonner The evolution of culture in animals , 1958 .

[6]  T. Kuhn,et al.  The Structure of Scientific Revolutions. , 1964 .

[7]  G. Gallup Chimpanzees: Self-Recognition , 1970, Science.

[8]  G. G. Gallop Chimpanzees: self-recognition. , 1970, Science.

[9]  Dietmar Todt,et al.  Social Learning of Vocal Patterns and Modes of their Application in Grey Parrots (Psittacus erithacus)1,2,3 , 1975 .

[10]  R. Lewontin ‘The Selfish Gene’ , 1977, Nature.

[11]  Carl Hewitt,et al.  Viewing Control Structures as Patterns of Passing Messages , 1977, Artif. Intell..

[12]  D. Premack,et al.  Does the chimpanzee have a theory of mind? , 1978, Behavioral and Brain Sciences.

[13]  E. Hall,et al.  The Dance of Life: The Other Dimension of Time , 1984 .

[14]  R. W. Mitchell,et al.  A Comparative-Developmental Approach to Understanding Imitation , 1987 .

[15]  Masayuki Inaba,et al.  Design and implementation of a system that generates assembly programs from visual recognition of human action sequences , 1990, EEE International Workshop on Intelligent Robots and Systems, Towards a New Frontier of Applications.

[16]  C. Heyes,et al.  A Demonstration of Observational Learning in Rats using a Bidirectional Control , 1990, The Quarterly journal of experimental psychology. B, Comparative and physiological psychology.

[17]  G. Reeke The society of mind , 1991 .

[18]  Rodney A. Brooks,et al.  Intelligence Without Reason , 1991, IJCAI.

[19]  A. Whiten,et al.  On the Nature and Evolution of Imitation in the Animal Kingdom: Reappraisal of a Century of Research , 1992 .

[20]  C. Heyes,et al.  Imitation in Rats: Initial Responding and Transfer Evidence , 1992 .

[21]  K. Nelson The Psychological and Social Origins of Autobiographical Memory , 1993 .

[22]  M. Tomasello,et al.  Imitative learning of actions on objects by children, chimpanzees, and enculturated chimpanzees. , 1993, Child development.

[23]  M. Tomasello,et al.  Processes of social learning in the tool use of chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) and human children (Homo sapiens). , 1993, Journal of comparative psychology.

[24]  Michael R. Genesereth,et al.  Software agents , 1994, CACM.

[25]  K. Dautenhahn,et al.  Trying to imitate-a step towards releasing robots from social isolation , 1994, Proceedings of PerAc '94. From Perception to Action.

[26]  C. Heyes,et al.  Reflections on self-recognition in primates , 1994, Animal Behaviour.

[27]  Masayuki Inaba,et al.  Learning by watching: extracting reusable task knowledge from visual observation of human performance , 1994, IEEE Trans. Robotics Autom..

[28]  Michael Tomasello,et al.  The social learning of tool use by orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus) , 1994 .

[29]  Gillian M. Hayes,et al.  A Robot Controller Using Learning by Imitation , 1994 .

[30]  Luc Steels,et al.  When are robots intelligent autonomous agents? , 1995, Robotics Auton. Syst..

[31]  Kerstin Dautenhahn,et al.  Getting to know each other - Artificial social intelligence for autonomous robots , 1995, Robotics Auton. Syst..

[32]  Michael Wooldridge,et al.  Intelligent agents: theory and practice The Knowledge Engineering Review , 1995 .

[33]  Aaron Sloman,et al.  Exploring Design Space and Niche Space , 1995, SCAI.

[34]  Nicholas R. Jennings,et al.  Intelligent agents: theory and practice , 1995, The Knowledge Engineering Review.

[35]  D. Povinelli,et al.  Theory of mind: evolutionary history of a cognitive specialization , 1995, Trends in Neurosciences.

[36]  Jerald D. Kralik,et al.  Self-recognition in primates: phylogeny and the salience of species-typical features. , 1995, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[37]  G. Rizzolatti,et al.  Premotor cortex and the recognition of motor actions. , 1996, Brain research. Cognitive brain research.

[38]  G. Rizzolatti,et al.  Action recognition in the premotor cortex. , 1996, Brain : a journal of neurology.

[39]  Arthur C. Graesser,et al.  Is it an Agent, or Just a Program?: A Taxonomy for Autonomous Agents , 1996, ATAL.

[40]  S. Mithen The Prehistory of the Mind , 1996 .

[41]  Gillian M. Hayes,et al.  Imitative Learning Mechanisms in Robots and Humans , 1996 .

[42]  A. Meltzoff Chapter 16 - The Human Infant as Imitative Generalist: A 20-Year Progress Report on Infant Imitation with Implications for Comparative Psychology , 1996 .

[43]  Andrew Whiten,et al.  Studies of imitation in chimpanzees and children. , 1996 .

[44]  M. Tomasello CHAPTER 15 – Do Apes Ape? , 1996 .

[45]  C. Heyes,et al.  Social learning in animals : the roots of culture , 1996 .

[46]  H. Hendriks-Jansen Catching Ourselves in the Act: Situated Activity, Interactive Emergence, Evolution, and Human Thought , 1996 .

[47]  Michael A. Huffman,et al.  Acquisition of innovative cultural behaviors in nonhuman primates A case study of stone handling, a socially transmitted behavior in Japanese macaques , 1996 .

[48]  Clifford Nass,et al.  The media equation - how people treat computers, television, and new media like real people and places , 1996 .

[49]  Aude Billard,et al.  Grounding communication in situated, social robots , 1997 .

[50]  Kerstin Dautenhahn,et al.  I Could Be You: the Phenomenological Dimension of Social Understanding , 1997, Cybern. Syst..

[51]  Jeffrey M. Bradshaw,et al.  Software agents , 1997 .

[52]  Chrystopher L. Nehaniv,et al.  What's Your Story? --Irreversibility, Algebra, Autobiographic Agents , 1997 .

[53]  M. Hauser,et al.  Life beyond the mirror: a reply to Anderson & Gallup , 1997, Animal Behaviour.

[54]  R. W. Mitchell,et al.  The interpretation of animal psychology : Anthropomorphism or behavior reading ? , 1997 .

[55]  Yiannis Demiris,et al.  Do Robots Ape , 1997 .

[56]  James R. Anderson,et al.  Self-recognition in Saguinus ? A critical essay , 1997, Animal Behaviour.

[57]  R. Byrne,et al.  Machiavellian intelligence II : extensions and evaluations , 1997 .

[58]  Gerd Gigerenzer,et al.  The modularity of social intelligence , 1997 .

[59]  S. Baron-Cohen Mindblindness: An Essay on Autism and Theory of Mind , 1997 .

[60]  Kerstin Dautenhahn,et al.  The Art of Designing Socially Intelligent Agents: Science, Fiction, and the Human in the Loop , 1998, Appl. Artif. Intell..

[61]  Sorin Moga,et al.  From Perception-Action Loops to Imitation Processes: A Bottom-Up Approach of Learning by Imitation , 1998, Appl. Artif. Intell..

[62]  David A. Leavens,et al.  Theory of mind in nonhuman primates , 1998, Behavioral and Brain Sciences.

[63]  S. Pattinson,et al.  Learning to fly. , 1998 .

[64]  Kerstin Dautenhahn,et al.  Mapping between dissim ilar bodies: Affordances and the algebraic foundations of imitation , 1998 .

[65]  A. Goldman,et al.  Mirror neurons and the simulation theory of mind-reading , 1998, Trends in Cognitive Sciences.

[66]  Ran,et al.  The correspondence problem , 1998 .

[67]  M. Arbib,et al.  Language within our grasp , 1998, Trends in Neurosciences.

[68]  R. Byrne,et al.  Priming primates: Human and otherwise , 1998, Behavioral and Brain Sciences.

[69]  Aude Billard,et al.  Grounding communication in autonomous robots: An experimental study , 1998, Robotics Auton. Syst..

[70]  Guy Theraulaz,et al.  A Brief History of Stigmergy , 1999, Artificial Life.

[71]  G. Butterworth Neonatal imitation: Existence, mechanisms and motives. , 1999 .

[72]  Neonatal imitation and imitation among children with autism and Down syndrome , 1999 .

[73]  C. Nehaniv The second person: meaning and metaphors , 1999 .

[74]  C. Heyes,et al.  Limitations of a Bidirectional Control Procedure for the Investigation of Imitation in Rats: Odour Cues on the Manipulandum , 1999 .

[75]  R. Byrne Imitation without intentionality. Using string parsing to copy the organization of behaviour , 1999, Animal Cognition.

[76]  Chrystopher L. Nehaniv Meaning for observers and agents , 1999, Proceedings of the 1999 IEEE International Symposium on Intelligent Control Intelligent Systems and Semiotics (Cat. No.99CH37014).

[77]  Kerstin Dautenhahn,et al.  Constructive biology and approaches to temporal grounding in postreactive robotics , 1999, Optics East.

[78]  John Demiris,et al.  Movement imitation mechanisms in robots and humans , 1999 .

[79]  C. Trevarthen,et al.  What infants' imitations communicate: With mothers, with fathers and with peers. , 1999 .

[80]  J. Nadel,et al.  The evolving nature of imitation as a format for communication. , 1999 .

[81]  K. Dautenhahn,et al.  The Mirror System, Imitation, and the Evolution of Language , 1999 .

[82]  S. Blackmore The Meme Machine , 1999 .

[83]  Andrew N. Meltzoff,et al.  Persons and representation: Why infant imitation is important for theories of human development. , 1999 .

[84]  A. Whiten,et al.  Cultures in chimpanzees , 1999, Nature.

[85]  K. Laland,et al.  Do Animals Have Memes , 1999 .

[86]  K. Dautenhahn,et al.  INVESTIGATING CHILDREN'S ATTITUDES TOWARDS ROBOTS: A CASE STUDY , 1999 .

[87]  K. Dautenhahn Embodiment and interaction in socially intelligent life-like agents , 1999 .

[88]  Peter L. Tyack,et al.  Dolphins Whistle a Signature Tune , 2000, Science.

[89]  C. Heyes,et al.  What Is the Significance of Imitation in Animals , 2000 .

[90]  B. Voelkl,et al.  True imitation in marmosets , 2000, Animal Behaviour.

[91]  V. Janik,et al.  Whistle matching in wild bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) , 2000, Science.

[92]  Kerstin Dautenhahn Reverse engineering of societies: a biological perspective. , 2000 .

[93]  K. Dautenhahn Socially Intelligent Agents and The Primate Social Brain - Towards a Science of Social Minds , 2000 .

[94]  Joshua G. Hale,et al.  Using Humanoid Robots to Study Human Behavior , 2000, IEEE Intell. Syst..

[95]  Chrystopher L. Nehaniv Computation for Metaphors, Analogy, and Agents , 2000, Lecture Notes in Computer Science.

[96]  Susan Blackmore,et al.  EVOLUTION AND MEMES: THE HUMAN BRAIN AS A SELECTIVE IMITATION DEVICE , 2001, Cybern. Syst..

[97]  Aude Billard,et al.  LEARNING MOTOR SKILLS BY IMITATION: A BIOLOGICALLY INSPIRED ROBOTIC MODEL , 2001, Cybern. Syst..

[98]  J. Stevenson The cultural origins of human cognition , 2001 .

[99]  Chrystopher L. Nehaniv,et al.  Like Me?- Measures of Correspondence and Imitation , 2001, Cybern. Syst..

[100]  Hong Hong,et al.  Human Cognition and Social Agent Technology , 2001, J. Educ. Technol. Soc..

[101]  Henry Lieberman,et al.  Art imitates life: programming by example as an imitation game , 2002 .

[102]  Irene M. Pepperberg,et al.  Allospecific referential speech acquisition in Grey parrots (psittacus erithacus): evidence for multiple levels of avian vocal imitation , 2002 .

[103]  E. Visalberghi,et al.  Do monkeys ape?: ten years after , 2002 .

[104]  Gillian M. Hayes,et al.  Imitation as a dual-route process featuring prediction and learning components: A biologically plaus , 2002 .

[105]  O. Goodenough Information replication in culture: three modes for the transmission of culture elements through observed action , 2002 .

[106]  Barbara Webb,et al.  Swarm Intelligence: From Natural to Artificial Systems , 2002, Connect. Sci..

[107]  K. Dautenhahn,et al.  Imitation of Sequential and Hierarchical Structure in Action: Experimental Studies with Children and Chimpanzees , 2002 .

[108]  Chrystopher L. Nehaniv,et al.  Three Sources of Information in Social Learning , 2002 .

[109]  Aude Billard,et al.  Imitation: a Means to Enhance Learning of a Synthetic Proto-language in an Autonomous Robot , 1999 .

[110]  S. Vogt Dimensions of imitative perception-action mediation , 2002 .

[111]  Andrew Whiten,et al.  Imitation of sequential and hierarchical structure in action: Experimental studies with children and , 2002 .

[112]  C. Heyes Transformational and associative theories of imitation , 2002 .

[113]  Michael Oliphant,et al.  Rethinking the language bottleneck: why don't animals learn to communicate? , 2002 .

[114]  L. Herman Vocal, social, and self-imitation by bottlenosed dolphins , 2002 .

[115]  Maja J. Matarić,et al.  Sensory-motor primitives as a basis for imitation: linking perception to action and biology to robotics , 2002 .

[116]  K. Dautenhahn,et al.  Imitation in Animals and Artifacts , 2002 .

[117]  K. Kotrschal,et al.  On avian imitation: cognitive and ethological perspectives , 2002 .

[118]  Robert W. Mitchell,et al.  Imitation as a perceptual process , 2002 .

[119]  Jason Noble,et al.  Imitation or something simpler? modeling simple mechanisms for social information processing , 2002 .

[120]  Kerstin Dautenhahn,et al.  Chapter 4. Stories of lemurs and robots: The social origin of story-telling , 2003 .

[121]  Nicholas R. Jennings,et al.  A Roadmap of Agent Research and Development , 2004, Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems.