Measuring the Business Value of Cloud Computing

Firms have consistently struggled to measure the business value of information technology (IT). In an era where IT is transitioning to a services model, firms are replacing capital expenditure with operating expenditure. The implications for IT business value measurement are significant. In this chapter, we examine the state of knowledge about IT business value with particular emphasis on established metrics for IT business value. We then consider how these metrics might be applied to cloudbased services. The move to a services model further provides an opportunity to consider IT business value in a new light by considering how cloud technologies enhance IT agility, how firms can monetise their data, and how firms now have greater flexibility around IT use than ever before. P. P. Tallon (*) Loyola University Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA e-mail: pptallon@loyola.edu J. G. Mooney • M. Duddek Graziadio Business School, Pepperdine University, Malibu, CA, USA

[1]  H. Håkansson,et al.  No business is an island: The network concept of business strategy , 1989 .

[2]  Alex Glikson,et al.  Deviceless edge computing: extending serverless computing to the edge of the network , 2017, SYSTOR.

[3]  Theo Lynn,et al.  A Preliminary Review of Enterprise Serverless Cloud Computing (Function-as-a-Service) Platforms , 2017, 2017 IEEE International Conference on Cloud Computing Technology and Science (CloudCom).

[4]  Tobias Bachmeier,et al.  Business Model Generation A Handbook For Visionaries Game Changers And Challengers , 2016 .

[5]  Jan vom Brocke,et al.  How Big Data Analytics Enables Service Innovation: Materiality, Affordance, and the Individualization of Service , 2018, J. Manag. Inf. Syst..

[6]  David S. Evans,et al.  The Industrial Organization of Markets with Two-Sided Platforms , 2005 .

[7]  Harald Wirtz,et al.  Innovation Networks in Logistics-Management and Competitive Advantages , 2011 .

[8]  Jörn Altmann,et al.  A marketplace and its market mechanism for trading commoditized computing resources , 2010, Ann. des Télécommunications.

[9]  Arto Ojala,et al.  Transition to Digital Distribution Platforms and Business Model Evolution , 2019, HICSS.

[10]  Jörn Altmann,et al.  Dynamic application deployment in federations of clouds and edge resources using a multiobjective optimization AI algorithm , 2018, 2018 Third International Conference on Fog and Mobile Edge Computing (FMEC).

[11]  Jörn Altmann,et al.  Author's Personal Copy Future Generation Computer Systems Creating Standardized Products for Electronic Markets , 2022 .

[12]  V. Allee RECONFIGURING THE VALUE NETWORK , 2000 .

[13]  Donatello Santoro,et al.  On federated single sign-on in e-government interoperability frameworks , 2016 .

[14]  Peng Huang,et al.  AIOps: Real-World Challenges and Research Innovations , 2019, 2019 IEEE/ACM 41st International Conference on Software Engineering: Companion Proceedings (ICSE-Companion).

[15]  Kenneth L. Kraemer,et al.  Executives’ Perceptions of the Business Value of Information Technology: A Process-Oriented Approach , 2000, J. Manag. Inf. Syst..

[16]  Monica Violeta Achim,et al.  Corporate governance and business performance: evidence for the Romanian economy , 2015 .

[17]  M. Shamim Hossain,et al.  Cooperative game-based distributed resource allocation in horizontal dynamic cloud federation platform , 2012, Information Systems Frontiers.

[18]  Andrew S. Grove,et al.  Only the Paranoid Survive: How to Exploit the Crisis Points that Challenge Every Company and Career , 1996 .

[19]  Jörn Altmann,et al.  Software Resource Management Considering the Interrelation between Explicit Cost, Energy Consumption, and Implicit Cost , 2010, MKWI.

[20]  Jörn Altmann,et al.  Cloud Computing Value Chains: Understanding Businesses and Value Creation in the Cloud , 2010, Economic Models and Algorithms for Distributed Systems.

[21]  B Axelsson,et al.  Industrial networks: a review , 2016 .

[22]  Amip J. Shah,et al.  Cost Model for Planning, Development and Operation of a Data Center , 2005 .

[23]  Schahram Dustdar,et al.  Composable cost estimation and monitoring for computational applications in cloud computing environments , 2010, ICCS.

[24]  Jörn Altmann,et al.  Cloud Goliath Versus a Federation of Cloud Davids - Survey of Economic Theories on Cloud Federation , 2014, GECON.

[25]  Michael D. Myers,et al.  A Set of Principles for Conducting and Evaluating Interpretive Field Studies in Information Systems , 1999, MIS Q..

[26]  Randy H. Katz,et al.  Above the Clouds: A Berkeley View of Cloud Computing , 2009 .

[27]  D. McIntyre,et al.  Networks, platforms, and strategy: Emerging views and next steps , 2017 .

[28]  K. Eisenhardt Building theories from case study research , 1989, STUDI ORGANIZZATIVI.

[29]  John C. Henderson,et al.  Business Value from Clouds: Learning from Users , 2012, MIS Q. Executive.

[30]  Jörn Altmann,et al.  Cost Analysis of Current Grids and Its Implications for Future Grid Markets , 2008, GECON.

[31]  Mark Keil,et al.  Pulling the Plug: Software Project Management and the Problem of Project Escalation , 1995, MIS Q..

[32]  Lorrae van Kerkhoff,et al.  Developing integrative research for sustainability science through a complexity principles-based approach , 2014 .

[33]  Theo Lynn,et al.  Addressing the Complexity of HPC in the Cloud: Emergence, Self-Organisation, Self-Management, and the Separation of Concerns , 2018 .

[34]  Netsanet Haile,et al.  Structural analysis of value creation in software service platforms , 2015, Electronic Markets.

[35]  Torsten Wilde,et al.  A power-measurement methodology for large-scale, high-performance computing , 2014, ICPE.

[36]  Faiza Samreen,et al.  Cloud Brokerage: A Systematic Survey , 2018 .

[37]  Thomas R. Eisenmann,et al.  Strategies for Two Sided Markets , 2006 .

[38]  Ajit Kambil,et al.  Strategic management of information technology investments: an options perspective , 2015 .

[39]  Stephanie Lester,et al.  Information Economics: linking business performance to information technology , 1990, J. Inf. Technol..

[40]  Arto Ojala,et al.  Developing Cloud Business Models: A Case Study on Cloud Gaming , 2011, IEEE Software.

[41]  Hartmut König,et al.  What Does Grid Computing Cost? , 2008, Journal of Grid Computing.

[42]  Kathleen M. Eisenhardt,et al.  Theory Building From Cases: Opportunities And Challenges , 2007 .

[43]  Robert J. Kauffman,et al.  Of Information Systems School of Information Systems 2-2018 A Metrics Suite of Cloud Computing Adoption Readiness , 2019 .

[44]  Victor Eijkhout,et al.  Introduction to High Performance Scientific Computing , 2015 .

[45]  Thomas Hess,et al.  Options for Formulating a Digital Transformation Strategy , 2020, MIS Q. Executive.

[46]  Paul A. Pavlou,et al.  Exploring the relationship between big data analytics capability and competitive performance: The mediating roles of dynamic and operational capabilities , 2020, Inf. Manag..

[47]  L. Shapley,et al.  The Shapley Value , 1994 .

[48]  Jörn Altmann,et al.  Maximizing Liquidity in Cloud Markets through Standardization of Computational Resources , 2013, 2013 IEEE Seventh International Symposium on Service-Oriented System Engineering.

[49]  Baochun Li,et al.  Towards Optimal Capacity Segmentation with Hybrid Cloud Pricing , 2012, 2012 IEEE 32nd International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems.

[50]  Christoph Schroth,et al.  The Internet of Things in an Enterprise Context , 2009, FIS.

[51]  Varun Grover,et al.  Shaping Agility through Digital Options: Reconceptualizing the Role of Information Technology in Contemporary Firms , 2003, MIS Q..

[52]  Jordi Torres,et al.  Economic model of a Cloud provider operating in a federated Cloud , 2012, Inf. Syst. Frontiers.

[53]  M. Buss How to rank computer projects. , 1983, Harvard business review.

[54]  Jack M. Keen,et al.  Making Technology Investments Profitable: ROI Roadmap to Better Business Cases , 2002 .

[55]  Bryan Hattingh,et al.  The competitive advantage , 2007 .

[56]  Nancy Samaan,et al.  A Novel Economic Sharing Model in a Federation of Selfish Cloud Providers , 2014, IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems.

[57]  Markus Klems,et al.  Do Clouds Compute? A Framework for Estimating the Value of Cloud Computing , 2008, WEB.

[58]  Arto Ojala,et al.  Business models and opportunity creation: How IT entrepreneurs create and develop business models under uncertainty , 2016, Inf. Syst. J..

[59]  Robin S. Lee Home Videogame Platforms , 2012 .

[60]  Guido Schryen,et al.  Revisiting IS business value research: what we already know, what we still need to know, and how we can get there , 2013, Eur. J. Inf. Syst..

[61]  Jörn Altmann,et al.  Cost model based service placement in federated hybrid clouds , 2014, Future Gener. Comput. Syst..

[62]  Henry Mintzberg Patterns in Strategy Formation , 1978, International Studies of Management & Organization.

[63]  Dimosthenis Kyriazis,et al.  Challenges Emerging from Future Cloud Application Scenarios , 2015, Cloud Forward.

[64]  Ahad Zare Ravasan,et al.  The role of business analytics capabilities in bolstering firms' agility and performance , 2019, Int. J. Inf. Manag..

[65]  J. Hares,et al.  Measuring the value of information technology , 1994 .

[66]  Thorsten Koch,et al.  Seeing through the network: Competitive advantage in the digital economy , 2017, Journal of Organization Design.

[67]  David A. Maltz,et al.  Cloudward bound: planning for beneficial migration of enterprise applications to the cloud , 2010, SIGCOMM '10.

[68]  Muli Ben-Yehuda,et al.  The Reservoir model and architecture for open federated cloud computing , 2009, IBM J. Res. Dev..

[69]  Christine Nadel,et al.  Case Study Research Design And Methods , 2016 .

[70]  Dana Petcu Consuming Resources and Services from Multiple Clouds , 2013, Journal of Grid Computing.

[71]  David Ford,et al.  Making sense of network dynamics through network pictures: A longitudinal case study , 2005 .

[72]  Jörn Altmann,et al.  Architecture and Business Logic Specification for Dynamic Cloud Federations , 2019, GECON.

[73]  Zhiling Guo,et al.  A Model of Competition Between Perpetual Software and Software as a Service , 2018, MIS Q..

[74]  Amar Shan,et al.  Heterogeneous processing: a strategy for augmenting moore's law , 2006 .

[75]  J. Lapierre Customer‐perceived value in industrial contexts , 2000 .

[76]  Leon A. Kappelman,et al.  The 2016 SIM IT Issues and Trends Study , 2019, MIS Q. Executive.

[77]  Jean-Henry Morin,et al.  Towards Cloud Computing SLA Risk Management: Issues and Challenges , 2012, 2012 45th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences.

[78]  F. Warren McFarlan,et al.  Postgirot Bank and Provment AB: Managing the Cost of IT Operations , 2002 .

[79]  Hsien-Hsin S. Lee,et al.  Using Mathematical Modeling in Provisioning a Heterogeneous Cloud Computing Environment , 2011, Computer.

[80]  Markus Helfert,et al.  A Contingency Model for Assessing Cloud Composite Capabilities , 2013, CLOSER.

[81]  Claus Pahl,et al.  A Comparison Framework and Review of Service Brokerage Solutions for Cloud Architectures , 2013, ICSOC Workshops.

[82]  Jörn Altmann,et al.  Cost-benefit analysis of an SLA mapping approach for defining standardized Cloud computing goods , 2012, Future Gener. Comput. Syst..

[83]  M. Porter Competitive Advantage: Creating and Sustaining Superior Performance , 1985 .

[84]  Karl T. Ulrich,et al.  The role of product architecture in the manufacturing firm , 2011 .

[85]  Jan Marco Leimeister,et al.  Anatomy of Successful Business Models for Complex Services: Insights from the Telemedicine Field , 2015, J. Manag. Inf. Syst..

[86]  Richard McClatchey,et al.  Cloud provider capacity augmentation through automated resource bartering , 2018, Future Gener. Comput. Syst..

[87]  Arto Ojala,et al.  Competition Logics during Digital Platform Evolution , 2018, HICSS.

[88]  W. G. Astley,et al.  Structural Sources of Intraorganizational: Power: A Theoretical Synthesis , 1984 .

[89]  B. Wirtz,et al.  Business Models: Origin, Development and Future Research Perspectives , 2016 .

[90]  Theo Lynn,et al.  Quantifying the Financial Value of Cloud Investments: A Systematic Literature Review , 2017, 2017 IEEE International Conference on Cloud Computing Technology and Science (CloudCom).

[91]  Jaydip Sen,et al.  Security and Privacy Issues in Cloud Computing , 2013, ArXiv.

[92]  Peter G. Sassone,et al.  Office Information Systems Cost Justification , 1986, IEEE Aerospace and Electronic Systems Magazine.

[93]  Yi-Ru Chen,et al.  Cost Optimization of Elasticity Cloud Resource Subscription Policy , 2014, IEEE Transactions on Services Computing.

[94]  H. Gemünden,et al.  Value Creation in Buyer–Seller Relationships: Theoretical Considerations and Empirical Results from a Supplier's Perspective , 2001 .

[95]  T. Oliveira,et al.  Assessing business value of Big Data Analytics in European firms , 2017 .

[96]  A. Tiwana,et al.  Beyond Valuation: “Options Thinking” in IT Project Management , 2005 .

[97]  Rajiv Kohli,et al.  Performance Impacts of Information Technology: Is Actual Usage the Missing Link? , 2003, Manag. Sci..

[98]  Malcolm Harkins Managing Risk and Information Security: Protect to Enable , 2012 .

[99]  P. Mell,et al.  The NIST Definition of Cloud Computing , 2011 .

[100]  J. Johanson,et al.  Internationalisation in Industrial Systems — A Network Approach , 1988 .

[101]  Peter W. Turnbull,et al.  Strategic Planning in Industrial Marketing: An Interaction Approach , 1986 .

[102]  Matthew B. Miles,et al.  Qualitative Data Analysis: An Expanded Sourcebook , 1994 .

[103]  Ann Majchrzak,et al.  How virtual teams use their virtual workspace to coordinate knowledge , 2012, TMIS.

[104]  Aino Halinen,et al.  Using case methods in the study of contemporary business networks , 2005 .

[105]  Arto Ojala,et al.  Value Creation and Evolution of a Value Network: A Longitudinal Case Study on a Platform-as-a-Service Provider , 2014, 2014 47th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences.

[106]  Yeong Yeh Lee,et al.  Absence of Helicobacter pylori is not protective against peptic ulcer bleeding in elderly on offending agents: lessons from an exceptionally low prevalence population , 2014, PeerJ.

[107]  Arto Ojala,et al.  Extending the international new venture phenomenon to digital platform providers: A longitudinal case study , 2018, Journal of World Business.

[108]  Samaneh Yazdani,et al.  A real-world inspired multi-strategy based negotiating system for cloud service market , 2018, Journal of Cloud Computing.

[109]  Jörn Altmann,et al.  IT Service Platforms: Their Value Creation Model and the Impact of their Level of Openness on their Adoption , 2012, Cloud Forward.

[110]  Ian Sommerville,et al.  The Cloud Adoption Toolkit: supporting cloud adoption decisions in the enterprise , 2010, Softw. Pract. Exp..

[111]  Anand Sivasubramaniam,et al.  To Move or Not to Move: The Economics of Cloud Computing , 2011, HotCloud.

[112]  Amrit Tiwana,et al.  Platform Ecosystems: Aligning Architecture, Governance, and Strategy , 2013 .

[113]  Paul P. Tallon Do you see what I see? The search for consensus among executives’ perceptions of IT business value , 2014, Eur. J. Inf. Syst..

[114]  Ola Henfridsson,et al.  The power of an intellectual account: developing stories of the digital age , 2014, J. Inf. Technol..