Traitement générique des interactions haptiques pour l'assemblage d'objets issus de CAO. (Generic processing of haptic interactions for the assembly of objects issued from CAD)

La simulation d'assemblage CAO en environnement virtuel donne une nouvelle dimension au developpement rapide et a moindre cout d'un produit, en permettant de travailler collaborativement autour de la maquette numerique. L'interaction entre l'utilisateur et la simulation suppose que les modeles mecaniques utilises soient conformes a la realite, dans la mesure ou les resultats de la simulation doivent etre proches du comportement des objets materiels reels. Dans cette these, nous nous sommes interesse au traitement des interactions entre objets 3D, dans le cadre specifique des assemblages haptiques. L'objectif de la these est d'etudier les differents modes de dynamique applicables dans les simulations d'assemblage CAO. Ce domaine de recherche comporte plusieurs verrous technologiques et scientifiques concernant le couplage des interfaces haptiques avec des moteurs de simulation dynamique. La contrainte de temps interactif, tres restrictive, impose a toutes methodes dynamiques de detecter des collisions et calculer des efforts de contact de maniere tres rapide et avec des criteres forts de stabilite mecanique. Dans ce contexte, nous proposons d'appliquer les technologies de l'interaction haptique, pour la realisation d'assemblages mecaniques issus de la CAO. Parmi les nombreux facteurs qui influencent le degre de realisme d'une simulation interactive d'assemblage, nous nous concentrons sur le realisme des comportements physiques des objets 3D simules ainsi que sur les performances de l'utilisateur dans la realisation de tâches d'assemblage. Dans le cadre precis des simulations haptiques, nous proposons de traiter simultanement ces deux facteurs. Au sein d'une meme simulation d'assemblage, l'utilisateur doit pouvoir percevoir des comportements dynamiques realistes lors d'interactions elementaires avec l'environnement virtuel, ainsi que pouvoir realiser des tâches d'A/D de maniere efficace. Dans les simulations d'assemblage, nous avons identifie deux phases de manipulation ou le traitement dynamique des contacts peut etre realise~: soit de maniere contrainte pour aider les utilisateurs a positionner des objets dans l'espace, soit de maniere non contrainte pour obtenir un rendu haptique realiste des interactions. L'approche proposee consiste donc a separer les interactions liees a l'exploration des scenes haptique, des interactions liees aux assemblages. Au sein d'une meme simulation d'assemblage, nous proposons d'utiliser des modeles de traitement dynamique non contraint pour les phases exploratoires et l'utilisation de modeles de dynamique contrainte pour realiser les assemblage haptiquement. Dans une premiere contribution, nous proposons de baser la simulation haptique sur une modelisation rigoureuse de la mecanique~: pour rendre compte de comportements realistes des objets, nous utilisons les methodes de dynamique non reguliere, et particulierement des approches de non smooth contact dynamics (NSCD). Dans une deuxieme contribution, nous proposons d'identifier les differentes etapes qui composent l'assemblage interactif, pour assister l'utilisateur dans la realisation de tâches de montage et de demontage. Cette assistance consiste en un guidage virtuel des objets, qui contraint geometriquement et cinematiquement les mouvements des objets a assembler. Nous presentons une nouvelle methode de guidage, baptisee guidage virtuel contraint, qui applique des contraintes cinematiques aux objets, en fonction des tâches a realiser. La transition entre le mode exploratoire, gere par dynamique non contrainte et le mode assemblage, gere par dynamique contrainte, est assure par un guidage geometrique inspire des virtual fixtures, qui constitue une troisieme contribution.

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