Visual cortex operations and their implementation using the incoherent optical neuron model.

The incoherent optical neuron model uses two different device responses, an inhibitory response and a nonlinear output response, to realize a complete neuron unit that has both inhibitory and excitatory inputs. We describe its use to implement a model of simple cells of the visual cortex. Such simple cells perform the operations of edge detection, orientation selection, and in the case of moving objects, direction and speed selection. Experiments are described that utilize two Hughes liquid-crystal light valves to perform the functions of input transduction and optical neuron unit-array implementation. A multiplexed dichromated gelatin hologram serves as a holographic optical element that forms space-invariant (but otherwise arbitrary) point-spread functions for the network interconnections. Changing the holographic interconnection pattern permits implementation of different simple cells performing, e.g., transient response, edge detection, orientation preference, and direction and speed preference. Experimental results of these operations are presented.

[1]  A. Sillito.  Inhibitory processes underlying the directional specificity of simple, complex and hypercomplex cells in the cat's visual cortex , 1977, The Journal of physiology.

[2]  J. P. Jones,et al.  An evaluation of the two-dimensional Gabor filter model of simple receptive fields in cat striate cortex. , 1987, Journal of neurophysiology.

[3]  C. Baker.  Spatial and temporal determinants of directionally selective velocity preference in cat striate cortex neurons. , 1988, Journal of neurophysiology.

[4]  S Marcelja,et al.  Mathematical description of the responses of simple cortical cells. , 1980, Journal of the Optical Society of America.

[5]  P. Schiller,et al.  Quantitative studies of single-cell properties in monkey striate cortex. II. Orientation specificity and ocular dominance. , 1976, Journal of neurophysiology.

[6]  H. Barlow,et al.  Selective Sensitivity to Direction of Movement in Ganglion Cells of the Rabbit Retina , 1963, Science.

[7]  B K Jenkins,et al.  Subtracting incoherent optical neuron model: analysis, experiment, and applications. , 1990, Applied optics.

[8]  J. P. Jones,et al.  The two-dimensional spatial structure of simple receptive fields in cat striate cortex. , 1987, Journal of neurophysiology.

[9]  B K Jenkins,et al.  Architectural implications of a digital optical processor. , 1984, Applied optics.

[10]  G. Shepherd.  Microcircuits in the nervous system. , 1978, Scientific American.

[11]  J. Fienup,et al.  Image synthesis from nonimaged laser-speckle patterns. , 1987, Optics letters.

[12]  D. Hubel,et al.  Receptive fields, binocular interaction and functional architecture in the cat's visual cortex , 1962, The Journal of physiology.

[13]  N Nishida,et al.  Improvement of nonuniformity of the reconstructed beam intensity from a multiple-exposure hologram. , 1971, Applied optics.

[14]  K. Maekawa,et al.  An analysis of neuronal circuitry for two types of visual cortical neurones classified on the basis of their responses to photic stimuli. , 1973, Brain Research.

[15]  B. K. Jenkins,et al.  Implementation considerations of a subtracting incoherent optical neuron , 1988, IEEE 1988 International Conference on Neural Networks.

[16]  B R Payne,et al.  Organization of orientation and direction selectivity in areas 17 and 18 of cat cerebral cortex. , 1987, Journal of neurophysiology.

[17]  D H HUBEL,et al.  RECEPTIVE FIELDS AND FUNCTIONAL ARCHITECTURE IN TWO NONSTRIATE VISUAL AREAS (18 AND 19) OF THE CAT. , 1965, Journal of neurophysiology.

[18]  J W Goodman,et al.  Holographic reciprocity law failure. , 1984, Applied optics.

[19]  Carver A. Mead,et al.  Implementing neural architectures using analog VLSI circuits , 1989 .

[20]  D. Hubel,et al.  Receptive fields of single neurones in the cat's striate cortex , 1959, The Journal of physiology.

[21]  Jonathan Stone,et al.  Hierarchical and parallel mechanisms in the organization of visual cortex , 1979, Brain Research Reviews.

[22]  R. C. Emerson,et al.  Simple striate neurons in the cat. II. Mechanisms underlying directional asymmetry and directional selectivity. , 1977, Journal of neurophysiology.

[23]  Christopher Heil,et al.  Continuous and Discrete Wavelet Transforms , 1989, SIAM Rev..

[24]  J. N. Latta,et al.  Analysis of multiple hologram optical elements with low dispersion and low aberrations. , 1972, Applied optics.

[25]  Carver A. Mead,et al.  A two-dimensional visual tracking array , 1988 .

[26]  B K Jenkins,et al.  Model for an incoherent optical neuron that subtracts. , 1988, Optics letters.