Functional and neural mechanisms of interval timing

Foreword, Robert Rousseau Introduction: The Persistence of Time, Warren H. Meck FUNCTIONAL MECHANISMS A Concise Introduction to Scalar Timing Theory, Russell M. Church General Learning Models: Timing without a Clock, John W. Hopson Nonlinearities in Sensitivity to Time: Implications for Oscillator-Based Representations of Interval and Circadian Clocks, Jonathon D. Crystal Toward a Unified Theory of Animal Event Timing, Thomas T. Hills Interval Timing and Optimal Foraging, Melissa Bateson Nonverbal Representations of Time and Number in Animals and Human Infants, Elizabeth M. Brannon and Jamie D. Roitman Temporal Experience and Timing in Children, Sylvie Droit-Volet Modality Differences in Interval Timing: Attention, Clock Speed, and Memory, Trevor B. Penney Attentional Time-Sharing in Interval Timing, Claudette Fortin Grandfather's Clock: Attention and Interval Timing in Older Adults, Cindy Lustig NEURAL MECHANISMS Neurogenetics of Interval Timing, Munire Ozlem Cevik Dopaminergic Mechanisms of Interval Timing and Attention, Catalin V. Buhusi Electrophysiological Correlates of Interval Timing, Shogo Sakata and Keiichi Onoda Importance of Frontal Motor Cortex in Divided Attention and Simultaneous Temporal Processing, Kevin C.H. Pang and J. Devin McAuley Integration of Behavior and Timing: Anatomically Separate Systems or Distributed Processing? Matthew S. Matell, Warren H. Meck, and Miguel A.L. Nicolelis Time Flies and May Also Sing: Cortico-Striatal Mechanisms of Interval Timing and Birdsong, Christopher J. MacDonald and Warren H. Meck Neuroimaging Approaches to the Study of Interval Timing, Sean C. Hinton Electrophysiological Evidence for Specific Processing of Temporal Information in Humans, Viviane Pouthas Cerebellar and Basal Ganglia Contributions to Interval Timing, Jorn Diedrichsen, Richard B. Ivry, and Jeff Pressing Interval Timing in the Dopamine-Depleted Basal Ganglia: From Empirical Data to Timing Theory, Chara Malapani and Brian C. Rakitin Overview: An Image of Human Neural Timing, Penelope A. Lewis and R. Chris Miall Afterword: Timing in the New Millennium, Where Are We Now? Francoise Macar Index

[1]  E D Levin,et al.  Role of serotonin in the paradoxical calming effect of psychostimulants on hyperactivity. , 1999, Science.

[2]  Andrew Simmons,et al.  Prefrontal involvement in temporal bridging and timing movement , 1998, Neuropsychologia.

[3]  Warren H. Meck,et al.  Temporal integration in duration and number discrimination. , 1985 .

[4]  Warren H. Meck,et al.  Affinity for the dopamine D2 receptor predicts neuroleptic potency in decreasing the speed of an internal clock , 1986, Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior.

[5]  Vincent Walsh A theory of magnitude: common cortical metrics of time, space and quantity , 2003, Trends in Cognitive Sciences.

[6]  Simon Grondin,et al.  When to start explicit counting in a time-intervals discrimination task: A critical point in the timing process of humans. , 1999 .

[7]  Suzanne Corkin,et al.  Impaired problem solving in Parkinson's disease: Impact of a set-shifting deficit , 1994, Neuropsychologia.

[8]  Robert Rousseau,et al.  Duration discrimination of empty time intervals marked by intermodal pulses , 1983, Perception & psychophysics.

[9]  M. François,et al.  VI. Contribution à l'étude du sens du Temps. La température interne comme facteur de variation de l'appréciation subjective des durées , 1927 .

[10]  E. Spelke,et al.  Numerical abstraction by human infants , 1990, Cognition.

[11]  C. Gallistel,et al.  Computational Versus Associative Models of Simple Conditioning , 2001 .

[12]  H. Sauer,et al.  Time estimation in schizophrenia: an fMRI study at adjusted levels of difficulty , 2001, Neuroreport.

[13]  J. Tracy,et al.  Information-Processing Characteristics of Explicit Time Estimation by Patients with Schizophrenia and Normal Controls , 1998, Perceptual and motor skills.

[14]  E. Levin,et al.  Transdermal nicotine effects on attention , 1998, Psychopharmacology.

[15]  G. Di Chiara,et al.  Cocaine and Amphetamine Increase Extracellular Dopamine in the Nucleus Accumbens of Mice Lacking the Dopamine Transporter Gene , 2001, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[16]  Peter Dayan,et al.  A Neural Substrate of Prediction and Reward , 1997, Science.

[17]  M. Paule,et al.  No alterations in the performance of two interval timing operant tasks after α-difluoromethylornithine (DFMO)-induced cerebellar stunting , 2001, Behavioural Brain Research.

[18]  J. Hopson Gap timing and the spectral timing model , 1999, Behavioural Processes.

[19]  V. Morell Neuroscience: Setting a Biological Stopwatch , 1996 .

[20]  R. Shadmehr,et al.  Neural correlates of motor memory consolidation. , 1997, Science.

[21]  W. Meck,et al.  Neuropsychological mechanisms of interval timing behavior. , 2000, BioEssays : news and reviews in molecular, cellular and developmental biology.

[22]  J. Wearden,et al.  The comparative psychology of fixed-interval responding: Some quantitative analyses ☆ , 1991 .

[23]  R B Ivry,et al.  Effects of divided attention on temporal processing in patients with lesions of the cerebellum or frontal lobe. , 1999, Neuropsychology.

[24]  Y Kaneoke,et al.  Multisecond oscillations in firing rate in the basal ganglia: robust modulation by dopamine receptor activation and anesthesia. , 1999, Journal of neurophysiology.

[25]  A. Kacelnik,et al.  Interval timing in mice does not rely upon the circadian pacemaker , 2003, Neuroscience Letters.

[26]  Roland R. Lee,et al.  Does the representation of time depend on the cerebellum? Effect of cerebellar stroke. , 2003, Brain : a journal of neurology.

[27]  Warren H. Meck,et al.  Choline Uptake in the Frontal Cortex Is Proportional to the Absolute Error of a Temporal Memory Translation Constant in Mature and Aged Rats , 2002 .

[28]  P. Lewis,et al.  Finding the timer , 2002, Trends in Cognitive Sciences.

[29]  J H Wearden,et al.  Temporal bisection in children. , 2001, Journal of experimental child psychology.

[30]  D. Wolpert,et al.  Internal models in the cerebellum , 1998, Trends in Cognitive Sciences.

[31]  B. Skinner The Effect on the Amount of Conditioning of an Interval of Time before Reinforcement , 1936 .

[32]  Karen Wynn,et al.  Psychological foundations of number: numerical competence in human infants , 1998, Trends in Cognitive Sciences.

[33]  M. Baulac,et al.  Time estimation in patients with right or left medial-temporal lobe resection , 2001, Neuroreport.

[34]  H S Terrace,et al.  Ordering of the numerosities 1 to 9 by monkeys. , 1998, Science.

[35]  D. O. Hebb,et al.  The organization of behavior , 1988 .

[36]  R. Knight,et al.  Cortical Networks Underlying Mechanisms of Time Perception , 1998, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[37]  G. Bugmann Towards a neural model of timing. , 1998, Bio Systems.

[38]  J. Gibbon,et al.  Differential effects of auditory and visual signals on clock speed and temporal memory. , 2000, Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance.

[39]  W. Meck,et al.  Peak-interval timing in humans activates frontal-striatal loops , 1996, NeuroImage.

[40]  John Gibbon,et al.  Ubiquity of scalar timing with Poisson clock , 1992 .

[41]  J. Gibbon,et al.  Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. Volume 423. Timing and Time Perception Held at New York on 10-13 May 1983, , 1984 .

[42]  L. Allan The influence of the scalar timing model on human timing research , 1998, Behavioural Processes.

[43]  Karen Wynn,et al.  Infants Possess a System of Numerical Knowledge , 1995 .

[44]  R. Church,et al.  Cholinergic modulation of the content of temporal memory. , 1987, Behavioral neuroscience.

[45]  Jeffrey C. Hall,et al.  Resetting the Circadian Clock by Social Experience in Drosophila melanogaster , 2002, Science.

[46]  R. Straub,et al.  Effect of COMT Val108/158 Met genotype on frontal lobe function and risk for schizophrenia , 2001, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[47]  Stephen Grossberg,et al.  Neural dynamics of adaptive timing and temporal discrimination during associative learning , 1989, Neural Networks.

[48]  Annett Schirmer,et al.  Timing speech: a review of lesion and neuroimaging findings. , 2004, Brain research. Cognitive brain research.

[49]  W. Meck Chapter 4 Application of a mode-control model of temporal integration to counting and timing behavior , 1997 .

[50]  W. Meck,et al.  Dissecting the Brain's Internal Clock: How Frontal–Striatal Circuitry Keeps Time and Shifts Attention , 2002, Brain and Cognition.

[51]  K. Cheng,et al.  Analysis of single trials in pigeons' timing performance. , 1993 .

[52]  J. Grafman,et al.  Precision and accuracy of subjective time estimation in different memory disorders. , 1993, Brain research. Cognitive brain research.

[53]  S. Keele,et al.  Does the Cerebellum Provide a Common Computation for Diverse Tasks? A Timing Hypothesis a , 1990, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences.

[54]  R. Church,et al.  Attention and the frontal cortex as examined by simultaneous temporal processing , 1988, Neuropsychologia.

[55]  H. Terrace,et al.  Trial and intertrial durations in autoshaping. , 1977 .

[56]  Richard Ragot,et al.  Processes involved in tempo perception: a CNV analysis. , 2003, Psychophysiology.

[57]  Ralf Engbert,et al.  Representational Models and Nonlinear Dynamics: Irreconcilable Approaches to Human Movement Timing and Coordination or Two Sides of the Same Coin? Introduction to the Special Issue on Movement Timing and Coordination , 2002, Brain and Cognition.

[58]  Jeff Pressing,et al.  The referential dynamics of cognition and action , 1999 .

[59]  A. C. Yu,et al.  Temporal Hierarchical Control of Singing in Birds , 1996, Science.

[60]  W H Meck,et al.  Timing for the absence of a stimulus: the gap paradigm reversed. , 2000, Journal of experimental psychology. Animal behavior processes.

[61]  R. Gainetdinov,et al.  Genetic animal models: focus on schizophrenia , 2001, Trends in Neurosciences.

[62]  W H Meck,et al.  The use of timing behaviors in animals and humans to detect drug and/or toxicant effects. , 1999, Neurotoxicology and teratology.

[63]  K. Cheng,et al.  Memory Variance in the Peak Procedure of Timing in Pigeons , 1993 .

[64]  J. Gabrieli,et al.  Delayed recognition memory in Parkinsons disease: a role for working memory? , 1999, Neuropsychologia.

[65]  H. Zelaznik,et al.  The Cerebellum and Event Timing , 2002, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences.

[66]  J. Travis Biological Stopwatch Found in the Brain , 1996 .

[67]  P. Maquet,et al.  The basic pattern of activation in motor and sensory temporal tasks: positron emission tomography data , 1997, Neuroscience Letters.

[68]  A. Kacelnik,et al.  Starlings’ preferences for predictable and unpredictable delays to food , 1997, Animal Behaviour.

[69]  S. Hestrin,et al.  Spike Transmission and Synchrony Detection in Networks of GABAergic Interneurons , 2001, Science.

[70]  R. Miall,et al.  Distinct systems for automatic and cognitively controlled time measurement: evidence from neuroimaging , 2003, Current Opinion in Neurobiology.

[71]  R. Church,et al.  Representation of time , 1990, Cognition.

[72]  E. Levin,et al.  Nicotine effects on adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder , 2005, Psychopharmacology.

[73]  Richard B Ivry,et al.  Temporal Control and Coordination: The Multiple Timer Model , 2002, Brain and Cognition.

[74]  J. Gibbon,et al.  Scalar expectancy theory and peak-interval timing in humans. , 1998, Journal of experimental psychology. Animal behavior processes.

[75]  S. Grondin,et al.  Judging the relative duration of multimodal short empty time intervals , 1991, Perception & psychophysics.

[76]  R. Holson,et al.  Methamphetamine-stimulated striatal dopamine release declines rapidly over time following microdialysis probe insertion , 1996, Brain Research.

[77]  Myeong-Ho Sohn,et al.  Implicit temporal tuning of working memory strategy during cognitive skill acquisition. , 2003, The American journal of psychology.

[78]  Karen Wynn,et al.  Addition and subtraction by human infants , 1992, Nature.

[79]  W. Meck Interval Timing and Genomics: What Makes Mutant Mice Tick? , 2001, International Journal of Comparative Psychology.

[80]  B. Burle,et al.  What’s an internal clock for? From temporal information processing to temporal processing of information , 1999, Behavioural Processes.

[81]  W. Schultz Neural coding of basic reward terms of animal learning theory, game theory, microeconomics and behavioural ecology , 2004, Current Opinion in Neurobiology.

[82]  J. Crystal,et al.  Circadian time perception. , 2001, Journal of experimental psychology. Animal behavior processes.

[83]  R. Block,et al.  The role of attention in time estimation processes , 1996 .

[84]  Richard B. Ivry,et al.  Comparison of the Basal Ganglia and Cerebellum in Shifting Attention. , 2001, Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience.

[85]  Karen Wynn,et al.  Limits to Infants' Knowledge of Objects: The Case of Magical Appearance , 1998 .

[86]  J. Gibbon,et al.  Temporal control during maintenance and extinction of conditioned keypecking in ring doves , 1999 .

[87]  L Junck,et al.  A Relationship between Metabolism in Frontal Lobes and Cerebellum in Normal Subjects Studied with PET , 1988, Journal of cerebral blood flow and metabolism : official journal of the International Society of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism.

[88]  R. Church,et al.  Nucleus basalis magnocellularis and medial septal area lesions differentially impair temporal memory , 1987, The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience.

[89]  R. Ivry,et al.  Exploring the domain of the cerebellar timing system , 1996 .

[90]  E. Niebur,et al.  Growth patterns in the developing brain detected by using continuum mechanical tensor maps , 2022 .

[91]  John E. R. Staddon,et al.  MULTIPLE TIME SCALES IN SIMPLE HABITUATION , 1996 .

[92]  W. Meck,et al.  Reinforcement-induced within-trial resetting of an internal clock , 1999, Behavioural Processes.

[93]  David J. Freedman,et al.  Representation of the Quantity of Visual Items in the Primate Prefrontal Cortex , 2002, Science.

[94]  W. Schultz,et al.  Responses of monkey dopamine neurons to reward and conditioned stimuli during successive steps of learning a delayed response task , 1993, The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience.

[95]  C. Gallistel,et al.  Preverbal and verbal counting and computation , 1992, Cognition.

[96]  W. Meck,et al.  Differential modulation of clock speed by the administration of intermittent versus continuous cocaine. , 2004, Behavioral neuroscience.

[97]  R. Ivry The representation of temporal information in perception and motor control , 1996, Current Opinion in Neurobiology.

[98]  J. Gibbon Origins of scalar timing , 1991 .

[99]  M. Jüptner,et al.  A review of differences between basal ganglia and cerebellar control of movements as revealed by functional imaging studies. , 1998, Brain : a journal of neurology.

[100]  Warren H Meck,et al.  Frontal-striatal circuitry activated by human peak-interval timing in the supra-seconds range. , 2004, Brain research. Cognitive brain research.

[101]  R. Miall,et al.  The Cerebellum and the Timing of Coordinated Eye and Hand Tracking , 2002, Brain and Cognition.

[102]  W. Meck,et al.  Cortico-striatal circuits and interval timing: coincidence detection of oscillatory processes. , 2004, Brain research. Cognitive brain research.

[103]  J. Wearden,et al.  “Beyond the fields we know...”: exploring and developing scalar timing theory , 1999, Behavioural Processes.

[104]  R. Church,et al.  A mode control model of counting and timing processes. , 1983, Journal of experimental psychology. Animal behavior processes.

[105]  T. Rammsayer,et al.  Temporal discrimination in schizophrenic and affective disorders: evidence for a dopamine-dependent internal clock. , 1990, The International journal of neuroscience.

[106]  Antonio Pisani,et al.  Metabotropic glutamate receptors and striatal synaptic plasticity: implications for neurological diseases , 2004, Progress in Neurobiology.

[107]  R. Church,et al.  Alternative representations of time, number, and rate , 1990, Cognition.

[108]  A. Ferrandez,et al.  ERPs and PET analysis of time perception: Spatial and temporal brain mapping during visual discrimination tasks , 2000, Human brain mapping.

[109]  D. Buonomano,et al.  The neural basis of temporal processing. , 2004, Annual review of neuroscience.

[110]  M. Nicolelis,et al.  Interval timing and the encoding of signal duration by ensembles of cortical and striatal neurons. , 2003, Behavioral neuroscience.

[111]  W. Meck Neuropharmacology of timing and time perception. , 1996, Brain research. Cognitive brain research.

[112]  S. Reppert,et al.  Coordination of circadian timing in mammals , 2002, Nature.

[113]  J. Tanji,et al.  Numerical representation for action in the parietal cortex of the monkey , 2002, Nature.

[114]  A. V. Maricq,et al.  The C. elegans Glutamate Receptor Subunit NMR-1 Is Required for Slow NMDA-Activated Currents that Regulate Reversal Frequency during Locomotion , 2001, Neuron.

[115]  J Gibbon,et al.  Cerebellar dysfunctions of temporal processing in the seconds range in humans , 1998, Neuroreport.

[116]  C. Miall Models of neural timing , 1996 .

[117]  J. Takahashi,et al.  Stopping time: the genetics of fly and mouse circadian clocks. , 2001, Annual review of neuroscience.

[118]  S. Grondin,et al.  From physical time to the first and second moments of psychological time. , 2001, Psychological bulletin.

[119]  G D Brown,et al.  Oscillator-based memory for serial order. , 2000, Psychological review.

[120]  R. Rousseau,et al.  Time estimation and concurrent nontemporal processing: Specific interference from short-term-memory demands , 1993, Perception & psychophysics.

[121]  J. Gibbon,et al.  Coupled Temporal Memories in Parkinson's Disease: A Dopamine-Related Dysfunction , 1998, Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience.

[122]  E. Spelke,et al.  Sources of mathematical thinking: behavioral and brain-imaging evidence. , 1999, Science.

[123]  R. Church,et al.  Arginine vasopressin innoculates against age-related increases in sodium-dependent high affinity choline uptake and discrepancies in the content of temporal memory. , 1986, European journal of pharmacology.

[124]  P. Goldman-Rakic,et al.  A role for inhibition in shaping the temporal flow of information in prefrontal cortex , 2002, Nature Neuroscience.

[125]  C. Gallistel,et al.  Non-verbal numerical cognition: from reals to integers , 2000, Trends in Cognitive Sciences.

[126]  D. Olton,et al.  Neurons in the lateral agranular frontal cortex have divided attention correlates in a simultaneous temporal processing task , 2001, Neuroscience.

[127]  Ralph R. Miller,et al.  Some Constraints for Models of Timing: A Temporal Coding Hypothesis Perspective , 2002 .

[128]  C. Gallistel,et al.  Sources of variability and systematic error in mouse timing behavior. , 2004, Journal of experimental psychology. Animal behavior processes.

[129]  J. Mazziotta,et al.  Brain Activation Induced by Estimation of Duration: A PET Study , 1996, NeuroImage.

[130]  R. Ivry,et al.  The neural representation of time , 2004, Current Opinion in Neurobiology.

[131]  R. Gainetdinov,et al.  Glutamatergic modulation of hyperactivity in mice lacking the dopamine transporter , 2001, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[132]  B. Ames,et al.  Memory loss in old rats is associated with brain mitochondrial decay and RNA/DNA oxidation: Partial reversal by feeding acetyl-l-carnitine and/or R-α-lipoic acid , 2002, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[133]  Sylvie Droit-Volet,et al.  Attentional distraction and time perception in children , 2002 .

[134]  R. Gainetdinov,et al.  Genetics of childhood disorders: XXIV. ADHD, part 8: hyperdopaminergic mice as an animal model of ADHD. , 2001, Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry.

[135]  Robert Rousseau,et al.  Stop—reaction time and the internal clock , 1996, Perception & psychophysics.

[136]  C. Gallistel,et al.  Nonverbal Counting in Humans: The Psychophysics of Number Representation , 1999 .

[137]  T H Rammsayer,et al.  Pharmacologic properties of the internal clock underlying time perception in humans. , 1992, Neuropsychobiology.

[138]  B. Grothe,et al.  New roles for synaptic inhibition in sound localization , 2003, Nature Reviews Neuroscience.

[139]  R. Ragot,et al.  Role of frontal cortex in memory for duration: an event-related potential study in humans , 2000, Neuroscience Letters.

[140]  N. Kanwisher,et al.  Numerical Magnitude in the Human Parietal Lobe Tests of Representational Generality and Domain Specificity , 2004, Neuron.

[141]  Nancy Byl,et al.  Practice-Related Improvements in Somatosensory Interval Discrimination Are Temporally Specific But Generalize across Skin Location, Hemisphere, and Modality , 1998, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[142]  Christopher Miall,et al.  The Storage of Time Intervals Using Oscillating Neurons , 1989, Neural Computation.

[143]  A. Ferrandez,et al.  Does cerebral activity change in middle-aged adults in a visual discrimination task? , 2001, Neurobiology of Aging.

[144]  William A. Roberts,et al.  Can a pigeon simultaneously process temporal and numerical information , 1994 .

[145]  J. Houk,et al.  Model of cortical-basal ganglionic processing: encoding the serial order of sensory events. , 1998, Journal of neurophysiology.

[146]  W H Meck,et al.  The 'internal clocks' of circadian and interval timing. , 1997, Endeavour.

[147]  Joel L. Davis,et al.  Adaptive Critics and the Basal Ganglia , 1995 .

[148]  S. Perrett,et al.  Temporal discrimination in the cerebellar cortex during conditioned eyelid responses , 1998, Experimental Brain Research.

[149]  J. Staddon,et al.  Time and memory: towards a pacemaker-free theory of interval timing. , 1999, Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior.

[150]  William A. Roberts,et al.  Simultaneous Numerical and Temporal Processing in the Pigeon , 1995 .

[151]  J. Gibbon Scalar expectancy theory and Weber's law in animal timing. , 1977 .

[152]  T. Sejnowski,et al.  Correlated neuronal activity and the flow of neural information , 2001, Nature Reviews Neuroscience.

[153]  W. Schultz,et al.  Neuronal activity in monkey ventral striatum related to the expectation of reward , 1992, The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience.

[154]  C. Buhusi,et al.  Timing in simple conditioning and occasion setting: a neural network approach , 1999, Behavioural Processes.

[155]  C R Gallistel,et al.  Numerical Subtraction in the Pigeon: Evidence for a Linear Subjective Number Scale , 2001, Psychological science.

[156]  R. Kronauer,et al.  Stability, precision, and near-24-hour period of the human circadian pacemaker. , 1999, Science.

[157]  A. Aertsen,et al.  Spike synchronization and rate modulation differentially involved in motor cortical function. , 1997, Science.

[158]  W. Schultz Multiple reward signals in the brain , 2000, Nature Reviews Neuroscience.

[159]  F. Macar,et al.  Can the level of prefrontal activity provide an index of performance in humans? , 1996, Neuroscience Letters.

[160]  Franck Vidal,et al.  Programming the duration of a motor sequence: role of the primary and supplementary motor areas in man , 2004, Experimental Brain Research.

[161]  E. Spelke,et al.  Language and Conceptual Development series Core systems of number , 2004 .

[162]  John D. E. Gabrieli,et al.  Reduced working memory span in Parkinson's disease: Evidence for the role of frontostriatal system in working and strategic memory. , 1996 .

[163]  S. Roberts,et al.  Isolation of an internal clock. , 1981, Journal of experimental psychology. Animal behavior processes.

[164]  D. Harrington,et al.  Neural Underpinnings of Temporal Processing: Α Review of Focal Lesion, Pharmacological, and Functional Imaging Research , 1999, Reviews in the neurosciences.

[165]  R. Church,et al.  Methamphetamine and time estimation. , 1981, Journal of experimental psychology. Animal behavior processes.

[166]  C Fortin,et al.  Expecting a break in time estimation: attentional time-sharing without concurrent processing. , 2000, Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance.

[167]  W. Meck Distortions in the Content of Temporal Memory , 2002 .

[168]  M Migliore,et al.  Quantitative modeling of perception and production of time intervals. , 2001, Journal of neurophysiology.

[169]  T. Rammsayer,et al.  Neuropharmacological Evidence for Different Timing Mechanisms in Humans , 1999, The Quarterly journal of experimental psychology. B, Comparative and physiological psychology.

[170]  W H Meck,et al.  Paying Attention to Time as one Gets Older , 2001, Psychological science.

[171]  R. Rousseau,et al.  Time estimation as an index of processing demand in memory search , 1987, Perception & psychophysics.

[172]  E. Miller,et al.  Coding of Cognitive Magnitude Compressed Scaling of Numerical Information in the Primate Prefrontal Cortex , 2003, Neuron.

[173]  Richard Hans Robert Hahnloser,et al.  An ultra-sparse code underliesthe generation of neural sequences in a songbird , 2002, Nature.

[174]  H. Lejeune Switching or gating? The attentional challenge in cognitive models of psychological time , 1998, Behavioural Processes.

[175]  G. Rose,et al.  Auditory midbrain neurons that count , 2002, Nature Neuroscience.

[176]  P. Killeen,et al.  A behavioral theory of timing , 1988 .

[177]  Françoise Macar,et al.  Multiple approaches to investigate the existence of an internal clock using attentional resources , 1999, Behavioural Processes.

[178]  R. Church,et al.  Separation of hippocampal and amygdaloid involvement in temporal memory dysfunctions , 1987, Brain Research.

[179]  P. Balsam,et al.  Timing at the Start of Associative Learning , 2002 .

[180]  Warren H. Meck,et al.  Chapter 10 How time flies: Functional and neural mechanisms of interval timing , 1997 .

[181]  R. Church,et al.  The differential effects of haloperidol and methamphetamine on time estimation in the rat , 2004, Psychopharmacology.

[182]  C. Gallistel,et al.  Time, rate, and conditioning. , 2000, Psychological review.

[183]  W H Meck,et al.  The 'internal clocks' of circadian and interval timing. , 1997, Endeavour.

[184]  D. A. Bergstrom,et al.  Multisecond periodicities in basal ganglia firing rates correlate with theta bursts in transcortical and hippocampal EEG. , 2002, Journal of neurophysiology.

[185]  Stephen M. Rao,et al.  The evolution of brain activation during temporal processing , 2001, Nature Neuroscience.

[186]  Mark C. W. van Rossum,et al.  A Novel Spike Distance , 2001, Neural Computation.

[187]  S. Keele,et al.  Timing Functions of The Cerebellum , 1989, Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience.

[188]  Franck Vidal,et al.  The supplementary motor area in motor and sensory timing: evidence from slow brain potential changes , 1999, Experimental Brain Research.

[189]  Richard F. Thompson,et al.  Cerebellar cortical inhibition and classical eyeblink conditioning , 2002, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[190]  E. Vaadia,et al.  Timing of bimanual movements in human and non-human primates in relation to neuronal activity in primary motor cortex and supplementary motor area , 2002, Experimental Brain Research.

[191]  M. Botez,et al.  Single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) in cerebellar disease: cerebello-cerebral diaschisis. , 1991, European neurology.

[192]  C. Gallistel,et al.  Toward a neurobiology of temporal cognition: advances and challenges , 1997, Current Opinion in Neurobiology.

[193]  John Gibbon,et al.  Separating Storage from Retrieval Dysfunction of Temporal Memory in Parkinson's Disease , 2002, Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience.

[194]  B. Connors,et al.  Intrinsic oscillations of neocortex generated by layer 5 pyramidal neurons. , 1991, Science.

[195]  R. Cohen,et al.  Disruption of short‐duration timing associated with damage to the suprachiasmatic region of the hypothalamus , 1997, Neurology.

[196]  T. Rammsayer,et al.  On dopaminergic modulation of temporal information processing , 1993, Biological Psychology.

[197]  Timothy G. Turkington,et al.  Cerebellar activity and disturbed time sense after THC , 1998, Brain Research.

[198]  V Pouthas,et al.  Timing in aging: the role of attention. , 1999, Experimental aging research.

[199]  S. Droit-Volet,et al.  Time estimation in young children: an initial force rule governing time production. , 1998, Journal of experimental child psychology.

[200]  D. Woodruff-Pak,et al.  Huntington's disease and eyeblink classical conditioning: Normal learning but abnormal timing , 1996, Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society.

[201]  C Fortin,et al.  Order information in short-term memory and time estimation , 1999, Memory & cognition.

[202]  Warren H Meck,et al.  Timing in the baby brain. , 2004, Brain research. Cognitive brain research.