Nanomaterial‐Enabled Flexible and Stretchable Sensing Systems: Processing, Integration, and Applications

Nanomaterial-enabled flexible and stretchable electronics have seen tremendous progress in recent years, evolving from single sensors to integrated sensing systems. Compared with nanomaterial-enabled sensors with a single function, integration of multiple sensors is conducive to comprehensive monitoring of personal health and environment, intelligent human-machine interfaces, and realistic imitation of human skin in robotics and prosthetics. Integration of sensors with other functional components promotes real-world applications of the sensing systems. Here, an overview of the design and integration strategies and manufacturing techniques for such sensing systems is given. Then, representative nanomaterial-enabled flexible and stretchable sensing systems are presented. Following that, representative applications in personal health, fitness tracking, electronic skins, artificial nervous systems, and human-machine interactions are provided. To conclude, perspectives on the challenges and opportunities in this burgeoning field are considered.

[1]  T. Arie,et al.  Fully printed flexible fingerprint-like three-axis tactile and slip force and temperature sensors for artificial skin. , 2014, ACS nano.

[2]  Yao-Feng Chang,et al.  “Cut‐and‐Paste” Manufacture of Multiparametric Epidermal Sensor Systems , 2015, Advanced materials.

[3]  Xuemei Sun,et al.  Weaving Sensing Fibers into Electrochemical Fabric for Real‐Time Health Monitoring , 2018, Advanced Functional Materials.

[4]  Donghee Son,et al.  Deformable devices with integrated functional nanomaterials for wearable electronics , 2016, Nano Convergence.

[5]  Zifeng Wang,et al.  A self-healable and highly stretchable supercapacitor based on a dual crosslinked polyelectrolyte , 2015, Nature Communications.

[6]  Cunjiang Yu,et al.  Rubbery electronics and sensors from intrinsically stretchable elastomeric composites of semiconductors and conductors , 2017, Science Advances.

[7]  Dong Hoon Shin,et al.  Wireless, Room Temperature Volatile Organic Compound Sensor Based on Polypyrrole Nanoparticle Immobilized Ultrahigh Frequency Radio Frequency Identification Tag. , 2016, ACS applied materials & interfaces.

[8]  R. Ghaffari,et al.  Recent Advances in Flexible and Stretchable Bio‐Electronic Devices Integrated with Nanomaterials , 2016, Advanced materials.

[9]  Hyun Ho Choi,et al.  Stretchable and Transparent Organic Semiconducting Thin Film with Conjugated Polymer Nanowires Embedded in an Elastomeric Matrix , 2016 .

[10]  S. Ko,et al.  Fabrication of Transparent Conductive Film with Flexible Silver Nanowires Using Roll‐to‐Roll Slot‐Die Coating and Calendering and Its Application to Resistive Touch Panel , 2018, Advanced Electronic Materials.

[11]  Q. Pei,et al.  Electronic Muscles and Skins: A Review of Soft Sensors and Actuators. , 2017, Chemical reviews.

[12]  Hye Rim Cho,et al.  Wearable/disposable sweat-based glucose monitoring device with multistage transdermal drug delivery module , 2017, Science Advances.

[13]  Daniel T H Lai,et al.  Tattoolike Polyaniline Microparticle-Doped Gold Nanowire Patches as Highly Durable Wearable Sensors. , 2015, ACS applied materials & interfaces.

[14]  B. Liu,et al.  Flexible Energy‐Storage Devices: Design Consideration and Recent Progress , 2014, Advanced materials.

[15]  Yong Zhu,et al.  Tailoring the Temperature Coefficient of Resistance of Silver Nanowire Nanocomposites and their Application as Stretchable Temperature Sensors. , 2019, ACS applied materials & interfaces.

[16]  Boris Murmann,et al.  Highly stretchable polymer semiconductor films through the nanoconfinement effect , 2017, Science.

[17]  Raeed H. Chowdhury,et al.  Epidermal Electronics , 2011, Science.

[18]  Goangseup Zi,et al.  Stretchable Active Matrix Temperature Sensor Array of Polyaniline Nanofibers for Electronic Skin , 2016, Advanced materials.

[19]  Shogo Nakata,et al.  Wearable, Flexible, and Multifunctional Healthcare Device with an ISFET Chemical Sensor for Simultaneous Sweat pH and Skin Temperature Monitoring. , 2017, ACS sensors.

[20]  Alan S. Campbell,et al.  Epidermal Microfluidic Electrochemical Detection System: Enhanced Sweat Sampling and Metabolite Detection. , 2017, ACS sensors.

[21]  Han‐Ki Kim,et al.  Roll-to-roll slot-die coating of 400 mm wide, flexible, transparent Ag nanowire films for flexible touch screen panels , 2016, Scientific Reports.

[22]  Yuhao Liu,et al.  Lab-on-Skin: A Review of Flexible and Stretchable Electronics for Wearable Health Monitoring. , 2017, ACS nano.

[23]  Lu Yin,et al.  High-Performance Screen-Printed Thermoelectric Films on Fabrics , 2017, Scientific Reports.

[24]  S. Yao,et al.  Nanomaterial‐Enabled Stretchable Conductors: Strategies, Materials and Devices , 2015, Advanced materials.

[25]  Jianxun Cui,et al.  Controlled bending and folding of a bilayer structure consisting of a thin stiff film and a heat shrinkable polymer sheet , 2018 .

[26]  Zhe Yin,et al.  Flexible and Highly Sensitive Pressure Sensors Based on Bionic Hierarchical Structures , 2017 .

[27]  Wenlong Cheng,et al.  Skin inspired fractal strain sensors using a copper nanowire and graphite microflake hybrid conductive network. , 2016, Nanoscale.

[28]  Seok Hyun Yun,et al.  Contact Lens Sensors in Ocular Diagnostics , 2015, Advanced healthcare materials.

[29]  Naser Naserifar,et al.  Material Gradients in Stretchable Substrates toward Integrated Electronic Functionality , 2016, Advanced materials.

[30]  Nae-Eung Lee,et al.  An All‐Elastomeric Transparent and Stretchable Temperature Sensor for Body‐Attachable Wearable Electronics , 2016, Advanced materials.

[31]  N. Lee,et al.  Stretchable, Transparent, Ultrasensitive, and Patchable Strain Sensor for Human-Machine Interfaces Comprising a Nanohybrid of Carbon Nanotubes and Conductive Elastomers. , 2015, ACS nano.

[32]  A. M. Vinu Mohan,et al.  Merging of Thin‐ and Thick‐Film Fabrication Technologies: Toward Soft Stretchable “Island–Bridge” Devices , 2017 .

[33]  S. Yao,et al.  Wearable multifunctional sensors using printed stretchable conductors made of silver nanowires. , 2014, Nanoscale.

[34]  Thara Seesaard,et al.  Development of Fabric-Based Chemical Gas Sensors for Use as Wearable Electronic Noses , 2015, Sensors.

[35]  Yong Zhu,et al.  Wearable silver nanowire dry electrodes for electrophysiological sensing , 2015 .

[36]  Yiwei Han,et al.  Electrohydrodynamic Printing for Advanced Micro/Nanomanufacturing: Current Progresses, Opportunities, and Challenges , 2018, Journal of Micro and Nano-Manufacturing.

[37]  Tomohiro Tachi,et al.  Programming curvature using origami tessellations. , 2016, Nature materials.

[38]  R. Sanjeevi,et al.  Effect of strain rate on the fracture behaviour of skin , 1994, Journal of Biosciences.

[39]  Francisco Molina-Lopez,et al.  An integrated self-healable electronic skin system fabricated via dynamic reconstruction of a nanostructured conducting network , 2018, Nature Nanotechnology.

[40]  Claire M. Lochner,et al.  Monitoring of Vital Signs with Flexible and Wearable Medical Devices , 2016, Advanced materials.

[41]  Ting Zhu,et al.  Ultra-strength materials , 2010 .

[42]  Daisuke Yamamoto,et al.  Printed multifunctional flexible device with an integrated motion sensor for health care monitoring , 2016, Science Advances.

[43]  Yan Zhang,et al.  A Self-Powered Wearable Noninvasive Electronic-Skin for Perspiration Analysis Based on Piezo-Biosensing Unit Matrix of Enzyme/ZnO Nanoarrays. , 2017, ACS applied materials & interfaces.

[44]  Somayeh Imani,et al.  Eyeglasses based wireless electrolyte and metabolite sensor platform. , 2017, Lab on a chip.

[45]  John A Rogers,et al.  Stretchable, Curvilinear Electronics Based on Inorganic Materials , 2010, Advanced materials.

[46]  Kyung‐Eun Byun,et al.  Polythiophene Nanofibril Bundles Surface‐Embedded in Elastomer: A Route to a Highly Stretchable Active Channel Layer , 2015, Advanced materials.

[47]  Seiji Akita,et al.  Toward Flexible and Wearable Human‐Interactive Health‐Monitoring Devices , 2015, Advanced healthcare materials.

[48]  Feng Xu,et al.  Mechanical properties of ZnO nanowires under different loading modes , 2010 .

[49]  D. Bellet,et al.  Flexible transparent conductive materials based on silver nanowire networks: a review , 2013, Nanotechnology.

[50]  Hyoyoung Lee,et al.  Flexible and Stretchable Optoelectronic Devices using Silver Nanowires and Graphene , 2016, Advanced materials.

[51]  Yong Zhu,et al.  A Wearable Hydration Sensor with Conformal Nanowire Electrodes , 2017, Advanced healthcare materials.

[52]  Il-Doo Kim,et al.  Ultrafast optical reduction of graphene oxide sheets on colorless polyimide film for wearable chemical sensors , 2016 .

[53]  Hossam Haick,et al.  Self-Healable Sensors Based Nanoparticles for Detecting Physiological Markers via Skin and Breath: Toward Disease Prevention via Wearable Devices. , 2016, Nano letters.

[54]  Kyoung Won Cho,et al.  Thermally Controlled, Patterned Graphene Transfer Printing for Transparent and Wearable Electronic/Optoelectronic System , 2015 .

[55]  Nicola Pugno,et al.  Multifunctionality and Control of the Crumpling and Unfolding of Large-Area Graphene , 2012, Nature materials.

[56]  Youfan Hu,et al.  Kirigami‐Inspired Deformable 3D Structures Conformable to Curved Biological Surface , 2018, Advanced science.

[57]  Yong Zhu,et al.  Low-Power Wearable Systems for Continuous Monitoring of Environment and Health for Chronic Respiratory Disease , 2016, IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics.

[58]  Wei Lu,et al.  Mechanical properties of vapor-liquid-solid synthesized silicon nanowires. , 2009, Nano letters.

[59]  Deji Akinwande,et al.  Graphene Electronic Tattoo Sensors. , 2017, ACS nano.

[60]  T. Someya,et al.  Self-powered ultra-flexible electronics via nano-grating-patterned organic photovoltaics , 2018, Nature.

[61]  Abbas Barfidokht,et al.  Wearable Flexible and Stretchable Glove Biosensor for On-Site Detection of Organophosphorus Chemical Threats. , 2017, ACS sensors.

[62]  Seungyong Han,et al.  Mechanically Reinforced Skin‐Electronics with Networked Nanocomposite Elastomer , 2016, Advanced materials.

[63]  Hossam Haick,et al.  Multi‐Parametric Sensing Platforms Based on Nanoparticles , 2017 .

[64]  Young Min Song,et al.  Human eye-inspired soft optoelectronic device using high-density MoS2-graphene curved image sensor array , 2017, Nature Communications.

[65]  Zhenan Bao,et al.  Skin-Inspired Electronics: An Emerging Paradigm. , 2018, Accounts of chemical research.

[66]  SungWoo Nam,et al.  A stretchable crumpled graphene photodetector with plasmonically enhanced photoresponsivity. , 2016, Nanoscale.

[67]  Qinghai Meng,et al.  Mechanical Analyses and Structural Design Requirements for Flexible Energy Storage Devices , 2017 .

[68]  Zhen Gu,et al.  Mechanical Force-Triggered Drug Delivery. , 2016, Chemical reviews.

[69]  Dong Jun Lee,et al.  Transparent and Stretchable Interactive Human Machine Interface Based on Patterned Graphene Heterostructures , 2015 .

[70]  R. V. Martinez,et al.  Wearable and Implantable Epidermal Paper-Based Electronics. , 2018, ACS applied materials & interfaces.

[71]  Boris Murmann,et al.  Skin electronics from scalable fabrication of an intrinsically stretchable transistor array , 2018, Nature.

[72]  Jong-Hyun Ahn,et al.  Flexible active-matrix organic light-emitting diode display enabled by MoS2 thin-film transistor , 2018, Science Advances.

[73]  H. Haick,et al.  Detection of lung, breast, colorectal, and prostate cancers from exhaled breath using a single array of nanosensors , 2010, British Journal of Cancer.

[74]  Zheng Lou,et al.  Flexible planar concentric circular micro-supercapacitor arrays for wearable gas sensing application , 2017 .

[75]  Seiji Akita,et al.  Fully printed, highly sensitive multifunctional artificial electronic whisker arrays integrated with strain and temperature sensors. , 2014, ACS nano.

[76]  Shih-Cheng Yen,et al.  Toward Self-Control Systems for Neurogenic Underactive Bladder: A Triboelectric Nanogenerator Sensor Integrated with a Bistable Micro-Actuator. , 2018, ACS nano.

[77]  Tingting Yang,et al.  Wearable and Highly Sensitive Graphene Strain Sensors for Human Motion Monitoring , 2014 .

[78]  Woosik Lee,et al.  Fractal design concepts for stretchable electronics , 2014, Nature Communications.

[79]  G. Jabbour,et al.  Inkjet Printing—Process and Its Applications , 2010, Advanced materials.

[80]  Insang You,et al.  Material approaches to stretchable strain sensors. , 2015, Chemphyschem : a European journal of chemical physics and physical chemistry.

[81]  Sergey Shleev,et al.  Miniature biofuel cell as a potential power source for glucose-sensing contact lenses. , 2013, Analytical chemistry.

[82]  Célia Lourenço,et al.  Breath Analysis in Disease Diagnosis: Methodological Considerations and Applications , 2014, Metabolites.

[83]  Yong Zhu,et al.  Printing Conductive Nanomaterials for Flexible and Stretchable Electronics: A Review of Materials, Processes, and Applications , 2019, Advanced Materials Technologies.

[84]  Min Zhang,et al.  Flexible, Stretchable Sensors for Wearable Health Monitoring: Sensing Mechanisms, Materials, Fabrication Strategies and Features , 2018, Sensors.

[85]  Woon-Hong Yeo,et al.  Soft Material-Enabled, Flexible Hybrid Electronics for Medicine, Healthcare, and Human-Machine Interfaces , 2018, Materials.

[86]  Jung Woo Lee,et al.  Self-assembled three dimensional network designs for soft electronics , 2017, Nature Communications.

[87]  Noushin Nasiri,et al.  Wearable and Miniaturized Sensor Technologies for Personalized and Preventive Medicine , 2017 .

[88]  Phillip Won,et al.  A soft, wearable microfluidic device for the capture, storage, and colorimetric sensing of sweat , 2016, Science Translational Medicine.

[89]  C. H. Seager,et al.  Percolation and conductivity: A computer study. II , 1974 .

[90]  Itthipon Jeerapan,et al.  Highly Stretchable Fully-Printed CNT-Based Electrochemical Sensors and Biofuel Cells: Combining Intrinsic and Design-Induced Stretchability. , 2016, Nano letters.

[91]  Bart Vandevelde,et al.  Design of Metal Interconnects for Stretchable Electronic Circuits using Finite Element Analysis , 2007, 2007 International Conference on Thermal, Mechanical and Multi-Physics Simulation Experiments in Microelectronics and Micro-Systems. EuroSime 2007.

[92]  Anthony Banks,et al.  Soft, stretchable, epidermal sensor with integrated electronics and photochemistry for measuring personal UV exposures , 2018, PloS one.

[93]  P. Simon,et al.  Direct Laser Writing of Graphene Made from Chemical Vapor Deposition for Flexible, Integratable Micro‐Supercapacitors with Ultrahigh Power Output , 2018, Advances in Materials.

[94]  Lizhi Xu,et al.  Origami and Kirigami Nanocomposites. , 2017, ACS nano.

[95]  Joong Tark Han,et al.  Stretchable and Multimodal All Graphene Electronic Skin , 2016, Advanced materials.

[96]  Daesik Kim,et al.  Soft Modular Electronic Blocks (SMEBs): A Strategy for Tailored Wearable Health‐Monitoring Systems , 2018, Advanced science.

[97]  Feng Xu,et al.  Buckling of Aligned Carbon Nanotubes as Stretchable Conductors: A New Manufacturing Strategy , 2012, Advanced materials.

[98]  Lain-Jong Li,et al.  Extraordinarily Stretchable All‐Carbon Collaborative Nanoarchitectures for Epidermal Sensors , 2017, Advanced materials.

[99]  Ying Shirley Meng,et al.  All‐Printed, Stretchable Zn‐Ag2O Rechargeable Battery via Hyperelastic Binder for Self‐Powering Wearable Electronics , 2017 .

[100]  Yong Zhu,et al.  Gravure Printing of Water-based Silver Nanowire ink on Plastic Substrate for Flexible Electronics , 2018, Scientific Reports.

[101]  T. Trung,et al.  Flexible and Stretchable Physical Sensor Integrated Platforms for Wearable Human‐Activity Monitoringand Personal Healthcare , 2016, Advanced materials.

[102]  Sheng Xu,et al.  Materials and Structures toward Soft Electronics , 2018, Advanced materials.

[103]  Woon Hyung Cheong,et al.  Wearable, wireless gas sensors using highly stretchable and transparent structures of nanowires and graphene. , 2016, Nanoscale.

[104]  Wanchul Seung,et al.  Active Matrix Electronic Skin Strain Sensor Based on Piezopotential‐Powered Graphene Transistors , 2015, Advanced materials.

[105]  Zhong Lin Wang,et al.  Screen-Printed Washable Electronic Textiles as Self-Powered Touch/Gesture Tribo-Sensors for Intelligent Human-Machine Interaction. , 2018, ACS nano.

[106]  S. Kirkpatrick.  Percolation and Conduction , 1973 .

[107]  Sam Emaminejad,et al.  Fully integrated wearable sensor arrays for multiplexed in situ perspiration analysis , 2016, Nature.

[108]  Jianliang Xiao,et al.  Rehealable, fully recyclable, and malleable electronic skin enabled by dynamic covalent thermoset nanocomposite , 2018, Science Advances.

[109]  Yong Zhu,et al.  Wavy Ribbons of Carbon Nanotubes for Stretchable Conductors , 2012 .

[110]  Takao Someya,et al.  Stretchable and waterproof elastomer-coated organic photovoltaics for washable electronic textile applications , 2017 .

[111]  I. Park,et al.  A stretchable strain sensor based on a metal nanoparticle thin film for human motion detection. , 2014, Nanoscale.

[112]  Chwee Teck Lim,et al.  Emerging flexible and wearable physical sensing platforms for healthcare and biomedical applications , 2016, Microsystems & Nanoengineering.

[113]  Yong Zhu,et al.  Nanomaterial-Enabled Dry Electrodes for Electrophysiological Sensing: A Review , 2016, JOM.

[114]  Sanggeun Jeon,et al.  Body‐Attachable and Stretchable Multisensors Integrated with Wirelessly Rechargeable Energy Storage Devices , 2016, Advanced materials.

[115]  Elsa Reichmanis,et al.  Versatile Interpenetrating Polymer Network Approach to Robust Stretchable Electronic Devices , 2017 .

[116]  Joseph Wang,et al.  Wearable Ring-Based Sensing Platform for Detecting Chemical Threats. , 2017, ACS sensors.

[117]  Yong Ding,et al.  Size effects on elasticity, yielding, and fracture of silver nanowires: In situ experiments , 2012 .

[118]  I. Park,et al.  Stretchable, Skin‐Mountable, and Wearable Strain Sensors and Their Potential Applications: A Review , 2016 .

[119]  Yong Zhu,et al.  Highly Conductive and Stretchable Silver Nanowire Conductors , 2012, Advanced materials.

[120]  Hossam Haick,et al.  Materials and Wearable Devices for Autonomous Monitoring of Physiological Markers , 2018, Advanced materials.

[121]  Hyung Joon Shim,et al.  Wearable Electrocardiogram Monitor Using Carbon Nanotube Electronics and Color-Tunable Organic Light-Emitting Diodes. , 2017, ACS nano.

[122]  K. N. Al-Milaji,et al.  Inkjet Printing of Silver Nanowires for Stretchable Heaters , 2018, ACS Applied Nano Materials.

[123]  A. Javey,et al.  Roll-to-Roll Gravure Printed Electrochemical Sensors for Wearable and Medical Devices. , 2018, ACS nano.

[124]  Ha Uk Chung,et al.  Assembly of micro/nanomaterials into complex, three-dimensional architectures by compressive buckling , 2015, Science.

[125]  Amir A. Zadpoor,et al.  From flat sheets to curved geometries: Origami and kirigami approaches , 2017 .

[126]  O. Kraft,et al.  Ultrahigh strength single crystalline nanowhiskers grown by physical vapor deposition. , 2009, Nano letters.

[127]  Z. Suo,et al.  A transparent bending-insensitive pressure sensor. , 2016, Nature nanotechnology.

[128]  Gary K. Fedder,et al.  Drop casting of stiffness gradients for chip integration into stretchable substrates , 2017 .

[129]  Graham P Collins,et al.  Science and Culture: Kirigami and technology cut a fine figure, together , 2016, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[130]  Benjamin C. K. Tee,et al.  Skin-like pressure and strain sensors based on transparent elastic films of carbon nanotubes. , 2011, Nature nanotechnology.

[131]  Ying Zhou,et al.  A highly durable, stretchable, transparent and conductive carbon nanotube-polymeric acid hybrid film. , 2019, Nanoscale.

[132]  Jiaqi Huang,et al.  The road for nanomaterials industry: a review of carbon nanotube production, post-treatment, and bulk applications for composites and energy storage. , 2013, Small.

[133]  Nae-Eung Lee,et al.  Freestanding, Fiber‐Based, Wearable Temperature Sensor with Tunable Thermal Index for Healthcare Monitoring , 2018, Advanced healthcare materials.

[134]  Xiaojun Liu,et al.  A method of manufacturing microfluidic contact lenses by using irreversible bonding and thermoforming , 2018, Journal of Micromechanics and Microengineering.

[135]  John A Rogers,et al.  Skin-interfaced systems for sweat collection and analytics , 2018, Science Advances.

[136]  Andrés Vásquez Quintero,et al.  Stretchable Electronic Platform for Soft and Smart Contact Lens Applications , 2017 .

[137]  T. Arie,et al.  Wearable, Human‐Interactive, Health‐Monitoring, Wireless Devices Fabricated by Macroscale Printing Techniques , 2014 .

[138]  Dae-Hyeong Kim,et al.  Wearable Sensing Systems with Mechanically Soft Assemblies of Nanoscale Materials , 2017 .

[139]  Nae-Eung Lee,et al.  Transparent Stretchable Self-Powered Patchable Sensor Platform with Ultrasensitive Recognition of Human Activities. , 2015, ACS nano.

[140]  Qibing Pei,et al.  Healable capacitive touch screen sensors based on transparent composite electrodes comprising silver nanowires and a furan/maleimide diels-alder cycloaddition polymer. , 2014, ACS nano.

[141]  Yongtaek Hong,et al.  Modulus‐Gradient Conductive Core–Shell Structures Formed by Magnetic Self‐Assembling and Printing Processes for Highly Stretchable Via Applications , 2017 .

[142]  Jianjun Luo,et al.  Ultrasensitive self-powered pressure sensing system , 2015 .

[143]  John A Rogers,et al.  Miniaturized Battery‐Free Wireless Systems for Wearable Pulse Oximetry , 2017, Advanced functional materials.

[144]  Seiji Akita,et al.  Highly selective flexible tactile strain and temperature sensors against substrate bending for an artificial skin , 2015 .

[145]  Assaf Shapira,et al.  Engineered hybrid cardiac patches with multifunctional electronics for online monitoring and regulation of tissue function , 2016, Nature materials.

[146]  Y. Galagan,et al.  Roll‐to‐Roll Fabrication of Solution Processed Electronics , 2018 .

[147]  Michael C. McAlpine,et al.  Graphene-based wireless bacteria detection on tooth enamel , 2012, Nature Communications.

[148]  T. Someya,et al.  Stretchable active-matrix organic light-emitting diode display using printable elastic conductors. , 2009, Nature materials.

[149]  Fei Wang,et al.  Low-dimensional carbon based sensors and sensing network for wearable health and environmental monitoring , 2017 .

[150]  Harish Bhaskaran,et al.  Additive nanomanufacturing — A review , 2014 .

[151]  K. Bertoldi,et al.  Flexible mechanical metamaterials , 2017 .

[152]  Sheng Xu,et al.  Three-dimensional integrated stretchable electronics , 2018, Nature Electronics.

[153]  Sung Youb Kim,et al.  Giant tunneling piezoresistance of composite elastomers with interlocked microdome arrays for ultrasensitive and multimodal electronic skins. , 2014, ACS nano.

[154]  Amay J Bandodkar,et al.  Non-invasive wearable electrochemical sensors: a review. , 2014, Trends in biotechnology.

[155]  Zhong Lin Wang,et al.  Large‐Area All‐Textile Pressure Sensors for Monitoring Human Motion and Physiological Signals , 2017, Advanced materials.

[156]  Huanyu Cheng,et al.  Mechanics of ultra-stretchable self-similar serpentine interconnects , 2013 .

[157]  Kye-Si Kwon,et al.  A fully roll-to-roll gravure-printed carbon nanotube-based active matrix for multi-touch sensors , 2015, Scientific Reports.

[158]  Yonggang Huang,et al.  Ultrathin conformal devices for precise and continuous thermal characterization of human skin. , 2013, Nature materials.

[159]  Yiwei Han,et al.  Electrohydrodynamic printing of silver nanowires for flexible and stretchable electronics. , 2018, Nanoscale.

[160]  Shyamal Patel,et al.  A review of wearable sensors and systems with application in rehabilitation , 2012, Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation.

[161]  Trinad Chakraborty,et al.  Clinical Application of Volatile Organic Compound Analysis for Detecting Infectious Diseases , 2013, Clinical Microbiology Reviews.

[162]  Haiyang Zou,et al.  A Highly Stretchable and Washable All-Yarn-Based Self-Charging Knitting Power Textile Composed of Fiber Triboelectric Nanogenerators and Supercapacitors. , 2017, ACS nano.

[163]  Xiaodan Gu,et al.  Intrinsically stretchable and healable semiconducting polymer for organic transistors , 2016, Nature.

[164]  Yu Tian,et al.  Fully Printed Halide Perovskite Light-Emitting Diodes with Silver Nanowire Electrodes. , 2016, ACS nano.

[165]  Amir Khajepour,et al.  Piezoelectric and triboelectric nanogenerators: Trends and impacts , 2018, Nano Today.

[166]  Dae-Hyeong Kim,et al.  Wearable and Implantable Soft Bioelectronics Using Two-Dimensional Materials. , 2018, Accounts of chemical research.

[167]  Yong Zhu.  Mechanics of Crystalline Nanowires: An Experimental Perspective , 2017 .

[168]  Yong Zhu,et al.  Origami/Kirigami‐Guided Morphing of Composite Sheets , 2018, Advanced Functional Materials.

[169]  Zhou Li,et al.  Energy Harvesting from the Animal/Human Body for Self-Powered Electronics. , 2017, Annual review of biomedical engineering.

[170]  E. Morallón,et al.  A stretchable and screen-printed electrochemical sensor for glucose determination in human perspiration. , 2017, Biosensors & bioelectronics.

[171]  Yi Cui,et al.  Scalable coating and properties of transparent, flexible, silver nanowire electrodes. , 2010, ACS nano.

[172]  Xiaogang Hu,et al.  A Novel Finger Kinematic Tracking Method Based on Skin-Like Wearable Strain Sensors , 2018, IEEE Sensors Journal.

[173]  T. Someya,et al.  A Rubberlike Stretchable Active Matrix Using Elastic Conductors , 2008, Science.

[174]  Janos Vörös,et al.  Stretchable Silver Nanowire-Elastomer Composite Microelectrodes with Tailored Electrical Properties. , 2015, ACS applied materials & interfaces.

[175]  Zhong Lin Wang,et al.  Nanotechnology-enabled energy harvesting for self-powered micro-/nanosystems. , 2012, Angewandte Chemie.

[176]  Kanad Ghose,et al.  Flexible Hybrid Electronics: Direct Interfacing of Soft and Hard Electronics for Wearable Health Monitoring , 2016 .

[177]  Ji Woong Yu,et al.  Highly conductive, stretchable and biocompatible Ag–Au core–sheath nanowire composite for wearable and implantable bioelectronics , 2018, Nature Nanotechnology.

[178]  Zhen Gu,et al.  Stretch-Triggered Drug Delivery from Wearable Elastomer Films Containing Therapeutic Depots. , 2015, ACS nano.

[179]  Ja Hoon Koo,et al.  Conductive Fiber‐Based Ultrasensitive Textile Pressure Sensor for Wearable Electronics , 2015, Advanced materials.

[180]  P. Damasceno,et al.  A kirigami approach to engineering elasticity in nanocomposites through patterned defects. , 2015, Nature materials.

[181]  Franklin Bien,et al.  Wearable smart sensor systems integrated on soft contact lenses for wireless ocular diagnostics , 2017, Nature Communications.

[182]  Zhengchun Peng,et al.  A Highly Stretchable Transparent Self‐Powered Triboelectric Tactile Sensor with Metallized Nanofibers for Wearable Electronics , 2018, Advanced materials.

[183]  Benjamin C. K. Tee,et al.  25th Anniversary Article: The Evolution of Electronic Skin (E‐Skin): A Brief History, Design Considerations, and Recent Progress , 2013, Advanced materials.

[184]  Zhibin Yu,et al.  Large‐Area Compliant Tactile Sensors Using Printed Carbon Nanotube Active‐Matrix Backplanes , 2015, Advanced materials.

[185]  Takao Someya,et al.  Printable elastic conductors with a high conductivity for electronic textile applications , 2015, Nature Communications.

[186]  Oussama Khatib,et al.  A hierarchically patterned, bioinspired e-skin able to detect the direction of applied pressure for robotics , 2018, Science Robotics.

[187]  T. Trung,et al.  A Flexible Bimodal Sensor Array for Simultaneous Sensing of Pressure and Temperature , 2014, Advanced materials.

[188]  Sam Emaminejad,et al.  Autonomous sweat extraction and analysis applied to cystic fibrosis and glucose monitoring using a fully integrated wearable platform , 2017, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[189]  Yei Hwan Jung,et al.  Stretchable silicon nanoribbon electronics for skin prosthesis , 2014, Nature Communications.

[190]  M. Krebsz,et al.  Recent Advances in Sensing Applications of Graphene Assemblies and Their Composites , 2017 .

[191]  Yonggang Huang,et al.  Printing, folding and assembly methods for forming 3D mesostructures in advanced materials , 2017 .

[192]  I. Park,et al.  Highly stretchable and sensitive strain sensor based on silver nanowire-elastomer nanocomposite. , 2014, ACS nano.

[193]  Yong Zhu,et al.  Flexible Technologies for Self-Powered Wearable Health and Environmental Sensing , 2015, Proceedings of the IEEE.

[194]  Ji Hoon Kim,et al.  Reverse‐Micelle‐Induced Porous Pressure‐Sensitive Rubber for Wearable Human–Machine Interfaces , 2014, Advanced materials.

[195]  Zhou Li,et al.  Recent Progress on Piezoelectric and Triboelectric Energy Harvesters in Biomedical Systems , 2017, Advanced science.

[196]  Amay J. Bandodkar,et al.  Wearable Chemical Sensors: Present Challenges and Future Prospects , 2016 .

[197]  Zhenan Bao,et al.  Stretchable organic optoelectronic sensorimotor synapse , 2018, Science Advances.

[198]  Takao Someya,et al.  Inflammation-free, gas-permeable, lightweight, stretchable on-skin electronics with nanomeshes. , 2017, Nature nanotechnology.

[199]  Zhenan Bao,et al.  N‐Type Conjugated Polymer‐Enabled Selective Dispersion of Semiconducting Carbon Nanotubes for Flexible CMOS‐Like Circuits , 2015 .

[200]  Huanyu Cheng,et al.  Bioresorbable silicon electronic sensors for the brain , 2016, Nature.

[201]  Chunya Wang,et al.  Carbonized Silk Nanofiber Membrane for Transparent and Sensitive Electronic Skin , 2017 .

[202]  Hye Rim Cho,et al.  A graphene-based electrochemical device with thermoresponsive microneedles for diabetes monitoring and therapy. , 2016, Nature nanotechnology.

[203]  Shu Gong,et al.  One‐Dimensional Nanomaterials for Soft Electronics , 2017 .

[204]  Zhibin Yu,et al.  User-interactive electronic skin for instantaneous pressure visualization. , 2013, Nature materials.

[205]  Maher F. El-Kady,et al.  Graphene for batteries, supercapacitors and beyond , 2016 .

[206]  Taeghwan Hyeon,et al.  Oxide Nanomembrane Hybrids with Enhanced Mechano‐ and Thermo‐Sensitivity for Semitransparent Epidermal Electronics , 2015, Advanced healthcare materials.

[207]  Jung Woo Lee,et al.  Battery-free, stretchable optoelectronic systems for wireless optical characterization of the skin , 2016, Science Advances.

[208]  Q. Pei,et al.  A Water‐Based Silver‐Nanowire Screen‐Print Ink for the Fabrication of Stretchable Conductors and Wearable Thin‐Film Transistors , 2016, Advanced materials.

[209]  K. Hata,et al.  A stretchable carbon nanotube strain sensor for human-motion detection. , 2011, Nature nanotechnology.

[210]  Bin Wu,et al.  Mechanical properties of ultrahigh-strength gold nanowires , 2005, Nature materials.

[211]  Wenlong Cheng,et al.  Recent progress in stretchable supercapacitors , 2018 .

[212]  Gyoujin Cho,et al.  Methylxanthine Drug Monitoring with Wearable Sweat Sensors , 2018, Advanced materials.

[213]  Ivan Lee,et al.  Highly Sensitive, Wearable, Durable Strain Sensors and Stretchable Conductors Using Graphene/Silicon Rubber Composites , 2016 .

[214]  Dae-Hyeong Kim,et al.  Multifunctional wearable devices for diagnosis and therapy of movement disorders. , 2014, Nature nanotechnology.

[215]  Yong Zhu,et al.  Nanomaterial‐Enabled Wearable Sensors for Healthcare , 2018, Advanced healthcare materials.

[216]  M. Vosgueritchian,et al.  Stretchable Energy‐Harvesting Tactile Electronic Skin Capable of Differentiating Multiple Mechanical Stimuli Modes , 2014, Advanced materials.

[217]  Yiwei Han,et al.  Electrohydrodynamic (EHD) Printing of Molten Metal Ink for Flexible and Stretchable Conductor with Self‐Healing Capability , 2018 .

[218]  Haegyeom Kim,et al.  Recent progress on flexible lithium rechargeable batteries , 2014 .

[219]  Ali Javey,et al.  Wearable sweat sensors , 2018 .