Control of inverters in a low voltage microgrid with distributed battery energy storage. Part I: Primary control

This article proposes a control architecture for a low-voltage AC microgrid with distributed battery energy storage. The droop controlled inverters interact with the microgrid through the RL combination of their virtual resistive output impedance with the series impedance of a coupling transformer. To obtain independent association of frequency with active power, and voltage with reactive power, decoupled droop control techniques are proposed and analyzed. The resulting control can be adjusted for appropriate dynamic response without modifying the droop coefficients. The application in the microgrid in diverse operating conditions is verified by a detailed simulation. The resulting primary control layer offers the capability of being easily actuated from a secondary control layer for procedures such as flexible power dispatching and frequency restoration.

[1]  A. Yazdani,et al.  An Adaptive Feedforward Compensation for Stability Enhancement in Droop-Controlled Inverter-Based Microgrids , 2011, IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery.

[2]  Vaithianathan Venkatasubramanian,et al.  Tools for dynamic analysis of the general large power system using time-varying phasors , 1994 .

[3]  T.C. Green,et al.  Energy Management in Autonomous Microgrid Using Stability-Constrained Droop Control of Inverters , 2008, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics.

[4]  Wilhelm Sölter.  A new international UPS classification by IEC 62040-3: Method of specifying the performance and test requirements: First edition 1999-03 / revised and translated 2001-11 , 2002 .

[5]  Xunwei Yu,et al.  Hybrid DC- and AC-Linked Microgrids: Towards Integration of Distributed Energy Resources , 2008, 2008 IEEE Energy 2030 Conference.

[6]  Timothy C. Green,et al.  Control of inverter-based micro-grids , 2007 .

[7]  Michael Angelo A. Pedrasa,et al.  A novel energy service model and optimal scheduling algorithm for residential distributed energy res , 2011 .

[8]  R. Sebastián,et al.  Simulation of an isolated Wind Diesel System with battery energy storage , 2011 .

[9]  Anton Cervin,et al.  TrueTime 1.1 -- Reference Manual , 2003 .

[10]  Graham C. Goodwin,et al.  Control System Design , 2000 .

[11]  Prasenjit Basak,et al.  A literature review on integration of distributed energy resources in the perspective of control, protection and stability of microgrid , 2012 .

[12]  Antonio J. Conejo,et al.  Optimal energy management of small electric energy systems including V2G facilities and renewable energy sources , 2012 .

[13]  M. Castro,et al.  Evaluation of clock synchronization methods for measurement and control using embedded Linux SBCs , 2012, 2012 9th International Conference on Remote Engineering and Virtual Instrumentation (REV).

[14]  T.C. Green,et al.  Modeling, Analysis and Testing of Autonomous Operation of an Inverter-Based Microgrid , 2007, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics.

[15]  J. Miret,et al.  Decentralized Control for Parallel Operation of Distributed Generation Inverters in Microgrids Using Resistive Output Impedance , 2006, IECON 2006 - 32nd Annual Conference on IEEE Industrial Electronics.

[16]  Kourosh Sedghisigarchi.  Power flow control of inverter based distributed generators in LV microgrids , 2011, 2011 IEEE Power and Energy Society General Meeting.

[17]  T. L. Vandoorn,et al.  Automatic Power-Sharing Modification of $P$/ $V$ Droop Controllers in Low-Voltage Resistive Microgrids , 2012, IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery.

[18]  H. Laaksonen,et al.  Voltage and frequency control of inverter based weak LV network microgrid , 2005, 2005 International Conference on Future Power Systems.

[19]  Rachid Cherkaoui,et al.  Identification of control and management strategies for LV unbalanced microgrids with plugged-in electric vehicles , 2010 .

[20]  Poh Chiang Loh,et al.  A comparative analysis of multiloop voltage regulation strategies for single and three-phase UPS systems , 2003 .

[21]  A. Mohd,et al.  Review of control techniques for inverters parallel operation , 2010 .

[22]  M. Castro,et al.  Well-known serial buses for distributed control of backup power plants. RS-485 versus controller area network (CAN) solutions , 2002, IEEE 2002 28th Annual Conference of the Industrial Electronics Society. IECON 02.

[23]  R. Sebastian,et al.  Distributed control system for frequency control in a isolated wind system , 2006 .

[24]  F. Blaabjerg,et al.  Control of Power Converters in AC Microgrids , 2012, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics.

[25]  J.A.P. Lopes,et al.  Defining control strategies for MicroGrids islanded operation , 2006, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems.

[26]  Josep M. Guerrero,et al.  Advanced Control Architectures for Intelligent Microgrids—Part I: Decentralized and Hierarchical Control , 2013, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics.

[27]  Alfred Engler,et al.  AC coupled PV hybrid systems and microgrids-state of the art and future trends , 2003, 3rd World Conference onPhotovoltaic Energy Conversion, 2003. Proceedings of.

[28]  Mehdi Savaghebi,et al.  Modeling, Analysis, and Design of Stationary-Reference-Frame Droop-Controlled Parallel Three-Phase Voltage Source Inverters , 2013, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics.

[29]  Josep M. Guerrero,et al.  Secondary control for reactive power sharing in droop-controlled islanded microgrids , 2012, 2012 IEEE International Symposium on Industrial Electronics.

[30]  K.. De Brabandere,et al.  A Voltage and Frequency Droop Control Method for Parallel Inverters , 2007, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics.

[31]  Fernando Briz,et al.  An improved control scheme based in droop characteristic for microgrid converters , 2010 .

[32]  Juan C. Vasquez,et al.  Hierarchical Control of Droop-Controlled AC and DC Microgrids—A General Approach Toward Standardization , 2009, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics.