Receptive Fields of Retinal Ganglion Cells

The concept of receptive field is important because it draws attention to the fact that the sensitivity of a neurone to photic stimuli is spread out over a region. The distribution of sensitivity is a functional sign that neural analysis of the retinal image has begun. The changing visual scene is not like “snow” on a television screen: it contains objects which are characterized by properties of local extension and local connectedness of various kinds. In order to detect their presence and progression, neurones must reflect at least some of the properties in their spatial distribution of sensitivity (referred to the receptor mosaic or to the external visual field).

[1]  R. W. Rodieck Quantitative analysis of cat retinal ganglion cell response to visual stimuli. , 1965, Vision research.

[2]  B. Boycott,et al.  Organization of the primate retina: electron microscopy , 1966, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B. Biological Sciences.

[3]  H. Barlow Summation and inhibition in the frog's retina , 1953, The Journal of physiology.

[4]  R. W. Rodieck,et al.  Response of cat retinal ganglion cells to moving visual patterns. , 1965, Journal of neurophysiology.

[5]  R. M. Gaze,et al.  Observations on the 'surround' properties of the receptive fields of frog retinal ganglion cells. , 1970, Quarterly journal of experimental physiology and cognate medical sciences.

[6]  H. K. Hartline,et al.  THE RESPONSE OF SINGLE OPTIC NERVE FIBERS OF THE VERTEBRATE EYE TO ILLUMINATION OF THE RETINA , 1938 .

[7]  Christina Enroth-Cugell,et al.  Cat Retinal Ganglion Cell Responses to Changing Light Intensities: Sinusoidal Modulation in the Time Domain , 1966 .

[8]  H. K. Hartline,et al.  THE RECEPTIVE FIELDS OF OPTIC NERVE FIBERS , 1940 .

[9]  H. Barlow,et al.  Selective Sensitivity to Direction of Movement in Ganglion Cells of the Rabbit Retina , 1963, Science.

[10]  C. R. Michael,et al.  Receptive Fields of Opponent Color Units in the Optic Nerve of the Ground Squirrel , 1966, Science.

[11]  J. Dowling,et al.  Synapses of Horizontal Cells in Rabbit and Cat Retinas , 1966, Science.

[12]  D. Hubel,et al.  Spatial and chromatic interactions in the lateral geniculate body of the rhesus monkey. , 1966, Journal of neurophysiology.

[13]  H B Barlow,et al.  Direction-Selective Units in Rabbit Retina: Distribution of Preferred Directions , 1967, Science.

[14]  S. R. Bruesch,et al.  The number of myelinated and unmyelinated fibers in the optic nerve of vertebrates , 1942 .

[15]  P Gouras,et al.  The effects of light‐adaptation on rod and cone receptive field organization of monkey ganglion cells , 1967, The Journal of physiology.

[16]  P. Gouras Identification of cone mechanisms in monkey ganglion cells , 1968, The Journal of physiology.

[17]  B. Boycott,et al.  Organization of the Primate Retina: Light Microscopy , 1969 .

[18]  G Westheimer,et al.  Pupil size and visual resolution. , 1964, Vision research.

[19]  W. Muntz,et al.  Microelectrode recordings from the diencephalon of the frog (Rana pipiens) and a blue-sensitive system. , 1962, Journal of neurophysiology.

[20]  G. Brindley,et al.  Histological evidence against the view that the cat's optic nerve contains centrifugal fibres , 1966, The Journal of physiology.

[21]  W. Pitts,et al.  Anatomy and Physiology of Vision in the Frog (Rana pipiens) , 1960, The Journal of general physiology.

[22]  H. Barlow,et al.  Inter-ocular Transfer of Movement After-effects during Pressure Blinding of the Stimulated Eye , 1963, Nature.

[23]  S. W. Kuffler Discharge patterns and functional organization of mammalian retina. , 1953, Journal of neurophysiology.

[24]  H. Barlow,et al.  Retinal ganglion cells responding selectively to direction and speed of image motion in the rabbit , 1964, The Journal of physiology.

[25]  W. Levick Receptive fields and trigger features of ganglion cells in the visual streak of the rabbit's retina , 1967, The Journal of physiology.

[26]  J. Brown,et al.  Rat retinal ganglion cells: receptive field organization and maintained activity. , 1965, Journal of neurophysiology.

[27]  D. N. Spinelli,et al.  Retinal receptive field changes produced by auditory and somatic stimulation. , 1966, Experimental neurology.

[28]  B. Cleland,et al.  Quantitative aspects of sensitivity and summation in the cat retina , 1968, The Journal of physiology.

[29]  E. Adrian,et al.  The action of light on the eye , 1928, The Journal of physiology.

[30]  H. Barlow,et al.  The mechanism of directionally selective units in rabbit's retina. , 1965, The Journal of physiology.

[31]  D. N. Spinelli,et al.  Afferent and efferent activity in single units of the cat's optic nerve. , 1966, Experimental neurology.

[32]  C. W. Oyster,et al.  The analysis of image motion by the rabbit retina , 1968, The Journal of physiology.

[33]  R. W. Rodieck Maintained activity of cat retinal ganglion cells. , 1967, Journal of neurophysiology.

[34]  H. Wagner,et al.  Studies on the functional organization of the vertebrate retina. , 1958, American journal of ophthalmology.

[35]  G. Baumgartner,et al.  RESPONSES OF SINGLE UNITS OF THE CAT VISUAL SYSTEM TO RECTANGULAR STIMULUS PATTERNS. , 1965, Journal of neurophysiology.

[36]  C. Enroth-Cugell,et al.  The contrast sensitivity of retinal ganglion cells of the cat , 1966, The Journal of physiology.

[37]  S. Easter,et al.  Excitation in the goldfish retina: evidence for a non‐linear intensity code , 1968, The Journal of physiology.

[38]  W A RUSHTON,et al.  The difference spectrum and the photosensitivity of rhodopsin in the living human eye , 1956, The Journal of physiology.

[39]  D. Hubel,et al.  Integrative action in the cat's lateral geniculate body , 1961, The Journal of physiology.

[40]  E D Adrian,et al.  The action of light on the eye , 1927, The Journal of physiology.

[41]  B. Boycott,et al.  Neural connections of the retina: fine structure of the inner plexiform layer. , 1965, Cold Spring Harbor symposia on quantitative biology.

[42]  C. R. Michael Receptive fields of single optic nerve fibers in a mammal with an all-cone retina. II: directionally selective units. , 1968, Journal of neurophysiology.

[43]  A. Hodgkin,et al.  A quantitative description of membrane current and its application to conduction and excitation in nerve , 1952, The Journal of physiology.

[44]  H. Barlow,et al.  Changes in the maintained discharge with adaptation level in the cat retina , 1969, The Journal of physiology.

[45]  P. O. Bishop,et al.  Residual eye movements in receptive-field studies of paralyzed cats. , 1967, Vision research.

[46]  D. Hubel,et al.  Receptive fields of optic nerve fibres in the spider monkey , 1960, The Journal of physiology.

[47]  J. Stone,et al.  Ganglion, amacrine and horizontal cells of the cat's retina. , 1967, Vision research.

[48]  H. K. Hartline,et al.  THE EFFECTS OF SPATIAL SUMMATION IN THE RETINA ON THE EXCITATION OF THE FIBERS OF THE OPTIC NERVE , 1940 .

[49]  L. C. Thomson The localization of function in the rabbit retina , 1953, The Journal of physiology.

[50]  E F MACNICHOL,et al.  Functional basis for "on"-center and "off"-center receptive fields in the retina. , 1963, Journal of the Optical Society of America.

[51]  E. D. Adrian,et al.  The action of light on the eye , 1927 .

[52]  P. H. Silver Two spectral sensitivity curves of Xenopus laevis obtained by using the melanophore response to light on white and black backgrounds , 1963, Journal of Physiology.

[53]  S. W. Kuffler Neurons in the retina; organization, inhibition and excitation problems. , 1952, Cold Spring Harbor symposia on quantitative biology.

[54]  J. Dowling,et al.  Synaptic organization of the frog retina: an electron microscopic analysis comparing the retinas of frogs and primates , 1968, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B. Biological Sciences.

[55]  Receptive properties of retinal cells and tectal cells in the pigeon. , 1969 .

[56]  R. Granit Receptors and Sensory Perception , 1955 .

[57]  James E. Lebensohn,et al.  Sensory Mechanisms of the Retina , 1947 .

[58]  H. Maturana,et al.  Number of Fibres in the Optic Nerve and the Number of Ganglion Cells in the Retina of Anurans , 1959, Nature.

[59]  W. Rushton,et al.  The Structure Responsible for Action Potential Spikes in the Cat's Retina , 1949, Nature.

[60]  C. R. Michael Receptive fields of single optic nerve fibers in a mammal with an all-cone retina. 3. Opponent color units. , 1968, Journal of neurophysiology.

[61]  D. Major,et al.  Cat retinal ganglion cell dendritic fields. , 1966, Experimental neurology.

[62]  R. M. Gaze,et al.  TYPES OF VISUAL RESPONSE FROM SINGLE UNITS IN THE OPTIC TECTUM AND OPTIC NERVE OF THE GOLDFISH. , 1964, Quarterly journal of experimental physiology and cognate medical sciences.

[63]  J. H. Elliott,et al.  Efferent innervation of the retina. I. Morphologic study of the human retina. , 1968, Archives of ophthalmology.

[64]  D. P. Andrews,et al.  Mesopic increment threshold spectral sensitivity of single optic tract fibres in the cat: cone—rod interaction , 1970, The Journal of physiology.

[65]  H. Barlow,et al.  Change of organization in the receptive fields of the cat's retina during dark adaptation , 1957, The Journal of physiology.

[66]  C. Blakemore,et al.  The neural mechanism of binocular depth discrimination , 1967, The Journal of physiology.

[67]  G. Westheimer,et al.  Light distribution in the image formed by the living human eye. , 1962, Journal of the Optical Society of America.

[68]  C. R. Michael Receptive fields of single optic nerve fibers in a mammal with an all-cone retina. I: contrast-sensitive units. , 1968, Journal of neurophysiology.

[69]  Theodore H. Bullock,et al.  Unit Responses in the Frog's Tectum to Moving and Nonmoving Visual Stimuli , 1963, Science.

[70]  J. Dowling,et al.  Organization of the retina of the mudpuppy, Necturus maculosus. II. Intracellular recording. , 1969, Journal of neurophysiology.

[71]  E. Dodt Centrifugal impulses in rabbit's retina. , 1956, Journal of neurophysiology.

[72]  N. Daw,et al.  Cat colour vision: one cone process or several? , 1969, The Journal of physiology.

[73]  P. O. Bishop,et al.  VISUAL OPTICS IN THE CAT, INCLUDING POSTERIOR NODAL DISTANCE AND RETINAL LANDMARKS. , 1963, Vision research.

[74]  W. Levick,et al.  EVIDENCE THAT MCILWAIN'S PERIPHERY EFFECT IS NOT A STRAY LIGHT ARTIFACT. , 1965, Journal of neurophysiology.

[75]  W. Pitts,et al.  What the Frog's Eye Tells the Frog's Brain , 1959, Proceedings of the IRE.

[76]  T. Wiesel Receptive fields of ganglion cells in the cat's retina , 1960, The Journal of physiology.

[77]  J. Cruz,et al.  Mammalian Retina: Associational Nerve Cells in Ganglion Cell Layer , 1965, Science.

[78]  B. Burns,et al.  Physiological excitation of visual cortex in cat's unanesthetized isolated forebrain. , 1962, Journal of neurophysiology.

[79]  J. Stone,et al.  Summing properties of the cat's retinal ganglion cell. , 1968, Vision research.

[80]  P Gouras,et al.  Antidromic responses of orthodromically identified ganglion cells in monkey retina , 1969, The Journal of physiology.

[81]  R. L. Valois Color Vision Mechanisms in the Monkey , 1960 .

[82]  O. Grüsser,et al.  Vergleichende verhaltensphysiologische und neurophysiologische Untersuchungen am visuellen System von Katzen , 1968 .

[83]  H. Maturana Efferent fibres in the optic nerve of the toad (Bufo bufo). , 1958, Journal of anatomy.

[84]  W M COWAN,et al.  Centrifugal fibres in the avian visual system , 1963, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B. Biological Sciences.

[85]  E. Raviola,et al.  Light and electron microscopic observations on the inner plexiform layer of the rabbit retina. , 1967, The American journal of anatomy.

[86]  D H HUBEL,et al.  RECEPTIVE FIELDS AND FUNCTIONAL ARCHITECTURE IN TWO NONSTRIATE VISUAL AREAS (18 AND 19) OF THE CAT. , 1965, Journal of neurophysiology.

[87]  J. Dowling,et al.  Organization of retina of the mudpuppy, Necturus maculosus. I. Synaptic structure. , 1969, Journal of neurophysiology.

[88]  H B BARLOW,et al.  Action potentials from the frog's retina , 1953, The Journal of physiology.

[89]  Karl U. Smith Visual Discrimination in the Cat: IV. The Visual Acuity of the Cat in Relation to Stimulus Distance , 1936 .

[90]  R. W. Rodieck,et al.  Analysis of receptive fields of cat retinal ganglion cells. , 1965, Journal of neurophysiology.

[91]  J. Mcilwain RECEPTIVE FIELDS OF OPTIC TRACT AXONS AND LATERAL GENICULATE CELLS: PERIPHERAL EXTENT AND BARBITURATE SENSITIVITY. , 1964, Journal of neurophysiology.

[92]  T. Ogden,et al.  INTRARETINAL RESPONSES OF THE CYNAMOLGUS MONKEY TO ELECTRICAL STIMULATION OF THE OPTIC NERVE AND RETINA. , 1964, Journal of neurophysiology.

[93]  P Gouras,et al.  Rod and cone interaction in dark‐adapted monkey ganglion cells , 1966, The Journal of physiology.

[94]  A Donovan,et al.  The nerve fibre composition of the cat optic nerve. , 1967, Journal of anatomy.

[95]  O. Grüsser,et al.  [Quantitative studies of spatial stimulation summation in the receptive field of cat retinal neurons. I. Stimulation with 2 synchronous light points]. , 1968, Kybernetik.

[96]  C. R. Michael,et al.  Receptive Fields of Directionally Selective Units in the Optic Nerve of the Ground Squirrel , 1966, Science.

[97]  S. A. Talbot,et al.  A multibeam ophthalmoscope for the study of retinal physiology. , 1952, Journal of the Optical Society of America.

[98]  J. Stone A quantitative analysis of the distribution of ganglion cells in the cat's retina , 1965, The Journal of comparative neurology.

[99]  M. W. Hof Discrimination between striated patterns of different orientation in the rabbit. , 1966 .

[100]  L Maffei,et al.  Retinal ganglion cell response to sinusoidal light stimulation. , 1966, Journal of neurophysiology.

[101]  G. Brindley The physiology of the retina and visual pathways , 1962 .

[102]  H. Barlow,et al.  Evidence for a Physiological Explanation of the Waterfall Phenomenon and Figural After-effects , 1963, Nature.

[103]  N. Daw,et al.  Cat colour vision: evidence for more than one cone process , 1970, The Journal of physiology.

[104]  J. Brown,et al.  Dendritic fields of retinal ganglion cells of the rat. , 1965, Journal of neurophysiology.

[105]  H. Maturana,et al.  Directional Movement and Horizontal Edge Detectors in the Pigeon Retina , 1963, Science.

[106]  D. Hubel,et al.  Receptive fields, binocular interaction and functional architecture in the cat's visual cortex , 1962, The Journal of physiology.

[107]  J. Wolter The centrifugal nerves in the human optic tract, chiasm, optic nerve, andretina. , 1965, Transactions of the American Ophthalmological Society.

[108]  D. N. Spinelli,et al.  CENTRIFUGAL OPTIC NERVE RESPONSES EVOKED BY AUDITORY AND SOMATIC STIMULATION. , 1965, Experimental neurology.

[109]  T. Ogden Intraretinal slow potentials evoked by brain stimulation in the primate. , 1966, Journal of Neurophysiology.

[110]  E. F. MacNichol,et al.  The Response Properties of Single Ganglion Cells in the Goldfish Retina , 1960, The Journal of general physiology.